Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940

SCHÖNHOFER, AXEL L., 2013, Axel L. Schönhofer, Zootaxa 3679 (1), pp. 1-68 : 52-56

Genus Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940 (1 species)

Kofiniotis Roewer, 1940: 29 ; type species Kofiniotis creticus Roewer, 1940 by monotypy and original designation;— Roewer 1950: 56; Šilhavý 1967: 176.

Konfiniotis — Roewer, 1940: 29.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Roewer (1940) spelled “ Konfiniotis ” in the header of the genus description and “ Kofiniotis ” elsewhere. No meaning for Kofiniotis was given, but Konfiniotis , derived from the Latin “confinium”, the “bordered” or “limited”, is reasonable in view of the species exhibiting rows of long papillae along the legs to “confine” several of the distal segments. However, Roewer did not explain the etymology to infer a spelling error. According to ICZN 24.2.4, Roewer (1950: 56) as first revising author fixed Kofiniotis by listing only this name. The gender of the species-name creticus specifies the gender of the genus as masculine (ICZN 30.2.3).

creticus Roewer, 1940: 29 ; loc. typ.: Greece, Crete, Meskla. Remarks. The type locality is likely erroneous as the species was never collected again on Crete and as the type label states “Topolia Cave”, a locality which Roewer used for several problematic species ( Helversen & Martens 1972). It is advised to use “ Greece, Levkas Island”, the second reported ( Roewer 1950) and reconfirmed locality ( Schönhofer & Martens 2010a) as type locality.

Genus Trogulus Latreille, 1802 (32 species)

Trogulus Latreille, 1802: 61 ; type species Acarus nepaeformis Scopoli, 1763 by subsequent designation ( Thorell 1876: 468).

Metopoctea Simon, 1879a: 309 ; type species Phalangium melanotarsum Hermann, 1804 , here designated type species as none was designated before;—syn. Dahl, 1903: 283.

Trogolus —C.L. Koch 1839a: 7 (misspelling).

Remarks. Schönhofer and Martens (2010a) showed that cryptic diversity was largely underestimated. The revision of the genus is a tedious process due to its homogeneous morphology.

Etymology. Gender masculine; Latreille (1802: 61) stated the chelicerae and palps to be hidden under a small hood (coqueluchon = petite capuchon) and applied the name “Trogule”. The exact meaning remains unclear, while in view of Latreille’s explanation the interpretation of Perrier et al. (1929; de “trogein”, rongé = gnawed) has to be rejected.

aquaticus Simon, 1879a ; loc. typ.: France, Corsica, Haute Corse, Corte.

Trogulus aquaticus Simon, 1879a: 306 ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 533 (redescr.).

Metopoctea exarata Simon, 1879a: 310 ; syn. n.

Trogulus exaratus — Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 553 (considered invalid).

Remarks. Simon’s original description of exarata (1879a: 306) matches only the largest specimen of the syntype series, thereby identifiable as its lectotype (ICZN 74.4). The lectotype represents a juvenile of aquaticus (7.5 mm body length, length of the tarsal segments II almost equal), fixing the type locality to Corsica (ICZN 76.2). The other juvenile paralectotypes cannot be assigned and may originate from other localities mentioned in the description, e.g. the Pyrenees. Metopoctea exarata is hereby placed in the synonymy of Trogulus aquaticus , against Schönhofer and Martens’ (2008: 553) recommendation to neglect exarata without affiliating it to a species. Schönhofer and Martens (2008: 553) specified a neotype for aquaticus , which, in fact, is a lectotype, because it originates from the syntype series.

balearicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008: 537; loc. typ.: Spain, Balearic Islands, Ibiza, Sierra Grosa, valley facing to San José.

banaticus Avram, 1971 ; loc. typ.: Romania, Banat Mountains, Scorilla Valley, Poiana Mărului.

Trogulus banaticus Avram, 1971: 261 ;— Schönhofer & Novak 2011: 8; Schönhofer et al. 2013a: 371 (both redescr.).

cisalpinus Chemini & Martens, 1988: 71 ; loc. typ.: Italy, Como, Brunate.

closanicus Avram, 1971 ; loc. typ.: Romania, Carpathian, Plateau de Mehedintzi, CloŞani.

Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971: 256 ;— Weiss 1978: 226; Chemini 1984: 57 (redescr.).

Trogulus asperatus C.L. Koch, 1839a: 146 ; nomen oblitum: The holotype of asperatus represents a not assignable juvenile of the nepaeformis-squamatus -complex, of which at the type locality of asperatus (Zweibrücken, Germany) only closanicus was found abundant. As the name never played a role in the taxonomic literature, it is proposed as a nomen oblitum and closanicus as a nomen protectum (see Remarks on niger under nepaeformis ).

coriziformis C.L. Koch, 1839a ; loc. typ.: Italy, Lazio, Roma Prov., Monti della Tolfa, between Tolfa and Rota (restricted by neotype locality; Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 538).

Trogulus coriziformis C.L. Koch, 1839a: 128 ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 538 (redescr.).

Trogulus salfii De Lerma, 1948: 160 ;—syn. Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 538.

cristatus Simon, 1879a ; loc. typ.: France, Provence, Dép. Alpes-Maritimes.

Trogulus cristatus Simon, 1879a: 308 ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 543 (redescr.).

falcipenis Komposch, 2000 ; loc. typ.: Austria, Carinthia, Karawanken, Koschuta, S Zell-Pfarre.

Trogulus falcipenis Komposch, 2000: 2 ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2009: 1239 (redef.).

graecus, Dahl, 1903 , loc. typ.: Greece (not further specified).

Trogulus graecus Dahl, 1903: 285 .

Trogulus corcyraeus Dahl, 1903: 285 ;—syn. Staręga 1976: 301. Remarks. Schönhofer and Martens (2010a) assumed that many cryptic species were summarised under the name graecus . Trogulus corcyraeus (loc. typ.: Greece, Corfu) likely belongs to one of these cryptic species and should be considered for a revision (Schönhofer 2009: 176).

gypseus Simon, 1879b: 75; loc. typ.: Jerusalem. Remarks. Schönhofer and Martens (2010) assumed several cryptic species summarised under this name.

hirtus Dahl, 1903 ; loc. typ.: Bosnia-Herzegovina, Konjsko.

Trogulus tricarinatus subspecies hirta Dahl, 1903: 289.

Trogulus tricarinatus hirtus — Roewer 1923: 641.

Trogulus hirtus — Schönhofer & Martens 2009: 1226 (redescr.).

huberi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008: 548; loc. typ.: Portugal, Algarve, 50 km N Faro, Alte.

karamanorum Schönhofer & Martens, 2009: 1244; loc. typ.: Republic of Macedonia, Gostivar, near Gjonovica

Cave.

lusitanicus Giltay, 1931 ; loc. typ.: Portugal, Lisboa, Sintra (Cintra).

Trogulus lusitanicus Giltay, 1931: 1 ;— Schönhofer & Martens 2008: 549 (redescr.).

Remarks. T. lusitanicus includes cryptic species ( Schönhofer & Martens 2008).

martensi Chemini, 1983 ; nomen protectum; loc. typ.: Italy, Trento, Pergine Valsugana.

Trogulus martensi Chemini, 1983: 125 .

Trogulus tuberculatus Canestrini, 1874: 221 ; nomen oblitum: Chemini (1986) did not mention T. tuberculatus from the Canestrini Collection, and the type can be presumed lost. Trogulus martensi is widespread and abundant in the Po-Valley and is the only species likely to occur at the type locality of tuberculatus ( Italy, Padova, Cervarese). However, tuberculatus is not recognisable from the description, featuring a juvenile (e.g. body ash-grey, only tarsi dark) and compared with other Trogulus of questionable definition ( nepaeformis sensu Koch 1839a ; squalidus , asperatus ). Furthermore, the name Trogulus tuberculatus has not played a role in taxonomic literature after 1899 (only once mentioned as a synonym; Roewer 1923: 639; ICZN 23.9.1.1) and a minimum of 25 works mention T. martensi (ICZN 23.9.1.2). Trogulus tuberculatus is suggested as nomen oblitum (ICZN 23.9) to favour the established name Trogulus martensi (nomen protectum).

megaligrava Schönhofer et al., 2013a: 373; loc. typ.: Greece, Corfu, S Loutses, Megali Grava Cave.

melitensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009: 1236; loc. typ.: Croatia, Mljet Island, Soline, Bjejajka, in pit Jama u uvali šume Bjejajka.

nepaeformis ( Scopoli, 1763) ; loc. typ.: Scopoli (1763) stated only “Discovered once in moss near beech roots”. T. Novak (pers. comm.) assumed that the type was collected at Scopolis workplace, Slovenia, Idrija, where the species is present and which should be fixed as type locality .

Acarus nepaeformis Scopoli, 1763 (in index without page numbers).

Acarus nepeformis — Scopoli, 1763: 390.

Phalangium rostratum Latreille, 1798: 114 ;—syn. Dahl 1903: 288.

Trogulus nepaeformis — Latreille 1802: 61.

Trogulus rostratum — Latreille 1802: 61.

Phalangium melanotarsum Hermann, 1804: 103 ;—syn. Dahl (1903: 288). Remarks. Hermann’s (1804) drawings of melanotarsum show an early instar not assignable to any species. At the locus typicus (Strasbourg, France) presence of four species is possible, but no later reference to melanotarsum can be clearly associated with any of these (e.g. Koch 1839a, Simon 1879 a, Ausserer 1867, Kraepelin 1896) or other species. The type is lost and the name never played a role in systematic literature (Schönhofer 2009: 181). Here, Dahl (1903: 288) is followed, suggesting T. melanotarsus as a synonym of T. nepaeformis .

Trogulus niger C.L. Koch, 1836a: 136 ;—C.L. Koch 1839a: 138; syn. Dahl 1903: 287. Remarks. A Trogulus from BMNH is labelled niger and the museum data (not the label) states “Triest” as locality and “Graf Jeniston” as the collector, conforming to C.L. Koch’s data of the type. It is not labelled as type and should not be considered one to keep the name in synonymy, as it never played a role in taxonomic literature. Trogulus niger was already considered as a synonym of nepaeformis by Dahl (1903: 287) and Roewer (1923: 639), only discussed by Hadži (1928: 9), who confused tingiformis for nepaeformis and nepaeformis for niger . The BMNH specimen conforms to Trogulus closanicus Avram, 1971 , a name in prevailing use since the species was accepted by Weiss (1978) and redescribed by Chemini (1984). References for Germany alone ( Staudt 2013) provide the required minimum of 25 works (ICZN 23.9.1.2). In case of doubt, protecting closanicus and considering niger as nomen oblitum is advised.

Trogulus melanotarsus —C.L. Koch 1839a: 148.

Trogulus perforaticeps Ausserer, 1867: 169 ;—syn. Dahl 1903: 288.

Trogulus nepiformis — Thorell 1876: 468; Latreille 1804: 328 (misspelling).

Anelasmocephalus niger — Simon 1879a: 301.

Metopoctea melanotarsus — Simon 1879a: 309.

Siro inaequipes Karsch, 1884: 146 ;—syn. Dahl 1903: 288.

Trogulus galasensis Avram, 1971: 255 ; syn. n.: Weiss doubted the species status of galasensis and pointed to the similarity with T. nepaeformis and T. martensi ( Weiss 1978: 226; 1998: 26). Although the penis depicted by Avram (1971) is damaged, it is similar to that of T. nepaeformis . Until the species is collected again at the type locality ( Romania, Apuseni Mountains, Vallée du CriŞ Repede) the name should be treated as a synonym of T. nepaeformis (contradictory to Schönhofer 2009: 177; proposed as a nomen oblitum).

Trogulus roeweri Avram, 1971: 257 ; syn. n.: The type locality of roeweri is vague ( Bosnia), the type series is questionable (should contain a male and a female, but contains 3 females; the label states 8 specimens), and the description is based on a damaged male (Schönhofer 2009: 177). Weiss (1978: 226) questioned species status of roeweri and compared it with nepaeformis , which is here followed.

oltenicus Avram, 1971: 242; loc. typ.: Romania, Carpathian, Plateau de Mehedintzi, Massif de Vîrotape, N ObîrŞia CloŞani. Remarks. Recollected from Romania, oltenicus can be considered as valid. A redescription is necessary to explain what Avram (1971) meant and to delineate it from similar species summarised in T. tricarinatus (Schönhofer 2009: 182) . As only one male was available for description, holotype and type locality are unambiguous, although they were not specified.

ozimeci Schönhofer et al., 2013a: 374; loc. typ.: Kroatia, Dubrovnik, Osojnik, Močiljska špilja.

pharensis Schönhofer & Martens, 2009: 1234; loc. typ.: Croatia, Hvar Island, entrance of road tunnel from Pitve to

Zavala.

prietoi Schönhofer & Martens, 2008: 551; loc. typ.: Spain, Andalucía, Málaga Prov., ruins 6 km S of Villanueva de la Concepcion.

pyrenaicus Schönhofer & Martens, 2008: 552 ; loc. typ.: Spain, Aragón, Huesca Prov., Pyrenees, Parque Nacional de Ordesa-Monte Perdido, Monte Perdido, Torla.

rossicus Šilhavý, 1968: 25 ; loc. typ.: Russia, Kuban, Gorjačij ključ.

setosissimus Roewer, 1940 ; loc. typ.: Croatia, Hvar Island (Lesina).

Trogulus setosissimus Roewer, 1940: 28 ;— Schönhofer et al., 2013a: 379 (redescr.).

squamatus C.L. Koch, 1839a ; loc. typ.: Dalmatia. Remarks. According to the historic definition of Dalmatia and known distribution of T. squamatus , the type locality narrows down to the coastal area between the Gulf of Kotor and the mouth of the Neretva River. The species is otherwise abundant in large parts of Montenegro.

Trogulus squamatus C.L. Koch, 1839a: 140 ;— Westwood (1874: 202).

Trogulus squammatus —C.L. Koch 1850: 98 (misspelling).

tenuitarsus Schönhofer et al., 2013a: 376; loc. typ.: Macedonia: Bistra Mountain, Monastir Sveti Jovan Bigorski near Rostuše.

thaleri Schönhofer & Martens, 2009: 1230; loc. typ.: Croatia: Drvenik. tingiformis C.L. Koch, 1847 ; loc. typ.: Germany, Upper Bavaria (not further specified).

Trogulus tingiformis C.L. Koch, 1847: 70 (not 1848; see Brignoli 1985);— Martens 1978: 172 (redescr.). Trogulus gruberi Avram, 1971: 259 ;—syn. Martens 1978: 172.

tricarinatus ( Linnaeus, 1767) ; loc. typ.: Germany, Saxony, Dresden.

Phalangium tricarinatum Linnaeus, 1767: 1029 .

Phalangium carinatum — Olivier 1792: 460 (misspelling).

Trogulus squalidus C.L. Koch, 1839a: 143 ;—syn. Dahl 1903: 289.

Trogulus tricarinatus —C.L. Koch 1839a: 145 (redefinition).

Remarks. Schönhofer and Martens (2010a) assumed several cryptic species summarised under this name.

torosus Simon, 1885b ; loc. typ.: Montenegro, Spica, Sutomore.

Trogulus torosus Simon, 1885b: 218 ;— Schönhofer et al. 2013a: 381 (redescr.).

uncinatus Gruber, 1969: 83; loc. typ.: Turkey, Yalova.