Anthroleucosomatidae

Antić, Dragan Ž. & Makarov, Slobodan E., 2016, The Caucasus as a major hotspot of biodiversity: Evidence from the millipede family Anthroleucosomatidae (Diplopoda, Chordeumatida), Zootaxa 4211 (1), pp. 1-205 : 200-202

Key to Anthroleucosomatidae species in the Caucasus

1. Adults with 28 or 30 segments, including telson.............................................................2

- Adults with 29 or 31 segments, including telson............................................................24

2. Male posterior gonopods with well-developed and somewhat robust telopodites ( Figs 5 D, 9D)........................3

- Male posterior gonopods with small, poorly-developed telopodites ( Figs 14 D, 17D, 20D, 41D, 44G, 55D, 60H ect)........ 5

3. Coxal process of male leg-pair 7 with very short and thick setae. Midbody walking legs with enlarged and somewhat elongated coxae..................................................................... Alloiopus solitarius Attems, 1951

- Coxal process of male leg-pair 7, if present, without characteristic setae. Midbody walking legs with normal coxae...................................................................................... Golovatchosoma gen. nov....4

4. Male leg-pair 7 with a posterior coxal horn ( Fig. 4 C). Macrochaetae of body segments short and bacilliform ( Figs 2 B, 3).............................................................................. G. bacillichaetum gen. et sp. nov.

- Male leg-pair 7 without posterior coxal horn. Macrochaetae of body segments medium-sized and trichoid ( Fig. 7 ).................................................................................... G. trichochaetum gen. et sp. nov.

5. Coxites of posterior gonopods with a single coxal process ( Figs 14 D; 17D; 55D; 81D; 82D, E, F; 85D; 86D, E, F; 89D; 90F, G, H)..................................................................................................6

- Coxites of posterior gonopods with paired coxal processes ( Figs 20 D; 23D; 27D; 37D; 41D; 59D; 64D; 68D; 72D; 77D; 165G, H).................................................................................................11

6. Posterior margins of pleurotergites without limbus...........................................................7

- Posterior margins of pleurotergites with a denticulate limbus ( Figs 80 D; 84D, 88D)............ Dentatosoma gen. nov.... 9

7. Anterior gonopods with a medial syncoxal structure and lateral parts; without anterior sternal sac ( Fig. 14 A)........................................................................................ Alpinella waltheri gen. et sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods in the form of shields; with an anterior sternal sac ( Figs 17 A; 55A)...............................8

8. Prefemur of male leg-pair 7 with two distinctive, well-developed, apical and basal horns ( Fig. 16 C). Anterior gonopods with a medial, unpaired, bifurcated process ( Fig. 17 A)......................... .. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov.

- Prefemur of male leg-pair 7 without any special structures. Anterior gonopods in the form of rounded shields, without medial bifurcated process; each shield with one distinctive, subtriangular and acuminate horn in anterior view ( Fig. 55 A)............................................................................. Georgiosoma bicornutum gen. et sp. nov.

9. Coxal processes of anterior gonopods narrow ( Figs 81 A; 82A; 89A; 90A)........................................10

- Coxal processes of anterior gonopods expanded in the middle ( Fig. 85 A).................... D. magnum gen. et sp. nov.

10. Coxal processes of anterior gonopods ending with a few denticles ( Figs 81 B; 82A)....... .. D. denticulatum gen. et sp. nov.

- Coxal processes of anterior gonopods ending with a long, laterally and downward orientated horn ( Figs 89 A; 90B)...................................................................................... D. zeraboseli gen. et sp. nov.

11. Anterior gonopods with robust anterior sternal processes fused in distal ¾ ( Fig. 165 A). Body length ± 6 mm .................................................................................. Uegrandosoma tabacarui gen. et sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods without robust anterior sternal processes. Body length Ż 8 mm .................................12

12. Coxites of posterior gonopods with a pair of flagelliform processes (eg Fig. 27 D)..................................13

- Coxal processes of posterior gonopods not flagelliform, but shorter and thicker ( Figs 68 D; 72D; 77D)................................................................................................. Paranotosoma gen. nov....22

13. Anterior gonopods with shield-like coxal processes (eg Fig. 27 A)....................... Caucaseuma Strasser, 1970 , 14

- Anterior gonopods with an unpaired medial part and two lateral processes ( Figs 59 A; 64A; 65A)................................................................................................. Heterocaucaseuma gen. nov....20

14. Adults with 28 segments, including telson................................................... C. variabile sp. nov.

- Adults with 30 segments, including telson................................................................. 15

15. Anterior gonopods with two distinctive, bifurcated, posterior projections/processes ( Fig. 20 B, C)... .. C. elephantum sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods without such a posterior projection.......................................................16

16. Posterior coxal processes of anterior gonopods starting with an anterior horn ( Figs 23 C; 27C; 31B)....................17

- Posterior coxal processes of anterior gonopods starting with a lamella ( Fig. 37 B).................... C. minellii sp. nov.

17. Both anterior shields of the anterior gonopods divided distally into a medial and a lateral part ( Figs 31 A; 34A).......... 18

- Anterior shields of anterior gonopods unipartite ( Figs 23 A; 27A)............................................... 19

18. Prefemur of male leg-pair 7 with a mesal dentate bulge in basal half....................... C. lohmanderi Strasser, 1970

- Prefemur of male leg-pair 7 without any peculiarities......................................... .. C. kelasuri sp. nov.

19. Coxae of male leg-pair 7 with a small, posterior, dentate, subtriangular process ( Fig. 22 D)...... .. C. fanagoriyskaya sp. nov.

- Male leg-pair 7 without peculiarities................................................... C. glabroscutum sp. nov.

20. Lateral horns and medial part of anterior gonopods almost equally high ( Figs 59 A; 60A)..................................................................................................... H. feminaepectorum gen. et sp. nov.

- Lateral horns clearly higher than medial part ( Figs 64 A; 65A).................................................21

21. Medial part acuminate in anterior view ( Fig. 64 A). Lateral horns with lateral shoulders....... H. longicorne gen. et sp. nov.

- Medial part squarish in anterior view. Lateral horns without lateral shoulders.. .. H. mauriesi ( Golovatch and Makarov, 2011)

22. Anterior coxal shields squarish or nearly rounded ( Figs 68 A; 77A; 78A). Posterior coxal processes with an additional lateral process ( Figs 68 B, C; 77B, C; 78C, D, E)................................................................. 23

- Anterior coxal shields cordiform ( Figs 72 A, 73A). Posterior coxal processes without an additional lateral process ( Fig. 72 B, C)............................................................................... P. cordatum gen. et sp. nov.

23. Shields nearly rounded ( Figs 77 A; 78A). Lateral process club-like ( Figs 77 B; 78C). Coxae of male leg-pair 7 with two short processes ( Fig. 76 C)......................................................... P. subrotundatum gen. et sp. nov.

- Shields squarish ( Fig. 68 A). Lateral process long and slender ( Fig. 68 B, C). Coxae of male leg-pair 7 with only one rudimen- tary coxal process (Fig. 67B)....................................................... .. P. attemsi gen. et sp. nov.

24. Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a pair of flagella/pseudoflagella or thorn-like processes ( Figs 120 A; 124A; 125A; 128A; 133A; 137A; 142A; 146A; 150A; 151A)..................................................................25

- Anterior gonopods without such structures.................................................................32

25. Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a pair of hidden processes, with only distal third visible ( Fig. 133 A–D)........ Cryptacan- thophorella manubriata gen. et sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a fully visible pair of flagella/pseudoflagella or thorn-like processes (eg Figs 120 A; 137A; 146A)..............................................................................................26

26. Body with 29 segments in adults (including telson). Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a pair of flagella protected by a well- developed anterior sternal lamella ( Fig. 138 A).............................. Flagellophorella hoffmani gen. et sp. nov.

- Body with 31 segments in adults (including telson). Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a pair of pseudoflagella or thorn-like processes, without protective lamella (eg Figs 120 A; 146A)...................................................27

27. Anterior gonopods anteriorly with a pair of thorn-like processes ( Figs 120 A; 124A; 128A). Sternal plate with a small sternal sac......................................................................... Acanthophorella gen. nov....28

- Anterior gonopods anteriorly with long and slender processes in the form of pseudoflagella ( Figs 142 A; 146A; 150A). Sternal plate with a sternal lamella................................................. Pseudoflagellophorella gen. nov., 30

28. Body length 16–18 mm, pigmentless. Head 5–7 ocelli. Walking legs and antennae elongated. Cavernicolous species ( Fig. 118 ).............................................................................. A. barjadzei gen. et sp. nov.

- Body length ± 10.5 mm, pigmented. Head with 13–17 ocelli. Walking legs and antennae normal. Epigean species ( Figs 121 ; 126)................................................................................................29

29. Lateral lamella of anterior gonopods higher than thorn-like processes ( Fig. 124 A). Coxal processes of posterior gonopods well-developed ( Fig. 124 D)....................................................... .. A. chegemi gen. et sp. nov.

- Lateral lamella of anterior gonopods denticulate and lower than thorn-like processes ( Fig. 128 A). Coxal processes of posterior gonopods small ( Fig. 128 D).......................................................... A. irystoni gen. et sp. nov.

30. Basal parts of anterior gonopods very wide and rounded ( Fig. 142 A).......................... P. eskovi gen. et sp. nov.

- Basal parts of anterior gonopods not rounded; almost same in width as remaining parts of gonopods...................31

31. Anterior gonopods with fimbriated lateral parts showing numerous single, bi- or three-ramous fringes/fingers orientated poste- riorly ( Fig. 146 A)................................................................ P. mirabilis gen. et sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods in the form of butterfly wings; with neither fimbriated lateral parts nor fringes/fingers ( Fig. 150 A).................................................................................. P. papilioformis gen. et sp. nov.

32. Posterior gonopods without traces of telopodites................................ Ratcheuma excorne Golovatch, 1985

- Posterior gonopods with telopodites......................................................................33

33. Anterior gonopods divided into at least two or more lateral branches ( Figs 94 A; 98A; 103A; 108A; 112A; 116A)......... 3 4

- Anterior gonopods unipartite............................................................................39

34. Anterior gonopods with a medial part and four pairs of processes ( Fig. 94 A)........... Enghoffiella insolita gen. et sp. nov.

- Anterior gonopods with a medial part and two lateral branches, inner and outer (98A; 103A; 108A; 112A; 116A)............................................................................ Metamastigophorophyllon Ceuca, 1976 , 35

35. Anterior gonopods with a poorly-developed, hairless, sternal lamella ( Figs 98 A; 99A)........... M. giljarovi ( Lang, 1959)

- Anterior gonopods with a well-developed, mainly densely setose, sternal lamella ( Figs 103 A; 108A; 112A; 116A)........3 6

36. Inner branch of anterior gonopods with a characteristic hook-shaped process ( Figs 103 A; 104C–D)... ... M. hamatum sp. nov.

- Inner branch of anterior gonopods without a hook-shaped process..............................................37

37. Outer branch of lateral part of anterior gonopods fimbriated and with numerous simple, bi- or triramous fringes/fingers ( Figs 116 A, C; 117B–D)..................................................................... M. torsivum sp. nov.

- Outer branch not fimbriated............................................................................ 38

38. Sternal plate with a stongly developed, hairy, sternal lamella with a raised, medial, bifurcated part ( Figs 108 A; 109A). Outer branches strongly developed, wide, lamellar ( Figs 108 A; 109A). Male leg-pair 7 with a coxal cavity, prefemur with a poster- omesal acuminate process ( Fig. 107 D)............................................... M. lamellohirsutum sp. nov.

- Sternal lamella not as above. Outer branches narrower, not in the form of a lamella. Male leg-pair 7 with neither a coxal cavity nor a prefemoral acuminate process................................................. M. martensi ( Mauriès, 1982)

39. Male leg-pair 6 particularly robust and bizarre ( Figs 154 C; 158C). Coxites of posterior gonopods with numerous arrow-shaped filaments ( Figs 155 D; 159D).......................................................... Herculina gen. nov....40

- Male leg-pair 6 not as above. Coxites of posterior gonopods without arrow-shaped filaments......................... 41

40. Arrow-shaped filaments on coxites of posterior gonopods more numerous, with an isolated long filament ( Fig. 159 D)................................................................................... H. polysagittae gen. et sp. nov.

- Arrow-shaped filaments on coxites of posterior gonopods significantly less numerous, an isolated filament absent ( Fig. 155 D).......................................................................... .. H. oligosagittae gen. et sp. nov.

41. Head in males with a medial frontal tubercle between antennal sockets and with a depression between both ocellaria ( Fig. 10 B, C).................................................................... Adshardicus strasseri Golovatch, 1981

- Head in males normal......................................................... Caucasominorus gen. nov.....42

42. Shields of anterior gonopods with numerous striae ( Figs 46 A; 47A). Coxal processes of posterior gonopods with one or two knife-like lobes ( Fig. 46 E)............................................................ C. billi gen. et sp. nov.

- Shields of anterior gonopods almost completely smooth ( Figs 51 A; 52A). Coxal processes of posterior gonopods with more numerous knife-like lobes ( Figs 49 E, F; 51D)....................................... C. polylobatus gen. et sp. nov.

Figures

FIGURE 2. Golovatchosoma bacillichaetum gen. et sp. nov., paratype male. A. Habitus. B. Body segments with bacilliform macrochaetae. Scale lines = 1 mm.

FIGURE 4. Golovatchosoma bacillichaetum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 7. D. Leg 11. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 5. Golovatchosoma bacillichaetum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; l = lamellae; s = medial syncoxal part; t = telopodite; bg = basal groove; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; dg = distal groove; lp = lateral part; rs = row of setae; ss = sternal sac; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 7. Golovatchosoma trichochaetum gen. et sp. nov., paratype female habitus. Scale lines = 1 mm.

FIGURE 10. Adshardicus strasseri Golovatch, 1981. A. Habitus, male from Georgia, Ajaria, Q’orolistavi towards mountain Mts, Mt’ irala. B. Head, lateral view, topotype male C. Head, frontal view, topotype male. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 14. Alpinella waltheri gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; ap = acuminate process; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ip = lateral inner process; ls = lamellar structure; op = lateral outer process; rs = row of setae; s 1 = anterior medial part; s 2 = posterior medial part; mip = denticulate mesal egde of ip; mhp = mesal hairy process; slv = simple lever; stp = subtriangular projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 16. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov., holotype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 7. D. Leg 10. Scale lines = 0.4 mm.

FIGURE 17. Brachychaetosoma turbanovi gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. a = apex of the shield; c = coxite; t = telopodite; bp = bifurcated process; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; l 1 = longitudinal lamella; l 2 = shorter lamella; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 20. Caucaseuma elephantum sp. nov. holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. a = apical constriction of the shield; c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = anterior coxal process / coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; l 1 = lamella; pp = posterior coxal process; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; app = anterior part of the posterior coxal process; bp 1 = uper bifurcated projection; bp 2 = lower bifurcated projection; prl = spoon-shaped protective lamella. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 22. Caucaseuma fanagoriyskaya sp. nov., paratype male. A. Leg-pair 2. B. Leg 3. C. Leg 4. D. Leg 7. Scale lines = 0.4 mm.

FIGURE 23. Caucaseuma fanagoriyskaya sp. nov., paratype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; ah = anterior horn; cp = anterior coxal process / coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; dl = denticulate lamella; lv = lever of the posterior coxal process; pp = posterior coxal process; ps = patch-like structure of posterior gonopods; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; alv = anterior part of lever; plv = posterior part of lever. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 27. Caucaseuma glabroscutum sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxites, t = telopodites; ah = anterior horn; cp = anterior coxal process / coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; dl = denticulate lamella; lv = lever of the posterior gonopods; pp = posterior coxal process; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; alv = anterior part of lever; plv = posterior part of lever; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 31. Caucaseuma kelasuri sp. nov., holotype male anterior gonopods. A. Anterior view. B. Posterior view. C. Lateral view. n = distal notch; ah = anterior horn; cp = anterior coxal process; fp = finger-like part of lever; lv = lever; mh = thorn-like horn; pp = posterior coxal porcess; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; alv = anterior part of lever; lap = lateral part of the shield; map = medial part of the shield; plv = posterior part of lever. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 37. Caucaseuma minellii sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = anterior coxal process / coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hs = hairy structure; l 1 = outer lamella; l 2 = inner lamella; l 3 = connecting lamella; lg = longitudinal groove; lv = lever of the posterior coxal process; pp = posterior coxal process; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; alv = anterior part of lever; lap = thorn-like lateral process; map = medial structure; plv = posterior part of lever; ppr = posterior projections. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 46. Caucasominorus billi gen. et sp. nov., paratype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. E. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; b 1 = knife-like branch; b 2 = posteriorly curved branch; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ks = knife-like lobe; ll = lateral lamella; ml = mesal lamella; pl = posterior lamella; rs = row of setae; ss = sternal sac; ws = wing-like structure; ppr = posterior projection; sls = setae-like structure; sto = subtriangular tooth. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 49. Caucasominorus polylobatus gen. et sp. nov., male from Stepanavan, Armenia. A. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, posterior view. B. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, lateral view. C. Pleurotergites 14 and 15, dorsal view. D. Lateral keels of pleurotergites 14 and 15, dorsal view. E. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. F. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. G. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. H. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodites; b 1 = short mesal process; b 2 = crestlike process; cv = coxal vesicle; ks = knife-like lobes.

FIGURE 51. Caucasominorus polylobatus gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. c = coxite; t = telopodites; b 1 = short mesal process; b 2 = crest-like process; cp = coxal process; hs = hairy structure; ks = knife-like lobes; ll = lateral lamella; lo = lobe; ml = mesal lamella; pl = posterior lamella; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; ws = wing-like structure; ppr = posterior projection; sls = setae-like structure. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 55. Georgiosoma bicornutum gen. et sp. nov., paratype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; n = distal notch; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; lg = logitudinal groove; mp = medial part; pl = posterior lamella, rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; sah = subtriangular, acuminate horns. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 59. Heterocaucaseuma feminaepectorum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. a = apex; c = coxite; s = medial part; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; d 1 and d 2 = subtriangular denticles; gs = group of setae; lo = lobe; lp = lateral part; ls = lamellar structure; rs = row of setae; sh 1 and sh 2 = shoulders of medial part; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 64. Heterocaucaseuma longicorne gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; s = medial part; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; lp = lateral horn; ls = lamellar structure; sh = shoulder; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 68. Paranotosoma attemsi gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; ah = acuminate horn; ap / cp = anterior coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; pp = posterior coxal process; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; lpp = lateral process; lsp = lamellar structure; mdl = medial lamella; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 72. Paranotosoma cordatum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; ah = acuminate horn; ap / cp = anterior coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; lg = longitudinal groove; lv = posterior lever; pp = posterior coxal process; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; alv = anterior branch of lever; mdl = medial lamella; plv = posterior branch of lever. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 76. Paranotosoma subrotundatum gen. et sp. nov., paratype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 7. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 77. Paranotosoma subrotundatum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; ah = acuminate horn; ap / cp = anterior coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; pp = posterior coxal process; rs = row of setae; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; lpp = lateral club-like process; lsp = lamellar structure; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 80. Dentatosoma denticulatum gen. et sp. nov., paratype male from Khulo, Ajaria, Georgia. A. Pleurotergites 15 and 16, posterior view. B. Pleurotergites 15 and 16, lateral view. C. Prozonite of pleurotergite 15, dorsal view. D. Limbus of pleurotergite 16, dorsal view. E. Pleurotergite 15, dorsal view.

FIGURE 81. Dentatosoma denticulatum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ss = sternal sac; ws = wing-like structure; lol = longitudinal lamella; stt = subtriangular teeth; trp = triangular process. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 85. Dentatosoma magnum gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ss = sternal sac; ws = wing-like structure; lol = longitudinal lamella; trp = triangular process. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 89. Dentatosoma zeraboseli gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ss = sternal sac; ws = wing-like structure; lol = longitudinal lamella; trp = triangular process. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 94. Enghoffiella insolita gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. E. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; l = lamella; p 1, p 2, p 3 and p 4 = processes on anterior gonopods; t = telopodite; ap = anterior part of posterior gonopods; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; pp = posterior part of posterior gonopods; sl = sternal lamella; pmp = posteromedial part. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 98. Metamastigophorophyllon giljarovi (Lang, 1959), male from Krasnodar Province. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; l = lamella; n = distal notch; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; ib = inner branch; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; rs = row of setae; sl = sternal lamella; aib = anterior part of inner branch; pib = posterior part of inner branch. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 103. Metamastigophorophyllon hamatum sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; n = distal nocth; o = opening; t = telopodite; bs = branched setae; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; hp = hook-shaped process; ib = inner branch; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; sl = sternal lamella; wv = nippled vesicle; aib = anterior part of inner branch; pib = posterior part of inner branch; ppr = posterior projection; scv = syncoxal vesicle. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 107. Metamastigophorophyllon lamellohirsutum sp. nov., holotype. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 10. D. and E. Leg 7. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 108. Metamastigophorophyllon lamellohirsutum sp. nov., holotype, gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ib = inner branch; lo = lateral lobe; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; sl = sternal lamella; aib = anterior part of inner branch; mrp = medial raised part; pib = posterior part of inner branch; scv = syncoxal vesicle. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 116. Metamastigophorophyllon torsivum sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. E. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ib = inner branch; hl = hairy lever; lh = hairy lamella; mp = medial part; ob = outer branch; sl = sternal lamella; wv = nippled vesicle; aib = anterior part of inner branch; acp = anterior process; pib = posterior part of inner branch; scv = syncoxal vesicle. Scale line = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 118. Acanthophorella barjadzei gen. et sp. nov., habitus. A. Paratype female. Scale line = 1 mm. B. Holotype male (photo S. Barjadze), without scale.

FIGURE 120. Acanthophorella barjadzei gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; ll = lateral lamella; lo = anterior lobe; mp = medial shield; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; sw = widening; tp = thorn-like process; us = undefined structure; ppr = posterior projection; str = striae. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 121. Acanthophorella chegemi gen. et sp. nov., paratype male habitus. Scale line = 1 mm.

FIGURE 124. Acanthophorella chegemi gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; al = anterior part of lateral lamella; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy lever; ll = lateral lamella; mp = medial shield; pl = posterior part of lateral lamella; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; tp = thorn-like process; us = undefined structure; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 128. Acanthophorella irystoni gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; ll = lateral lamella; mp = medial shield; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; tp = thorn-like process; us = undefined structure; cvp = chitinised and membranous process; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 133. Cryptacanthophorella manubriata gen. et sp. nov., male from near Bakhmaro, Chokhatauri District, Georgia, gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, anterolateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. D. and E. Anterior gonopods, posterolateral view. F. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. G. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. H. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; al = anterior lateral structure; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; hl = hairy structure; lg = medial groove; lp = lateral part; lv = lever; mc = membranous crest; mp = medial part; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; wp = nippled part; apr = subapical process; aps = process with minute setae; hap = hidden anterior process; scv = syncoxal vesicle.

FIGURE 138. Flagellophorella hoffmani gen. et sp. nov., paratype male anterior gonopods. A. and B. Anterior view. C. and D. Anterolateral view. E. and F. Posterolateral view. G. Posterior view. H. Distal view. f = flagella; hl = hairy lever; lb = longitudinal bulge; ll = lateral lamella; lv = lateral lever; mp = medial part; rs = row of setae; sl = sternal lamella; sp = sternal plate; scv = syncoxal vesicle.

FIGURE 142. Pseudoflagellophorella eskovi gen. et sp. nov., gonopods. A. Holotype male anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Holotype male anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Holotype male anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Male from Khosrov Nature Reserve, Ararat District, Armenia, posterior gonopods, posterior view. a = apex; b = base; c = coxite; h = horn; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ll = lateral lamella; lp = lateral part; ls = lamellar structrue; mc = membranous crest; ml = mesal lamella; mp = medial part; pf = anterior long and slender procees (pseudoflagella); rs = row of setae; sl = sternal lamella; sac = acuminate subapical process; spr = squarish protrusion. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 146. Pseudoflagellophorella mirabilis gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; r = distal rift; t = telopodite; cp = coxal process; ld = longitudinal division; lp = lateral part; ls = lamellar structure; mp = medial part; pf = anterior long and slender procees (pseudoflagella); rs = row of setae; sl = sternal lamella; sp = sternal plate; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 150. Pseudoflagellophorella papilioformis gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; dl = denticulate lamella; hl = hairy lever; lp = lateral part; mp = medial part; pd = denticles; pf = anterior long and slender procees (pseudoflagella); rs = row of setae; sl = sternal lamella; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; td = transverse division; ssl = spoon-shaped lamella. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 154. Herculina oligosagittae gen. et sp. nov., holotype male. A. Leg 3. B. Leg 4. C. Leg 6. D. Leg 7. E. Leg 10. F. Leg 11. Scale lines = 0.2 mm.

FIGURE 155. Herculina oligosagittae gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, posterior view. c = coxite; o = opening; t = telopodite; af = arrow-like filaments; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; ll = lateral lamella; ml = mesal lamella; sl = sternal lamella; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; ppr = posterior projection. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 159. Herculina polysagittae gen. et sp. nov., holotype male gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. C. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. D. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. c = coxite; t = telopodite; af = arrow-like filaments; cp = coxal process; cv = coxal vesicle; dl = denticulate lamella = ll = lateral lamella; ml = mesal lamella; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; lol = longitudinal lamella. Scale line = 0.3 mm.

FIGURE 165. Vegrandosoma tabacarui gen. et sp. nov., paratype male from Tamansky forest, Stavropol, Russia, gonopods. A. Anterior gonopods, anterior view. B. Anterior gonopods, anterolateral view. C. and D. Anterior gonopods, lateral view. E. Anterior gonopods, posterolateral view. F. Anterior gonopods, posterior view. G. Posterior gonopods, anterior view. H. Posterior gonopods, lateral view. c = coxite; o = opening; t = telopodite; ap = anterior coxsl process; ca = cavity; cp = coxal process; cv = coxsal vesicle; lg = longitudinal groove; mt = medial subtringular part; pp = posterior coxal process; sp = sternal plate; ss = sternal sac; asp = anterior sternal process; sap = small anterior process.