Pulvinaria

Tanaka, Hirotaka & Kamitani, Satoshi, 2022, The identities of Pulvinaria camelicola Signoret 1873, stat. nov., and the related species, Pulvinaria floccifera (Westwood 1870) (Hemiptera: Coccidae) in Japan, Zootaxa 5115 (3), pp. 438-450 : 447-448

Key to adult females of Pulvinaria species in Japan *1, 2

1(0) Medial area of venter with Type I tubular ducts (each with a stout inner ductule). Marginal setae all one size or lengths variable .. ................................................................................................. 2

– Medial area of venter without Type I tubular ducts. Marginal setae of two different sizes... P. nishigaharae ( Kuwana 1907)

2(1) Each anal plate with discal setae, and posterolateral margin much longer than anterolateral margin................................................................................................... P. citricola ( Kuwana 1909)

– Each anal plate without discal setae, and with posterolateral and anterolateral margins approximately same length ......... 3

3(2) Eye spots situated on dorsal submarginal area.............................................................. 4

– Eye spots situated on body margin or not detected........................................................... 7

4(3) Marginal setae near stigmatic clefts mostly at least as long as longest stigmatic spines, with apices rather blunt or simply pointed..................................................................... P. neocellulosa Takahashi 1940

– Marginal setae around stigmatic clefts mostly shorter than longest stigmatic spine, with apices fimbriate / frayed / divided or simply pointed....................................................................................... 5

5(4) Multilocular pores mostly each with 7 loculi. Anal plate with supporting bar not bifurcate.. .......................... 6

– Multilocular pores mostly each with 10 loculi. Anal plate with supporting bar bifurcate............ P. psidii Maskell 1893

6(5) Each stigmatic cleft usually containing more than 3 stigmatic spines..................... P. polygonata Cockerell 1905

– Each stigmatic cleft usually containing mostly 3 stigmatic spines, and with no more than 3 stigmatic spines.............................................................................................. P. aurantii Cockerell 1896

7(3) Dorsal submarginal tubercles of inverted type present........................................ P. vitis species group

– Dorsal submarginal tubercles of normal convex type present or absent........................................... 8

8(7) Ventral submarginal area with Type III tubular ducts (each with a short, filamentous inner ductule) forming a complete, dense submarginal ring.. .................................................................................... 9

– Ventral submarginal area with Type III tubular ducts not forming a complete, dense submarginal ring, only sparsely present at least on head apex.. .................................................................................. 13

9(8) Body narrow and extremely elongate oval. Dorsal setae rather lanceolate and arranged segmentally on abdomen and thorax ........................................................................ P. hakonensis Tanaka & Amano 2005

– Body relatively broad and not extremely elongate. Dorsal setae mostly spiniform and not arranged segmentally......... 10

10(9) Well-developed long ventral setae present on all abdominal and thoracic segments............. .... P. araliae Shinji 1935

– Well-developed long ventral setae absent from several thoracic segments at least................................. 11

11(10) With at least a few preopercular pores present anterior to anal plates............................................ 12

– Preopercular pores entirely absent.................................................. P. nipponica Lindinger 1933

12(10) Multilocular pores mostly each with 8 or 9 loculi. Dorsal tubular ducts more numerous than dorsal microducts.......................................................................................... P. photiniae Kuwana 1914

– Multilocular pores mostly each with 7 loculi. Dorsal microducts more numerous than dorsal tubular ducts.............................................................................................. P. kuwacola Kuwana 1907

13(8) Body outline subcircular. Well-developed long ventral setae present on most thoracic and abdominal segments.......... 14

– Body outline elongate oval. Well-developed long ventral setae absent from thoracic segments at least................. 15

14(13) Multilocular pores present between antennae. Venter with Type III tubular ducts (each with a short, filamentous inner ductule) present in submarginal areas from anal cleft anteriorly as far forward as anterior spiracular disc pore bands................................................................................................ P. hazeae Kuwana 1902

– Multilocular pores absent from head. Venter with Type III tubular ducts present in submarginal areas from anal cleft anteriorly as far forward as area near each antenna................................................ P. idesiae Kuwana 1914

15(13) Marginal setae simply pointed.......................................................................... 16

– At least a few marginal setae bifid / fimbriate / frayed....................................................... 18

16(15) Ventral submarginal Type III tubular ducts (each with a short, filamentous inner ductule) concentrated on posterior part of body, usually absent from area near each antenna............................................................... 17

– Ventral submarginal Type III tubular ducts not concentrated on posterior part of body, and usually present on area near each antenna..................................................................... P. satoi Tanaka & Amano 2004

17(16) In life, without visible wax secretion on dorsum before oviposition. Dorsal tubular ducts not numerous........................................................................................... P. aonoae Tanaka & Amano 2004

– In life, with considerable amounts of visible wax secretion on dorsum even before oviposition. Dorsal tubular ducts numerous........................................................................... ... P. enkianthi Takahashi 1955

18(16) Dorsal tubular ducts always present..................................................................... 19

– Dorsal tubular ducts mostly absent.. ..................................................................... 20

19(18) Marginal setae with fimbriate / frayed / spatulated apices. Ventral submarginal Type III tubular ducts (each with a short, filamentous inner ductule) absent from area near each antenna.................... P. camelicola Signoret 1873 stat. rev.

– Marginal setae with bifid apices present, but setae with fimbriate / frayed / spatulated apices absent. Ventral submarginal Type III tubular ducts present on area near each antenna......................................... P. flava Takahashi 1955

20(18) Cylindrical paintbrush-like marginal setae present. Dermal areolations sometimes present on submarginal area of dorsum................................................................................. P. urbicola Cockerell 1893

– Cylindrical paintbrush-like marginal setae absent. Marginal setae frequently with fimbriate / frayed / divided apices, but always flattened................................................................. .... P. floccifera ( Westwood 1870)

*1. Pulvinaria katsurae Shinji 1935 and Pulvinaria shinjii Ben-Dov, 1993 (= P. acericola Shinji 1935 (nec (Walsh & Riley 1868)) were described from Japan by Shinji (1935). However, morphological information on these two species is quite limited, and Shinji’s (1935) sets of original type material has not been available (probably they have been lost). We therefore did not include these two species in the key.

*2. The three species of Japanese Pulvinaria , Pulvinaria euonymi Shinji 1935 , Pulvinaria oyamae Kuwana 1902 , and Pulvinaria vitis Linnaeus 1758 , are very similar to each other, and morphological character states that clearly distinguish them have not been found. On the other hand, P. vitis is likely to contain several cryptic species, and it would be unwise to treat all of them as one species. For this reason, these three species were included in the P. vitis species group in the key.