Apopyllus suavis ( Simon, 1893 )

Azevedo, Guilherme H. F., Ott, Ricardo, Griswold, Charles E. & Santos, Adalberto J., 2016, A taxonomic revision of the ground spiders of the genus Apopyllus (Araneae: Gnaphosidae), Zootaxa 4178 (3), pp. 301-327 : 306-309

Apopyllus suavis ( Simon, 1893)

Figs 3 B, 4B, 5B, 6B, 7B, 8B, 9C–D, 10B, 11B, 12B, 13B, 14B, 16A–C

Herpyllus suavis Simon, 1893: 455 , fig. 25. Female lectotype here designated from Colonia Tovar , Aragua, Venezuela (10º24’19”N, 67º17’22”W), deposited in MNHN (examined). Paralectotype not conspecific (see A. centralis below).

Apopyllus suavis: Platnick & Shadab 1984: 7 , figs 17–18.

Zelotes pauper Mello-Leitão, 1942: 413 , fig. 39. Female holotype from General Capdevila, Chaco, Argentina (27º25’18”S, 61º28’37”W), deposited in MLP 15500 (examined through photographs). New synonymy.

Zelotes iheringi Mello-Leitão, 1943: 262 . Female holotype from Paraíba, Brazil (36º30’S, 75º15’W), deposited in MNRJ 58361 (examined). New synonymy.

Apopyllus pauper: Platnick & Shadab, 1984: 4 , figs 5, 6.

Apopyllus iheringi: Platnick & Shadab, 1984: 5 , figs 11–14.

Diagnosis. Females can be distinguished by the secondary spermatheca with diameter at least two thirds as long as the primary spermatheca, by the TPD curved dorsally, by the curved PDT ( Figs 12 B, 13B) and by the short belllike paramedian epigynal pockets ( Figs 10 B, 11B). Males can be distinguished by the moderately pointed terminal part of RTA in dorsal and retrobasal view ( Figs 7 B, 8B, 9D), by the gently curved dorsal keel of RTA in apical view ( Fig. 9 C) and by the rhomboidal shape of RTA in retrobasal view ( Fig. 9 D).

Synonymy. Apopyllus suavis was described based on two syntypes from Venezuela ( Simon 1893). One of the syntypes has morphology similar to the types of A. pauper and A. iheringi and the variation observed in the material examined here suggests that A. suavis should be considered a senior synonym of the other two names. This syntype is here designated as a lectotype of A. suavis . The paralectotype, on the other hand, is not conspecific with the lectotype, but is actually a member of A. centralis new sp., which is described below.

Apopyllus pauper was described as having the “paramedian epigynal ducts expanded anteriorly into bulbous form” ( Platnick & Shadab 1984: p. 5, figs 5–6). This description matches the aspect of the holotype genitalia when examined ventrally, without any preparation. However, the tracts do not look expanded anteriorly into bulbous form when the genitalia are examined under clove oil or methyl salicilate ( Fig. 15A –B), and the duct aspect does not seem to be different from that observed for A. suavis neither for Apopyllus iheringi type material. Other aspects of the morphology of the A. pauper holotype also seem to be within the variation observed in the A. suavis . Thus, we do not see evidence that could indicate that A. suavis and A. pauper are different species.

Description. Female described by Platnick & Shadab (1984: 4) under A. suavis , except for genitalia, that is like the diagnosis reported here. Male described by Platnick & Shadab (1984: 5) under A. iheringi .

Variation. The anterior ridge of the epigynum varies from straight to concave in the posterior and/or anterior margin. The dorsal keel of RTA might be from moderate to strongly curved. RTA simple or with a small basal retrolateral tubercle as in A. silvestrii . Some specimens might be dark brown to black with a white or silver gray dorsal longitudinal stripe in the opisthosoma and carapace, or with carapace entirely silver gray ( Fig. 16 A–C). Male carapace length (N = 18) 1.28–3.4. Female carapace length (N = 16) 1.96–3.40.

Material examined. ARGENTINA : Catamarca: Villavil, 8km E. of Andalgalá , 27º36'16"S, 66º17'16"W, 3♀, 30.XII.1974, F.A. Enders coll. ( USNM) ; Córdoba: Los Molinos , 31º50'46"S, 64º22'59"W, 1♀ 1 juvenile, 7.XII.1997, A. Kury coll. ( MNRJ 6663 ) ; La Pampa: Cuaracó, RN 152, 56 km from Casa de Piedra , 38º8'40"S, 66º29'33"W , 295m, 2Ƌ 2 juveniles, 11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. ( IBSP 167048 , MACN-Ar 34838), Lihué Calel, Parque Nacional Lihué Calel, Cerro de La Sociedad Científica Argentina , 38º0'25"S, 65º35'47"W , 1♀, 11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. (MACN-Ar 34513), Lihué Calel, PN Lihué Calel, cerro Fortaleza, 38º1'15"S, 65º35'32"W, 419m, 3Ƌ 3 juveniles, 11.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. ( IBSP 167047 , MACN-Ar 34843), Lihué Calel, 1Ƌ 1 juvenile ( IBSP 167049 ); La Rioja: Mazan , 29º25'15"S, 66º51'0"W , 1♀, 8.XII.1974, F.A. Enders coll. ( USNM); Río Negro: El Cuy, RP 6, 88 km SW from General Roca, 39º42'28"S, 68º9'19"W , 617 m, 1Ƌ, 12.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. (MACN-Ar 34844), General Roca, Cinco Saltos, camino a Lago Pellegrini, 38º48'42"S, 68º3'7"W , 270m, 1Ƌ 1♀, 16.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. ( IBSP 167054 , MACN-Ar 34545), General Roca , Paso Córdoba, 39º7'37"S, 67º40'6"W , 266m, 1Ƌ, 15.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. (MACN-Ar 34839), Valcheta, 1♀ ( IBSP 167050 ), Valcheta, RN 23, 36 km SE from Valcheta , 40º51'37"S, 65º48'44"W , 208m, 2Ƌ 3♀ 1 juvenile, 13.X.2014, A.D. Brescovit et al. coll. (MACN-Ar 34841). BRAZIL: Bahia: Feira de Santana, Chácara Promenade , 1♀, 4–6.I.2003, T. V. Aguzzoli coll. ( MCN 35061) ; Goiás: Catalão, Barragem para Aproveitamento Hidrelétrico Serra do Facão , 17º31'56.09"S, 47º33'36"W, 754m, 1♀, VII.2010 , R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. (UFMG 4565), 17º52'20.39"S, 47º37'34.89"W, 739m, 1♀, VII.2010, R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. (UFMG 4584), 17º36'26.07"S, 47º37'13.57"W, 811m, 2Ƌ, VII.2010, R.B. Martines & R.M.C. Silveira coll. ( UFMG 4566 ); Maranhão: Caxias, Reserva Ecológica Inhamum , 4º49'60"S, 43º20'69"W , 5♀, 2–5.X.2007, J.F.B. Lima-Lobato & F. Limeira de Oliveira coll. (IBSP 129017, 129022, 129023), 1Ƌ 4♀, 26–29.IX.2007, J.F.B. Lima-Lobato & F. Limeira de Oliveira coll. ( IBSP 129015, 129024 ); Mato Grosso: Chapada dos Guimarães, 2Ƌ, 20-29.VII.2000 , C. Strussmann coll. (MCTP 11310), 2Ƌ, 23-30.VIII.2000, C. Strussmann coll. ( MCTP 11327 ); Mato Grosso do Sul: Três Lagoas, Horto Barra do Moeda , 20º57'0"S, 51º47'0"W, 1Ƌ 1♀, 8.VIII.2007 , M. Uehara-Prado coll. (UFMG 5073); Minas Gerais: Belo Horizonte, Estação Ecológica da UFMG, 19º52'38"S, 43º58'16"W , 845m, 1Ƌ, 2003 ( UFMG 8328 ), Belo Horizonte , Parque Municipal das Mangabeiras, 19º56'38.98"S, 43º54'1.07"W , 1♀, 5–12.XII.2008, H.H. Santos et al. coll. ( UFMG 7886 ), Cardeal Mota, Serra do Cipó , 19º20'15.84"S, 43º38'18.72"W , 805m, 2♀, 17.VII.2012, P.H. Martins et al. coll. (UFMG 12326, 12327), Catas Altas, RPPN Santuário do Caraça, Cachoeira da Bocaina , 20º7'25"S, 43º27'56"W, 1♀, 12.IX.2015 , G.H.F. Azevedo coll. ( UFMG 18861 ), Gouveia, Fazenda Fagundes, Capão , 18º25’35.6”S, 43º454.56”W, 1071m, 1♀, 25.XII.2015 , P.H. Martins coll. ( UFMG 19959 ), Leme do Prado, Reserva Estadual de Acauã , 17º7'94.2"S, 42º43'98.1"W, 887m, 2Ƌ 2♀, 18–28.II.2013 , P.H. Martins coll. (UFMG 12837), 17º9'3.6"S, 42º46'24.1"W, 856m, 4♀, 18–28.II.2013, P.H. Martins coll. ( UFMG 12982 ), Manga, Parque Estadual da Mata Seca , 14º50'54"S, 43º59'17"W , 1♀, IX.2010, 14 º50'58"S, 44º0'28"W, 2Ƌ, IX.2011, 14 º50'54"S, 43º59'17"W, 2Ƌ, IX.2011, R.N.S.L. Garro et al. coll. (UFMG 14775–14777), Santo Antônio do Itambé, Parque Estadual do Pico de Itambé, 18º27'58"S, 43º18'27"W, 757m, 1♀, 16–17.II.2013, P.H. Martins coll. ( UFMG 12981 ), São Gonçalo do Rio Abaixo, Estação de Preservação e Desenvolvimento Ambiental de Peti , 19º58'23"S, 43º29'57"W , 820m, 1♀, 8–9.XII.2012, G.H.F. Azevedo et al. coll. ( UFMG 12653 ); Pernambuco: Serra Talhada, Fazenda Saco, Mata da Pimenteira , 7º53'S, 38º18'W , 1♀, 17.X.2010, M. Carvalho coll. (UFMG 4492); Piauí: Piracuruca, Parque Nacional Sete Cidades, 4º05'56.2''S, 41º43'12.9''W, 1Ƌ, no data, no col. ( MPEG 7904 ) ; Rio Grande do Sul: Santana do Livramento , Faz. Bela Vista do Ibirapuitã, 1Ƌ, 14.XI.2012, Equipe PELD / MCN coll. ( MCN 52297); Santana do Livramento, APA do Ibirapuitã, Faz. D. Laura, Rincão Bonito , 1♀, 12.XI.2012; R. Ott coll. (MCN 52309), APA do Ibirapuitã Faz. Bela Vista, 1f, 14.XI.2012; Eq. PELD / MCN coll ( MCN 52310). Roraima: Amajari, Vila Tepequém, prox. Da Pousada PSJ, 3º47'10.4"N, 61º43'15.3"W , 640m, 1Ƌ, 17.VII.2014, L.S. Carvalho et al. coll. ( UFMG 17107 ); Tocantins : Santa Fé do Araguaia, 6º43'41.6"S, 48º48'8"W, 1Ƌ, 19.IV.2009, U. Oliveira & M.D . Miranda coll. (UFMG 5736). PERU: Apurimac: Chincheros , 13º31'3"S, 73º42'24"W, 2Ƌ 3♀ 1 juvenile, 12.XII.1980, C. Gold coll. (CASENT 9057334).

Distribution. Northern Argentina to southern Peru and to northern and northeastern Brazil ( Fig. 14 B).

Figures

FIGURE 3. Apopyllus spp., male left palp in ventral view, drawings. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (IBSP 129024). C A. now (MCZ 22335). D A. ivieorum (AMNH). E A. aeolicus new. sp. (CHNUFPI 1567). F A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4395). G A. atlanticus new sp. (UFMG 16828).

FIGURE 7. Apopyllus spp., male left palp in dorsal view, drawings. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (IBSP 129024). C A. now (MCZ 22335). D A. ivieorum (AMNH). E A. aeolicus new. sp. (CHNUFPI 1567). F A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4395). G A. atlanticus new sp. (UFMG 16828).

FIGURE 9. Right palp retrolateral tibial apophysis in apical (A, C, E) and retrobasal (B, D, F) view. A, B A. silvestrii (CAS 9048498). C, D A. suavis (UFMG 5736). E, F A. atlanticus (MCN 52304). Abbreviations: AK: apical keel, AKp: apical keel proximal part, DK: dorsal keel, VK: ventral keel, VKp: ventral keel proximal part.

FIGURE 10. Apopyllus spp., epigynum, ventral view, drawings. Vulva can be seen by transparency. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ 58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338).

FIGURE 12. Apopyllus spp., vulva, dorsal view, drawings. A A. silvestrii (MCTP 26293). B A. suavis (MNRJ 58361). C A. malleco (AMNH). D A. huanuco (AMNH). E A. now (MCZ 24971). F A. gandarela new. sp. (UFMG 16876). G A. centralis new sp. (UFMG 4564). H A. atlanticus new sp. (MCTP 27338).

FIGURE 14. Geographic distribution records of Apopyllus species.

FIGURE 16. Apopyllus spp. habitus, dorsal view. A A. suavis, female (MACN-Ar 34513; photo credits I. L. F Magalhães, M. Izquierdo and L. Piacentini). B A. suavis, male (MACN-Ar 34545; photo credits I. L. F Magalhães, M. Izquierdo and L. Piacentini). C A. suavis, male (UFMG 19959). D A. centralis new sp., female (UFMG 19961). E A. gandarela new sp., female (type). F A. aeolicus new sp., male (holotype).

FIGURE 15. A Apopyllus suavis (female holotype of Zelotes pauper MLP 15500), epigynum, ventral view. B Ditto, vulva, dorsal view. C Apodrassodes guatemalensis (MCN 21095), epigynum, ventral view. D Ditto, vulva, dorsal view. Abbreviations: MP: massive midpiece, PS: primary spermathecae, SS: secondary spermathecae, SC: scape.