Sogana Matsumura, 1914

Constant, Jérôme & Pham, Hong Thai, 2019, The planthopper genus Sogana Matsumura, 1914 in Vietnam: Two new species, new records and identification key (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Tropiduchidae), Belgian Journal of Entomology 85, pp. 1-19 : 1-19

Genus Sogana Matsumura, 1914

Sogana MATSUMURA, 1914: 268 . Type species: Sogana hopponis Matsumura, 1914 , by monotypy.

Sogana – MELICHAR, 1914: 194; DISTANT, 1916: 54; METCALF, 1954: 130; TSAUR, 1990: 245; LIANG & WANG 2008: 30 ; CONSTANT 2010: 64 ; CONSTANT & PHAM 2013: 72; CONSTANT, 2019: 4 .

4

SPECIES INCLUDED (TYPE LOCALITY)

Sogana bachmana sp. nov. ( Vietnam)

Sogana baviana sp. nov. ( Vietnam)

Sogana chartieri Constant, 2019 ( Cambodia)

Sogana clara Liang & Wang, 2008 ( Laos)

Sogana condaoana Constant & Pham, 2013 ( Vietnam)

Sogana cucphuongana Constant & Pham, 2013 ( Vietnam)

Sogana extrema Melichar, 1914 ( Myanmar)

Sogana floreni Constant, 2010 (Borneo)

Sogana hopponis Matsumura, 1914 (Taiwan)

Sogana longiceps Fennah, 1978 ( Vietnam)

Sogana pseudohopponis Liang & Wang, 2008 ( Laos)

Sogana robustocarina Liang & Wang, 2008 (Borneo)

Sogana stimulata Melichar, 1914 (Mentawai Islands)

Identification key to the species of Sogana from Vietnam

1. Vertex more or less subquadrate ( Fig. 4 I; CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 2 B), ratio LV/BV <0.85; apical margin of anal tube roundly notched apically in dorsal view ( Fig. 5 D ); aedeagus with strong, deeply furcate process on left side ( Fig. 5 F; CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 4 D) .......................................................................................................... 2

-. Vertex elongate, ratio LV/BV> 0.85; apical margin of anal tube rounded or oblique apically in dorsal view, not notched; aedeagus without strong furcate process .................. 3

2. Tegmina more elongate, LTg/BTg = 3.8, with 18–19 apical cells ( Fig. 4 E ); vertex more elongate, LV/BV = 0.8 ( Fig. 4 I ); right dorsal process of aedeagus not furcate ( Fig. 5 E, G–H ); ventral process of periandrium ended in a hook ( Fig. 5 I ) .......... S. baviana sp. nov.

-. Tegmina less elongate, LTg/BTg = 3.3, with 19–21 apical cells ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 2 E); vertex shorter, LV/BV = 0.63 ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 2 B); right dorsal process of periandrium furcate ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 4 E); ventral process of periandrium strongly elongate and sinuate apically ............................................. ......................................................................... S. cucphuongana Constant & Pham, 2013

3. Vertex more elongate, ratio LV/BV = 1.15 ( Fig. 7 E ); aedeagus with two elongate dorsal processes ending in a single point ( Fig. 8 E–H ) ......................... S. longiceps Fennah, 1978

-. Vertex less elongate, ratio LV/BV = 0.9 ( Fig. 1 G ); aedeagus with dorsal processes with multiple teeth or crenulations apically ( Fig. 2 E–F, H; CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 3 D–E)..................................................................................................................................... 4

4. Tegmina more elongate, LTg/BTg = 3.6 ( Fig. 1 E ); tegmina with 14 apical cells ( Fig. 1 E ); clypeus mostly pale yellow-brown ( Fig. 1 F ); dorsal processes of aedeagus with left one strongly sinuate and directed anteroventrally and right one spatulate apically and directed mostly dorsally ( Fig. 2 E–F, H ) ............................................ S. bachmana sp. nov.

-. Tegmina less elongate, LTg/BTg = 3.0 ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 1 E); tegmina with 18 apical cells ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 1 E); clypeus mostly pale brown ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. 1 D); dorsal processes of aedeagus both nearly straight and directed anterodorsally ( CONSTANT & PHAM, 2013, fig. D–E)....................................... ............................................................................... S. condaoana Constant & Pham, 2013

5

Sogana bachmana sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:45135A31-75F3-46B9-B30A-5C4E35E81A42

Figs 1–3

ETYMOLOGY. The species epithet refers to the type locality, Bach Ma National Park in Central Vietnam .

TYPE MATERIAL. VIETNAM: holotype ♂: Coll. I . R. Sc.N.B., Vietnam, Bach Ma N.P., summit, 16°12’N 107°52’E, 15-16.VII.2011, day collecting, leg. J. Constant & J. Bresseel, I.G.: 31.933 ( RBINS) . Dissected, genitalia in glycerine.

DIAGNOSIS. The species can be separated from the other Sogana species by the combination of the following characters:

1. median carina of vertex reduced to two convergent, brown carinae departing from basal margin and not joining, limited to basal 1/3 of vertex.

2. frons with six red transverse fasciae interrupted in the middle and an additional narrow one along frontoclypeal suture; median carina reaching ventral margin and interrupted before dorsal margin.

3. clypeus pale yellow-brown with sides black-brown apically.

4. tegmina with 14 apical cells.

5. anal tube elongate and narrow with apical margin oblique with angles rounded in dorsal view.

6. aedeagus with pointed processes dorsally; right dorsal process directed anterodorsally, spatulate and with margins crenulate; left dorsal process strongly sinuate and pointing anteroventrally with apex slightly flattened laterally and with margin crenulate.

7. periandrium ventrally with a broad, elongate, slightly sinuate and apically rounded process.

Additionally, in the key proposed by LIANG & WANG (2008) used with the addendum provided by CONSTANT (2010), the species runs to S. clara Liang & Wang, 2008 , from which it can be separated by the more elongate vertex (LV/BV = 0.9; in S. clara LV /BV = 0.82) and frons (LF/BF = 1.6; in S. clara LF /BF = 1.49) and by the shape of the dorsal processes of the aedeagus with the left process strongly sinuate and pointing anteroventrally and the right one directed anterodorsally (processes directed anteriorly in S. clara ).

DESCRIPTION.

Measurements and ratios: LT: ♂ (n = 1): 10.2 mm; LTg/BTg = 3.6; LV/BV = 0.9; LF/BF = 1.6.

Head: ( Fig. 1 F–I ) elongate with apex roundly pointed in dorsal view. Vertex excavate between carinae; latero-discal carinae oblique and strong, brown and joining lateral margin before half of eye length; median carina reduced to 2 convergent, brown carinae departing from caudal margin and not joining, limited to caudal 1/3 of vertex; vertex pale yellow-brown with C-shaped black-brown marking at laterobasal angles. Posterior face of head with 2 black-brown spots. Frons slightly sinuate in lateral view, with dorsal portion projecting anteriorly; median carina brown, extending to apex of clypeus but not reaching dorsal margin of frons; frons pale yellow-brown with 6 transverse red bands on each side of median carina, an additional very narrow band along fronto-clypeal suture; anterior margin of frons with 4 black-brown markings. Genae pale yellow-brown with narrow brown line along dorsal margin, slightly anteriorly to eye. Clypeus pale yellow-brown with sides brown towards apex.

6

7

8 Thorax: ( Fig. 1 F–I ) pronotum pale yellow-brown with irregular light brown markings on disc and behind eyes; anterior and posterior margins emarginate; median carina sharp, weakening anteriorly, reaching anterior margin; black impressed point on each side of median carina; carinae brown; lateral carinae strong; paranotal lobes rounded. Mesonotum pale yellow-brown with median and discal carinae brown; discal carinae joining anteriorly, median carina not reaching anterior and posterior margins; 4 black-brown spots along posterior margin; base of scutellum black-brown; tegulae pale yellow-brown; lateral pleura of mesothorax with black-brown markings forming a line with the markings on anterior coxae and clypeus.

Tegmina: ( Fig. 1 A, D–E ) elongate, subhyaline; weak black-brown marking near base of postcostal cell, extending in a brown patch at base of radial cell; vein CuA 2 dark brown on basal 1/3; elongate black-brown marking at apical angle of clavus; apex of PCu with dark brown marking. Veins ScP+R and MP not forked before nodal line; CuA forked once before nodal line. 7 subapical and 14 apical cells; apical cells 6–11 infuscate on distal 2/3.

Hind wings: hyaline with veins mostly dark brown; postclaval margin emarginate and infuscate along vein CuP.

Legs: ( Fig. 1 A–D ) pale yellow-brown with base of pro- and mesotibiae slightly infuscate; all femora with dark brown ante-apical ring and with dorsal portion partly brown on basal half; base of procoxae black-brown; metatibiae with 3 lateral and 7 apical spines; first hind tarsomere with 9 apical spines. Metatibiotarsal formula: (3) 7/9/2.

Abdomen: brown; terminalia dark brown.

Terminalia ♂: ( Fig. 2 ) pygofer narrow with posterior margin roundly projecting on dorsal 2/3; anterior and posterior margins sinuate in lateral view ( Fig. 2 A–B ); posterior margin deeply V-shaped notched in dorsal view. Gonostyli ( Fig. 2 A–D ) very elongate, laterally compressed, with apex narrowly rounded; 3 hooked processes on dorsal margin slightly posteriorly to half length. Aedeagus ( Fig. 2 E–I ) elongate and narrow, with 2 processes dorsally, with left one more posterior than right one; right dorsal process directed dorsally and slightly anteriorly, laterally compressed, slightly spatulate with margin crenulate on apical half; left dorsal process strongly sinuate, curved ventrolaterad on distal half, more or less round in cross section with distal ¼ laterally compressed and with small teeth ventrally; dorsal ear-shaped process at apex; periandrium strongly asymmetrical, ventrally with left side elongate in a broad smoothly sinuate dorsoventrally flattened process rounded apically. Anal tube ( Fig. 2 A–B, D ) elongate and narrow, slightly more developed to the right side in dorsal view, with sides subparallel and apical angles roundly angular; slightly sinuate in lateral view; anal column situated slightly beyond half length.

BIOLOGY. The specimen was collected in mountain tropical evergreen forest, at 1200–1400m in altitude.

DISTRIBUTION. Vietnam: Thua Thien-Hue Province, Bach Ma National Park ( Fig. 3 ).

9

Sogana baviana sp. nov.

urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:8AFAC75F-A068-4010-9E46-D8254E3705FC

Figs 3–6

ETYMOLOGY. The species epithet refers to the type location: Ba Vi National Park in North Vietnam .

TYPE MATERIAL. VIETNAM: holotype ♂: Coll. I . R. Sc.N.B., Vietnam, Hanoi prov., BaVi N.P., 21°4’4”N 105°21’30”E, 25-29. VI.2015, leg. J. Constant & J. Bresseel, I.G.: 33.092 ( RBINS). Dissected, genitalia in glycerine; right hind wing mounted, glued on cardboard.

DIAGNOSIS. The species can be separated from the other Sogana species by the combination of the following characters:

1. median carina of vertex reduced to two convergent, brown carinae departing from basal margin and joining at about half length of vertex.

2. frons with six red transverse fasciae interrupted in the middle and an additional narrow one along frontoclypeal joint, and median carina reaching basal margin and interrupted before apical margin.

3. clypeus pale yellow-brown with sides black-brown apically.

4. tegmina with 18–19 apical cells.

5. anal tube elongate and narrow with apical margin roundly notched in dorsal view.

6. aedeagus with right dorsal process laminate and folded anteriorly, with margins crenulate; left dorsal process strongly furcate and directed anteroventrally with ventral portion more developed, pointed apically and with ventral margin crenulate, and with dorsal portion pointed dorsally with dorsal margin oblique and crenulate.

10

11

12 7. periandrium ventrally with elongate, laminate, slightly sinuate process strongly hooked apically.

Additionally, in the key proposed by LIANG & WANG (2008) used with the addendum provided by CONSTANT (2010), the species runs to S. clara Liang & Wang, 2008 , from which it can be separated by the more numerous apical cells of the tegmina (18–19; 14 in S. clara ) and red bands of frons (6; 5 in S. clara ) and by the shape of the left dorsal processes of the aedeagus strongly furcate and directed anteroventrally (not furcate and directed anteriorly in S. clara ).

DESCRIPTION.

Measurements and ratios: LT: ♂ (n = 1): 11.7 mm; LTg/BTg = 3.8; LV/BV = 0.8; LF/BF = 1.45.

Head: ( Fig. 4 G–J ) elongate with apex broadly rounded in dorsal view. Vertex excavate between carinae; latero-discal carinae oblique and rather strong, extensively red and joining lateral margin slightly before half of eye length; median carina reduced to 2 convergent, brown carinae departing from basal margin and joining at about half length of vertex; vertex pale yellow-brown with slightly oblique black-brown marking at laterobasal angles. Posterior face of head with 2 weak brown markings. Frons nearly straight in lateral view, with dorsal portion slightly projecting anteriorly; median carina brown, extending to apex of clypeus but not reaching dorsal margin of frons; frons pale yellow-brown with 6 transverse red bands on each side of median carina, an additional very narrow band along fronto-clypeal suture and a narrow red longitudinal line along median carina and along lateral margins; anterior margin of frons with 3 black-brown markings, central one larger. Genae entirely pale yellow-brown. Clypeus pale yellow-brown with sides brown towards apex.

Thorax: ( Fig. 2 G–J ) pronotum pale yellow-brown with brown marking along anterior margin between peridiscal carinae; anterior and posterior margins emaginate; median carina sharp, weakening anteriorly, reaching anterior margin, brown on anterior 1/3 and with posterior 2/3 reddish brown; peridiscal carinae light brown, black on anterior half; black impressed point on each side of median carina; black dot betweeen peridiscal and lateral carinae; lateral carinae black along anterior half; paranotal fields infuscate in middle. Mesonotum pale yellow-brown with median carina reddish brown and discal carinae pale brown; discal carinae joining anteriorly, median carina not reaching anterior and posterior margins; 4 black-brown spots along posterior margin; base of scutellum black-brown; scutellar groove rather strong; tegulae pale yellow-brown; lateral pleura of mesothorax with black-brown markings forming an interrupted line with the markings on anterior coxae and clypeus.

Tegmina: ( Fig. 4 A, D–E ) elongate, subhyaline; black-brown marking near base of postcostal cell, small black spot at base of median cell; no black-brown marking at apical angle of clavus; apex of PCu with dark brown marking. Veins ScP+R and MP not forked before nodal line; CuA forked once before nodal line. 6–7 subapical and 18–19 apical cells; apical cells 6 or 7–12 or 13 extensively infuscate.

Hind wings: hyaline with basal black-brown marking and with veins mostly dark brown; postclaval margin emarginate and infuscate along vein CuP.

Legs: ( Fig. 1 A–D ) pale yellow-brown with base of pro- and mesotibiae slightly infuscate; all femora slightly reddish with dark brown ante-apical ring; base of coxae with black-brown marking; pro- and mesotarsi brown; metatibiae with 3 lateral and 7 apical spines; first hind tarsomere with 9 apical spines. Metatibiotarsal formula: (3) 7/9/2.

13 Abdomen: pale brown with darker markings dorsally; terminalia dark brown.

Terminalia ♂: ( Fig. 5 ) pygofer narrow with posterodorsal angle roundly angular in lateral view; anterior and posterior margins sinuate in lateral view ( Fig. 5 A–B ); posterior margin deeply V-shaped notched dorsally ( Fig. 5 D ). Gonostyli ( Fig. 5 A–D ) very elongate, laterally compressed, with apex narrowly rounded; 3 hooked processes on dorsal margin at about 2/3 of gonostylus length; dorsal margin excavate at hooked processes. Aedeagus ( Fig. 5 E–I ) elongate and narrow, with 2 processes dorsally, with left one more posterior and larger than right one, and one lateral process on right side; right dorsal process strongly folded anteriorly, dorsoventrally flattened and with right margin crenulate; left dorsal process projecting anteroventrally, strongly furcate with ventral portion larger than dorsal one, ventral margin of

14 ventral portion rounded and crenulate, dorsal margin of dorsal portion oblique and crenulate, apex of both dorsal and ventral portions pointed ( Fig. 5 E–G ); right lateral process more or less round in cross section directed posteroventrally, then curved posterodorsally, narrowing regularly towards apex and slightly inflated anteapically, apex pointed ( Fig. 5 E, H ); apex of aedeagus with twisted ear-shaped process ( Fig. 5 E, G–I ). Periandrium with laminate incurved process on left side ( Fig. 5 F ) and strong lateral process largely curved lateroanteriorly on right side ( Fig. 5 G–I ); elongate, dorsoventrally flattened process ventrally not reaching apex of aedeagus and ended in a narrow strongly curved hook ( Fig. 5 E–F, I ). Anal tube ( Fig. 5 A– B, D ) elongate and narrow, slightly more developed to the right side in dorsal view, with sides subparallel and apical angles roundly notched; slightly sinuate in lateral view; anal column slightly posterior to half length.

BIOLOGY. The specimen was sitting on the ground near the swimming pool situated near the National Park guest houses ( Fig. 6 C ) at an altitude of about 400 m. The vegetation at this place is a garden with ornamental and wild shrubs and small trees as well as palm trees, with a rather dense ground cover.

DISTRIBUTION. Vietnam: Hanoi Province, Ba Vi National Park ( Fig. 3 ).

Figures

Fig. 4. Sogana baviana sp. nov., holotype ♂. A, habitus dorsal view. B, habitus, ventral view. C, habitus, normal view of frons. D, habitus, lateral view. E, right tegmen. F, right posterior wing. G, head and thorax, lateral view. H, frons, perpendicular view. I, head and thorax, dorsal view. J, head and thorax, laterodorsal view.

Fig. 5. Sogana baviana sp. nov., holotype ♂. A, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, left lateral view. B, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, right lateral view. C, left gonostylus, dorsal view. D, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, dorsal view. E, aedeagus, right lateral view. F, aedeagus, left lateral view. G, aedeagus, dorsal view. H, aedeagus, left posterolateral view. I, aedeagus, ventral view. An: anal tube – cn: connective – esp: ear-shaped process of aedeagus – G: gonostylus – ldp: left dorsal process of aedeagus – lpp: lateral process of periandrium – pe: periandrium – Py: pygofer – rdp: right dorsal process of aedeagus – rlp: right lateral process of aedeagus – vpp: ventral process of periandrium.

Fig. 7. Sogana longiceps Fennah, 1978, holotype ♂. A, habitus dorsal view. B, habitus, ventral view. C, right tegmen. D, habitus, lateral view. E, head and thorax, dorsal view. F, head and thorax, laterodorsal view. G, frons, perpendicular view. H, head and thorax, lateral view.

Fig. 8. Sogana longiceps Fennah, 1978, holotype ♂. A, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, left lateral view. B, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, right lateral view. C, left gonostylus, dorsal view. D, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, dorsal view. E, aedeagus, right lateral view. F, aedeagus, left lateral view. G, aedeagus, dorsal view. H, aedeagus, left posterolateral view. I, aedeagus, ventral view. An: anal tube – cn: connective – esp: ear-shaped process of aedeagus – G: gonostylus – ldp: left dorsal process of aedeagus – pe: periandrium – Py: pygofer – rdp: right dorsal process of aedeagus – rlp: right lateral process of aedeagus – vpp: ventral process of periandrium.

Fig. 1. Sogana bachmana sp. nov., holotype ♂. A, habitus dorsal view. B, habitus, ventral view. C, habitus, perpendicular view of frons. D, habitus, lateral view. E, right tegmen. F, frons, normal view right posterior wing. G, head and thorax, dorsal view. H, head and thorax, lateral view. I, head and thorax, laterodorsal view.

Fig. 2. Sogana bachmana sp. nov., holotype ♂. A, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, left lateral view. B, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, right lateral view. C, left gonostylus, dorsal view. D, pygofer, anal tube and gonostyli, dorsal view. E, aedeagus, right lateral view. F, aedeagus, left lateral view. G, aedeagus, dorsal view. H, aedeagus, left posterolateral view. I, aedeagus, ventral view. An: anal tube – cn: connective – esp: ear-shaped process of aedeagus – G: gonostylus – ldp: left dorsal process of aedeagus – pe: periandrium – Py: pygofer – rdp: right dorsal process of aedeagus – vpp: ventral process of periandrium.

Fig. 3. Sogana spp. of Vietnam, distribution map.

Fig. 6. Sogana baviana sp. nov. A–B, holotype ♂ in Ba Vi National Park, 25.VI.2015. C, habitat (photographs © J. Constant).