Mesabolivar iguazu, HUBER, 2000

HUBER, BERNHARD A., 2000, New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): A Revision At Generic Level, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (254), pp. 1-348 : 215-235

Mesabolivar iguazu , new species Figures 138 , 830–839

TYPE: Male holotype from Parque Nacional Iguazú , Misiones, Argentina ; 206 m elev., ‘‘ Empalme,’’ palm forest, Dec. 8, 1990 – Jan. 6, 1991 (S. & J. Peck), in AMNH .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. argentinensis , distinguished by the different shape of the epigynum (figs. 837–838).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.3; leg 1: 40.8 (10.4+0.5+10.0 +18.0+1.9), tibia 2: 6.7, tibia 3: 5.1, tibia 4: 6.5; tibia 1 l/d: 83. Prosoma shape as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 852–854); distance PME- ALE about 90% of PME diameter. Carapace light brown with darker lateral margins and central spot, ocular area dark brown, clypeus and sternum light brown, labium darker brown. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of black distal apophyses and pair of weakly sclerotized proximal protrusions (figs. 834– 835). Palps as in figs. 830, 833, light to dark brown; with distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally with rounded retrolateral apophysis, distally with bulge (fig. 836), procursus weakly curved, with distinctive tip (figs. 831–832). Tarsal organ exposed. Legs brown, light at tips of femora and tibiae, slightly darker rings just before light tips; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with ~ 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma greenishgray, with dark spots in pattern as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 851–852); genital plate brown; gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each (fig. 138).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 7 males (including holotype): 8.8–12.3 (x¯ = 10.7).

FEMALE (N = 3): Total length 2.7–3.3; tibia 1: 6.5–7.2. In general very similar to male. Epigynum light to dark brown, with pair of low humps and conspicuous posterior pocket (figs. 837–838); internal genitalia with large oval pore plates, converging anteriorly (fig. 839).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from area around the Iguazú waterfalls ( Argentina and Brazil).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Misiones: Parque Nacional Iguazú : types above ; same collectors: Dec. 23, 1990 – Jan. 6, 1991, ‘‘ Send. Macuco,’’ 180 m elev., 43 in AMNH ; Dec. 24, 1990 – Jan. 6, 1991, ‘‘ Cent. Ecol.,’’ forest edge, 180 m elev., 13 in AMNH ; Jan. 1, 1991, ‘‘on rock face along tourist trail,’’ 53 4♀ some juveniles in AMNH ; Dec. 8, 1990 – Jan. 6, 1991, ‘‘ Pto. Canoas,’’ hill forest, 200 m elev., 23 in AMNH. BRAZIL: Paraná: Foz do Iguaçu , Mar. 21–24, 1985 (H. &. L. Levi), 53 3♀ 1 juvenile (4 vials) in MCZ .

Mesabolivar argentinensis (Mello-Leitão, 1938) , new combination Figures 840–842

Litoporus argentinensis Mello-Leitão, 1938: 92 , fig. 3; 1944b: 312.

TYPE: Female holotype from Monte Veloz , Prov. Buenos Aires, Argentina ; no date (C. Bruch), in MLP (14031), examined .

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. iguazu , distinguished by the shape of the epigynum (scape with pocket more protruding, no humps, internal structures different; figs. 841–842).

MALE: Unknown.

FEMALE (holotype): Total length 3.3; car- apace width 1.1, length 0.9; opisthosoma length 2.3; leg 1: (6.3+0.5+6.2, rest missing), tibia 2: 4.1, tibia 3: 3.3, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 47. Habitus as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 851–854); distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Prosoma ochre with distinct brown median band dorsally. Legs yellowish, with dark rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally), distal tips of femora and tibiae light, whitish; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%. Opisthosoma monochromous ochre, epigynum protruding posteriorly, with pocket (fig. 842); dorsal view as in fig. 841.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Buenos Aires: Monte Veloz: type above.

Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus, 1898) , new combination Figures 843–850

Litoporus brasiliensis Moenkhaus 1898: 110– 112 , figs. 6, 6a–c. – Mello-Leitão, 1918: 95–96 (Mello-Leitão just copied Moenkhaus’s description, without adding new information).

Blechroscelis viridis Mello-Leitão, 1918: 105– 107 , figs. 19–20. – Mello-Leitão, 1947a: 2. NEW SYNONYMY.

JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The type specimens of both species were compared and showed no relevant differences.

TYPES: L. brasiliensis : male lectotype (designated herein) and 1♀ paralectotype, togeth- er with four juveniles and two (probably fe- male) prosomata from Poço Grande , ‘‘margem do Rio Juquiá,’’ São Paulo, Brazil ; Jan. 1898 (W. Moenkhaus), in MZSP, examined. B. viridis : three male syntypes from Pinheiro , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; date and collector not given, in MNRJ, examined.

NOTE: Moenkhaus (1898) described only the male. Whether he added the female(s) lat- er, or was misled by the unusually small and inconspicuous epigynum into believing that the females were juveniles, is not known. Whatever, it is highly probable that the material above is at least conspecific (if not identic) with Moenkhaus’s original material.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from known congeners by the tiny and inconspic- uous epigynum (fig. 850), and the distally widened and sclerotized procursus (figs. 844–845).

MALE: The L. brasiliensis lectotype is in poor general condition, completely bleached and colorless, with only one femur 3 left from the legs. Measurements copied from Moenkhaus (1898): Total length 3.0; carapace width 1.0; leg 1: 57.9 (15.5+0.5+12.5 +27.0+2.4), tibia 2: 9.5, tibia 3: 7.5, tibia 4: 8.5. Measurements of B. viridis syntypes: carapace width (N = 3) 1.1–1.3; tibia 1 (N = 1) 10.0.

The following description is based on material from Boraceia, Salesópolis: Prosoma shape similar to M. togatus (cf. figs. 852– 854), orange ochre; distance PME-ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with pair of black, distal apophyses and very inconspicuous pair of more proximal, unsclerotized light protrusions (fig. 843). Palp generally as in M. guapiara (cf. figs. 864– 865), with distinctive procursus (figs. 844– 845), and simple bulb (fig. 848). Legs orange-ochre, with very distinct brown bands on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally and subdistally), tips of femora and tibiae light; femora 2 significantly thicker than others; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; tibia 1 l/d: 77; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.8%; tarsus 1 with over 40 pseudosegments (difficult to count!). Opisthosoma monochromous ochre-yellow (Moenkhaus described it as light green), shape very similar to that of M. huanuco (cf. fig. 782).

VARIATION: The single male from Teresópolis, Rio de Janeiro, showed some differences that might be significant; it is therefore only tentatively assigned to the species. It was slightly larger (total length 3.9), with a relatively shorter tibia 1 (10.7), had only very faint rings on the legs, and a slightly different procursus (figs. 846–847).

FEMALE (Boraceia, Salesópolis): Carapace width (N = 3) 1.0–1.1; tibia 1: 8.5 (tibia 1 in paralectotype: 7.5). Epigynum very small in relation to opisthosoma and of same color, only slightly protruding, with tiny median pocket (fig. 850); internal genitalia with pair of relatively large pore plates (fig. 849).

DISTRIBUTION: Known from São Paulo, Paraná, and Rio de Janeiro ( Brazil). According to Mello-Leitão (1947a) also in Minas Gerais.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: São Paulo: Poço Grande : L. brasiliensis types above ; Boraceia Salesópolis, 800 m elev., Oct. 21– 25, 1963 (Oliveira & P. Wygodzinski), 23 3♀ in AMNH. Rio de Janeiro: Pinheiro : B. viridis types above ; Ilha Grande , sea level, May 20, 1944 (H. Sick), 13 1 juvenile in AMNH ; Teresópolis , 950 m elev., Mar. 1979 (C. W. Myers), 13 assigned tentatively, in AMNH ; Rio de Janeiro, Tijuca Mtn., Aug. 1983 (I. Stupakoff) 1♀ in AMNH. Paraná: Serra da Graciosa, Morretes , Jan. 9–20, 1995 (Lab. Aracnologia), 23 in MCP (7208 part) .

Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling, 1891) , new combination Figures 851–863

Pholcus togatus Keyserling, 1891: 172–173 , pl. 5: figs. 118, 118a–c.

Coryssocnemis togatus / -a: Moenkhaus 1898: 95. – Mello-Leitão, 1918: 103 (both authors simply translated Keyserling’s original description, and added poorly specified new records).

Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling, 1891: 171 ; pl. 5: figs. 116, 116a, NEW SYNONYMY.

Blechroscelis coruleus [sic] / coerulea /-us/ caerulea: Moenkhaus 1898: 101. – Mello-Leitão, 1918: 108 (both authors simply translated Keyserling’s original description). – Mello-Leitão, 1940c: 21; 1947c: 233. – Bonnet, 1955: 890.

JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The comparison of the type material of Pholcus togatus Keyserling and Pholcus coeruleus Keyserling with the two males and six females collected together (see below) leaves no doubt about the synonymy.

TYPES: Pholcus togatus : two male syntypes from ‘‘Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro,’’ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, no date (E. A. Göldi), in BMNH (1890.7.1.8328), examined. Pholcus coeruleus : female holotype from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, no date (E. A. Göldi), in BMNH, examined.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from congeners by the large transverse ridges on the male chelicerae in addition to the proximal pair of pointed apophyses (figs. 854, 860).

MALE ( P. togatus syntype): Measurements copied from Keyserling (1891) (my measurements gave only slightly different values, and most legs are either loose or missing): Total length 5.5; carapace width 2.0; leg 1: 71.5 (18.0+1.0+17.2+32.1+3.2), tibia 2: 12.7, tibia 3: 7.3, tibia 4: 11.4. Habitus and prosoma shape as in figs. 851–854. Carapace with distinct thoracic groove, ochre with brown spot medially, eight eyes on moderately elevated ocular area; distance PME- ALE about 85% of PME diameter. Clypeus ochre, sternum orange-brown. Chelicerae brown with distinctive pair of frontal, heavily sclerotized ridges and pair of more proximal, pointed apophyses (fig. 860). Palps as in figs. 855–856, light brown with dark brown procursus; distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally with rounded retrolateral apophysis and distal bulge (fig. 859); procursus simple, widely curved rod, with relatively simple tip (figs. 856–857), bulb also simple (figs. 855, 858). Legs light brown, slightly darker rings on femora (subdistally) and tibiae (proximally); femora 2 and 3 thicker than 1 and 4; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with ~ 35 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma ochregray, dorsally with dark spots (fig. 852), ven- trally light brown, with large brown genital plate.

FEMALE ( P. coeruleus holotype): Total length 4.9, carapace width 1.7; leg 1: 50.9 (12.9+0.7+12.5+22.0+2.8), tibia 2: 8.4, tibia 3: 5.6, tibia 4: 8.4; tibia 1 l/d: 70. In general very similar to male; femora and tibiae with light distal tips. Epigynum as in figs. 861–862, light to dark brown; internal genitalia with pair of large pore plates that delimit copulatory chamber laterally (fig. 863).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (including Keyserling’s measurement): 16.8–17.5 (tibia 1 l/d: 84); total length in five females from Sumare , Rio de Janeiro: 4.3–5.6 (x¯ = 4.8) ; tibia 1 in same females: 11.9–13.9 (x¯ = 13.2). In the males from Sumare , Rio de Janeiro, the tips of femora and tibiae are light, like those of the P. coeruleus holotype .

DISTRIBUTION: Mello-Leitão (1918) claimed to have material from ‘‘varias localidades dos Estados de S. Paolo e Rio de Janeiro,’’ and later (Mello-Leitão, 1940c, 1947c) cites material from Pará and Paraná. I have only seen material from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: types above ; Sumare , cidade Rio de Janeiro, 200–300 m elev., Jan. 1946 (H. Sick), 23 6♀ 1 juvenile in AMNH .

Mesabolivar guapiara , new species

Figures 864–868

TYPE: Male holotype from Fazenda Intervales , 15 km E Guapiara, São Paulo, Brazil ; 700 m elev., Feb. 1990 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. brasiliensis , easily distinguished by the shape of the procursus (figs. 867–868).

MALE (holotype): Total length 4.8, carapace width 2.1; leg 1: 71.0 (17.9+0.9+17.2 +32.1+3.2), tibia 2: 11.6, tibia 3: 8.7, tibia 4: 11.1; tibia 1 l/d: 81. Prosoma shape as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 851–854); distance PME-ALE about 85% of PME diameter. Carapace ochre-yellow, with brown median mark, ocular area brown, clypeus ochre-yellow, sternum light orange-ochre. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of black distal apophyses and pair of weakly sclerotized proximal protrusions (fig. 866). Palps as in figs. 864– 865, ochre-yellow to light brown; with distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur very large, proximally with rounded retrolateral apophysis, distally only widened; procursus strongly curved, with distinctive tip (figs. 867–868). Legs ochre, femora and tibiae with light tips; femora 2 and 3 stronger than others; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.9%. Opisthosoma greenishgray, with dark greenish spots in pattern as in M. togatus (cf. fig. 852).

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: São Paulo: 15 km E Guapiara: type above.

Mesabolivar maxacali , new species Figures 869–875

TYPES: Male holotype, 33 5♀ paratypes, and 2 juveniles from ‘‘ Mina Serinha ,’’ Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Jan.–Mar. 1945 (E. Cohn), in AMNH .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Maxacalí. Once a large tribe, they are now reduced to fewer than 500 people, living at government Indian posts in Minas Gerais.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from M. iguazu by the proximal apophyses on the male chelicerae (facing downwards; figs. 869–870), from M. botocudo and cyaneomaculatus by the presence of two pairs of apophyses on the male chelicerae; from both species by the epigynum, which has an indistinct median groove, but lacks a real pocket (fig. 873).

MALE (holotype): Total length 4.9, carapace width 1.6; leg 1: 63.1 (15.2+0.8+15.2 +28.3+3.6), tibia 2: 10.9, tibia 3: 6.3, tibia 4: 9.7; tibia 1 l/d: 91. Prosoma shape as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 851–854). Carapace light brown, darker medially; ocular area brown; distance PME-ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Clypeus light brown, sternum light brown to orange. Chelicerae brown, with two pairs of black apophyses (figs. 869–870). Palps as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 855–856), light brown, only tip of procursus dark; procursus with short rounded prolateral apophysis (fig. 872), otherwise very similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. botocudo (see figs. 814, 879). Legs light to dark brown, femora and tibiae with light tips that are preceded by slightly darker rings; femora 3 thicker than others; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.6%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray, with blackish spots in pattern as in M. togatus (cf. fig. 852); genital plate light brown to orange.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (including holotype): 14.5–15.2.

FEMALE (paratypes): Tibia 1 (N = 3) 10.5– 12.3. In general very similar to male. Epigynum dark brown anteriorly, with indistinct median groove and barely recognizable pocket (fig. 873), slightly elevated (fig. 874); internal genitalia with large pore plates, confining uterus externus laterally (fig. 875).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: ‘‘Mina Serinha,’’ Diamantina: types above.

Mesabolivar botocudo , new species Figures 876–882

TYPE: Male holotype from ‘‘ Mina Serinha ,’’ Diamantina, Minas Gerais, Brazil ; Jan.– Mar. 1945 (E. Cohn), in AMNH .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Botocudo people, who once occupied a wide stretch of forest in Minas Gerais and Espírito Santo. They are now reduced to perhaps 50 people.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of M. cyaneomaculatus and M. maxacali , distinguished by the single pair of long and pointed apophyses on the male chelicerae (figs. 876–877), the tip of the procursus (figs. 878–879), and the epigynum with large apophyses and tiny pocket in anterior position (figs. 880–881).

MALE (holotype): Total length 3.2, carapace width 1.4; leg 1: 30.3 (7.9+0.6+7.5 +12.3+2.0), tibia 2: 5.1(?), tibia 3: 3.6, tibia 4: 5.3; tibia 1 l/d: 45. Prosoma shape as in M. togatus (cf. figs. 851–854); distance PME-ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Carapace light brown, darker medially; ocular area brown, clypeus and sternum light brown. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of long pointed apophyses, only tips black (figs. 876–877). Palps as in M. cyaneomaculatus (cf. figs. 813, 816), light brown, only tip of procursus dark; procursus with short, round- ed prolateral apophysis (fig. 879), otherwise similar to M. cyaneomaculatus and M. maxacali (cf. figs. 814, 872). Legs brown, femora and tibiae with light tips; femora 1 and 2 thickest; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2.3%; tarsus 1 with ~ 25 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma greenish-gray, with blackish spots in pattern as in M. togatus (cf. fig. 852); large brown genital plate.

FEMALE (type locality): Total length (N = 10) 2.0–2.8 (x¯ = 2.5), tibia 1 (N = 8) 5.1– 5.7 (x¯ = 5.5). In general very similar to male; some females with slightly darker rings before distal light tips on femora and tibiae. Epigynum light brown, with pair of

large lateral apophyses (fig. 881) and inconspicuous anterior(!) pocket (fig. 880); internal genitalia with large pore plates, confining uterus externus laterally (fig. 882).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males (including holotype): 7.3–7.5.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Minas Gerais: ‘‘ Mina Serinha,’’ Diamantina: type above ; same locality, same collector, all in AMNH: Jan. – Mar., 1945, 33 8♀ ; Dec. 1944, 13 2♀ 1 juvenile; no date, 3♀.

Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling, 1891) , new combination Figures 55 , 883–894 Pholcus cyaneo-taeniatus Keyserling, 1891: 176– 177 , pl. 6: figs. 121, 121a–b.

Blechroscelis cyaneo-taeniatus / -a/ cyaneotaeniata: Moenkhaus, 1898: 99–100. – Mello-Leitão, 1918: 105. (Both authors simply translated Keyserling’s original description, adding no new information except records.) – Bonnet, 1955: 891. – Mello-Leitão, 1946: 55–56, erroneous synonymization of Blechroscelis azurea Badcock and Oxon (see Notes below). – Huber, 1999: figs. 12–13.

TYPES: Male lectotype (designated herein), 3♀ paralectotypes from ‘‘Miracena, St. Antonio at Rio Pomba,’’ Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, no date (E. A. Göldi), in BMNH (0321-4), examined.

NOTES: There are no palps left with the male lectotype. However, there is no reasonable doubt that the additional material stud- ied herein is in fact conspecific with the lectotype: Keyserling’s (1891) figs. 121, 121a– b clearly show the unique dorsal protrusion on the procursus, the cylindrical opisthosoma and the shape of the epigynum.

Mello-Leitão (1946) synonymized Blechroscelis azurea Badcock and Oxon, 1932 with the present species. I have seen the male and female syntypes of B. azurea , and there is no doubt that this is a good species. (I received the material too late to include a redescription in the present paper.) The male has a very different procursus (somewhat resembling that of M. guapiara : fig. 865), the chelicerae are intermediate between figs. 891 and 897. The epigynum is very similar to M. cyaneotaeniatus (fig. 892), but relatively narrower. In sum, B. azurea is certainly congeneric with M. cyaneotaeniatus , but not con- specific, and not even as similar as noted by Badcock and Oxon (1932): Mesabolivar azureus (Badcock and Oxon, 1932) , new combination.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from congeners by the cylindrical opisthosoma (figs. 883–884), by the rounded dorsal protrusion on the procursus (figs. 886–888), and the rather flat epigynum with distinctive posterior pocket (figs. 892–893).

MALE (lectotype): Total length 5.9, carapace width 2.0; leg 1 missing, tibia 2: 10.9, tibia 3: 8.1, tibia 4: 9.4. Habitus as in figs. 883–884; distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Carapace ochre with brown central and lateral marks, ocular area and clypeus ochre, sternum ochre, turning gradually brown toward center. Chelicerae light brown with only one pair of black, frontal apophyses (fig. 891). Palps as in figs. 885, 888, ochre to brown; procursus with distinctive dorsal protrusion and distal spinelike apophysis (figs. 886–887). Tarsal organ exposed. Legs light brown, distal tips of femora and tibiae light; femora with many vertical hairs in two dorsal stripes; metatarsi 2 and 3 with ventral row of short spines with rounded tips (figs. 889 –890). Opisthosoma pale greenish-ochre, with several dark-greenish stripes (a dorsal pair, lateral pair, and ventral stripe behind genital plate), each stripe consisting of many contiguous spots; lung plates brown, genital plate rectangular, brown; gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each.

Measurements of male from Jardim Botanico, Rio de Janeiro: leg 1: 68.1 (17.7+0.8+15.7+31.1+2.8), tibia 2: 10.4, tibia 3: 7.7, tibia 4: 8.9; tibia 1 l/d: 74; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudosegments.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in three males: 14.7– 15.7.

FEMALE (paralectotypes): Carapace width 1.7, leg 1 missing, tibia 3 (N = 3) 5.4–5.8. In general very similar to male, but femora without vertical hairs. Epigynum only slightly elevated where pocket is situated (figs. 892–893), internal genitalia with pair of large oval pore plates (fig. 894).

DISTRIBUTION: Apparently widely distributed throughout eastern Brazil. I have seen material from the states Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Parana´, and Para´. Mello-Leitão (1946) also cites Espírito Santo and Rio Grande do Sul.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: ‘‘ Miracena, St. Antonio at Rio Pomba’ ’: types above ; Parque Nac. Tijuca, road to Paineiras , Apr. 1, 1987 (L. Levi), 13 1 juvenile in MCZ ; Rio de Janeiro, Jardim Botanico , Apr. 2, 1987 (H. & L. Levi), 13 2 juveniles in MCZ ; Guanabara , June 1971 (T. McGrath), 3♀ 4 juveniles in MCZ ; Guanabara, Floresta dos Macacos , Feb. 1961 (M. Alvarenga), 1♀ in AMNH. São Paulo: São Paulo, Jardim Botanico , Mar. 9–10, 1985 (H. & L. Levi), 33 3♀ 1 juvenile (2 vials) in MCZ ; São Paulo, Jardim Botanico, Agua Funda, July 7, 1962 (P. de Biasi & A. F. Archer), 2♀ in AMNH. Pará : Belém , July 1971 (T. McGrath), 13 in MCZ ; Paraná: Serra da Graciosa, Morretes , Jan. 9–20, 1995 (Lab. Aracnologia), 13 1♀ in MCP (7208 part) .

Mesabolivar cambridgei (Mello-Leitão, 1947) , new combination Figures 895–901

Blechroscelis cambridgei Mello-Leitão, 1947b: 160 , fig. 3 (fig. 2 from non-conspecific female; see Notes below).

TYPES: Male holotype (with only right pedipalp), 1♀ paratype, from forest at Santarém, Para´, Brazil ; no date (F. O. Pickard- Cambridge), in BMNH, examined ; 63 4♀ paratypes, some juveniles from Monte Alegre , Para´, Jan. 1896 (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), in BMNH, examined ; 1♀ paratype from Breves , Para´, no date (F. O. Pickard- Cambridge), in BMNH, examined ; 1♀ paratype from ‘‘ Lower Amazonas ,’’ Para´, no date (F. O. Pickard-Cambridge), in BMNH, examined .

NOTES: Mello-Leitão (1947b) designated a holotype and paratypes, but the identity of the holotype is not clear. I received from the BMNH seven vials labeled by Mello-Leitão ‘‘ Blechroscelis cambridgei ,’’ two of which were labeled as ‘‘Type’’ and ‘‘typi’’, respectively. One of them contained specimens from the type locality (Santarém): a male that is very probably conspecific with the male whose palp Mello-Leitão’s (1947b) fig. 3 shows, and a female that is conspecific with the male. The second ‘‘type-vial’’ contained two specimens from ‘‘Lower Amazonas’’: one male Mesabolivar aurantiacus (Mello- Leitão), and one male Carapoia fowleri , n. sp. From this it is clear that the first vial contains the ‘‘real’’ types. Since the male from this vial fits Mello-Leitão’s drawing (his fig. 3), while the female does not, I assume herein that the male is the actual holotype.

The other five vials (Mello-Leitão’s ‘‘numerous paratypes’’) contained several different species, up to five species per vial. Technically, these are all paratypes (ICZN, 1999: Art. 72.4.2). Three vials (from Monte Alegre, Breves, ‘‘Lower Amazonas’’) contained material conspecific with the lectotype (see Types above). One vial (Santarém Forest) contained a very close relative of M. cambridgei , but with the cheliceral apophyses more proximal and farther apart, and with a slightly different procursus tip (the proximal tooth on the distal spine is missing, among other differences). The other species includ- ed were Mesabolivar aurantiacus , Carapoia fowleri , Physocyclus globosus , and two un- identified females (one similar to Mesabolivar spinulosus , one possibly conspecific with the close relative of M. cambridgei mentioned above). This probably explains two errors in Mello-Leitão’s (1947b) paper: his fig. 2 is probably from a M. aurantiacus fe- male, and his observation that the femora 3 are thicker than the others probably comes from a M. aurantiacus or C. fowleri male.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the procursus, which ends in a semitransparent, bifurcated lamina and a laterally projecting apophysis with a proximal tooth (figs. 898–900); by the male chelicerae with a pair of short frontal apophyses close to the median line (fig. 897); and by the simple epigynum without pocket or groove (fig. 901).

MALE (holotype): Total length ~ 3.5 (opisthosoma shrunken), carapace width 1.45; leg 1: (12.9+0.6+11.7+23.7, tarsus missing), tibia 2: 7.3, tibia 3: 5.4, tibia 4: 6.6; tibia 1 l/d: 85. Prosoma very similar to M. huanuco (cf. figs. 782–784); carapace and clypeus orange-ochre, sternum pale ochre; chelicerae orange-ochre with light brown frontal apophyses (fig. 897). Palps as in figs. 895–896, rounded but distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally with large retrolateral apophysis, procursus ending in semitransparent, bifurcated lamina and laterally projecting apophysis (figs. 898–900), bulb with strong distal apophysis ventrally, and membranous elements dorsally (figs. 895–896). Legs orange to light brown, femora and tibiae with light tips, all femora about same thickness; femora with many light, short spines in ventral bands; legs without vertical and curved hairs. Opisthosoma pointed posteriorly (similar to M. huanuco , cf. fig. 782), gray with two pairs of stripes consisting of many dark spots.

FEMALE (paratype): Total length 4.7, carapace width 1.3, tibia 2: 5.6, tibia 4: 5.3 (others missing). In general very similar to male, but femora without spines, and dark stripes on opisthosoma more distinct. Epigynum simple plate (fig. 901).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in other male: 11.5, other female: 9.3. Some males had spines also proximally on the tibiae. One male had also curved hairs on the legs.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Brazil, Pará.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Pará: types above.

Mesabolivar xingu , new species Figures 902–906 TYPE : Male holotype from 260 km N Xavantina (Chavantina), Mato Grosso, Brazil ;

400 m elev., grassland, Feb.–Apr. 1969 (Xavant-Cachimbo Exp.), in MCZ.

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the Xingu River. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from described congeners by the prominent sclerotized ridges on the ventral side of the procursus (figs. 903, 906), and the armature of the chelicerae (fig. 904). The MCP has three male specimens of a closely related species, from ‘‘Porto Cercado, MF,’’ differing slightly with respect to procursus shape and cheliceral armature.

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.8, carapace width 1.3; leg 1: (8.9+0.5+8.9+14.9, tarsus missing), tibia 3: 4.0; tibia 1 l/d: 79. Habitus and prosoma shape similar to M. eberhardi (cf. figs. 769–771); distance PME- ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Carapace brown, with dark spot behind ocular area, ocular area and clypeus brown, sternum light brown, with darker labium. Chelicerae light brown, with pair of basal humps, three pairs of black-pointed apophyses, and pair of circular depressions (fig. 904). Palps as in figs. 902–903, very strong, dark brown, with distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur proximally with small roundish retrolateral protrusion, distally very enlarged, procursus with distinctive black, sclerotized ridges ventrally and semitransparent flaps dorsally (figs. 903, 906), bulb light brown, with transparent distal elements (fig. 905). Legs brown, tibiae with slightly lighter tips; legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2.5%. Opisthosoma pale greenish-ochre.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Mato Grosso: 260 km N Xavantina: type above.

Mesabolivar luteus (Keyserling, 1891) , new combination Figures 907–915

Pholcus luteus Keyserling, 1891: 171–172 , figs. 117, 117a.

Litoporus luteus: Moenkhaus 1898: 104 . – Mello- Leitão, 1918: 93. (Both Moenkhaus and Mello- Leitão simply translated Keyserling’s original description; apart from the transfer to Litoporus , no new information was added.)

Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling, 1891: 170 , figs. 115, 115a. NEW SYNONYMY.

Litoporus imbecilis [sic]: Moenkhaus 1898: 103– 104. (Moenkhaus simply translated Keyserling’s original description; apart from the transfer to Litoporus , no new information was add- ed.)

Litoporus imbecillus: Mello-Leitão, 1918: 93 . (Mello-Leitão simply translated Keyserling’s original description; no new information was added.)

Litoporus coccineus Simon, 1893b: 479–483 , fig. 473. – Huber, 1997b: 587–588, figs. 10–11. NEW SYNONYMY.

Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus, 1898: 105–107 , figs. 4, 4a–c. – Mello-Leitão, 1918: 94. (Mello-Leitão simply copied Moenkhaus’s original description and two of his illustrations.) Treated as a junior synonym of L. imbecillus by Roewer (1942) but not by Bonnet (1957). NEW SYNON- YMY.

JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMIES: The male type specimens of Pholcus luteus Keyserling ,

Litoporus coccineus Simon , and Litoporus fulvus Moenkhaus were compared, and are clearly conspecific. The female type specimens of Pholcus imbecillus Keyserling were collected at the same site as the male type specimens of Pholcus luteus , and the comparison with new material of both sexes confirms their conspecificity.

JUSTIFICATION OF TRANSFER: This species has some similarities with Litoporus in overall habitus and eye pattern, but lacks the characteristic high ratio of femur 1/tibia 1 of Litoporus , and shares with typical Mesabo- livar the pocket in the epigynum. Geographically, Litoporus seems to be absent from southern Brazil, while Mesabolivar is extremely diverse there.

TYPES: Pholcus luteus : three male syntypes from Rio de Janeiro (‘‘ Miracena , Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro ’’), Brazil ; no date (E. A. Göldi), in BMNH ( BM 1890.7.1 8310-3), examined. Pholcus imbecillus : five female syntypes, and three penultimate males from Rio de Janeiro (‘‘ Miracena , Serra Vermella, Fazenda Sergio Potta de Castro ’’) Brazil ; no date (E. A. Göldi), in BMNH ( BM 1890.7.1 8314.20), examined. (The vial includes one specimen of another species.) Litoporus coccineus : male lectotype, 63 paralectotypes from Rio de Janeiro, ‘‘ Curuçá ,’’ Brazil ; no date (see Huber, 1997b), in MNHN (6918), examined. Litoporus fulvus : three male syntypes from Iguape , Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; Dec. 1897 (collector not given), in MZSP ( DZ 3030 ), examined .

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to M. levii , distinguished by the male cheliceral apophyses (one pair instead of three), and the more complicated tip of the procursus (figs. 907– 909).

MALE (combined from all types; see Keyserling (1891) for detailed measurements of a Pholcus luteus syntype, and Huber (1997b) for detailed measurements of the Litoporus coccineus types, and general habitus and palp drawings): Total length (N = 2) 2.5–3.3; carapace width (N = 5) 1.1–1.4; femur 1 (N = 6) 10.1–11.2; tibia 1 (N = 6) 9.2–10.4; tibia 1 l/d (N = 2) 77–78. Prosoma pale ochreyellow to ochre brown, carapace with thoracic groove, eight eyes on moderately elevated ocular area; distance PME-ALE about 65% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with pair of prominent frontal apophyses and two pairs of more proximal, quite indistinct humps (cf. fig. 10C in Huber, 1997b; most proximal pair of humps missing in Litoporus fulvus syntypes). Palps with round but distinct retrolateral coxal apophysis, femur with prominent basal apophysis, small humps dorsally and ventrodistally (fig. 911), procursus simple, with three tiny sclerotized tips and transparent laminae (figs. 907–909), bulb with characteristic translucent projection and terminal spinelike apophysis (fig. 912). Legs with light distal tips on femora and tibiae, with ventral band of short spines on each femur in two Pholcus luteus syntypes (fig. 910; most spines seem to be on femora 3 and 4, but in most types there were either no hairs left on legs, or no legs at all). All legs without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 3%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudosegments (very distinct distally). Opisthosoma without markings.

VARIATION: In more recently collected males (from MCN and MCP) the prosoma, legs and genital plate were rather orange. In these specimens, spines were usually found on all femora, though in lowest numbers on femur 1, and the chelicerae lacked the proximal pair of humps (like in the Litoporus fulvus types). Even in these specimens the opisthosoma was monochromous. Tibia 1 in three males from Rio Grande do Sul: 9.3, 10.1, 10.7.

FEMALE: In general similar to male, but paler (i.e., not orange), with brownish clypeus. Legs with distinct darker rings on femora (subdistally), patellae, tibiae (proximally and subdistally), and metatarsi (proximally). Tibia 1 in 5 females from Rio Grande do Sul: 6.3–7.5 (x¯ = 7.0). Epigynum light brown, usually with greenish arch in front, but shape of arch varies widely (e.g., figs. 913–914); posteriorly with slightly protruding scape with sclerotized median pocket (figs. 913– 914). Dorsal view as in fig. 915 (the epigyna illustrated in figs. 913–914 were not visibly different in dorsal view). Bluish band behind epigynum.

Pholcus imbecillus syntypes: Total length ~ 3.0, carapace width 1.2. Leg measurements in one syntype: leg 1: 32.3 (7.8+0.4+7.5+14.6+2.0), tibia 2: 4.6, tibia 3: 3.2, tibia 4: 4.2; tibia 1 l/d: 69.

DISTRIBUTION: Known from southeastern Brazil (Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Paraná) and northeastern Argentina.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: all types above. Sao Paulo: Parque Estadual de Carlos Botelho, São Miguel Arcanjo , Oct. 14, 1990 (A. B. Bonaldo), 23 ( MCN 20470) ; Rio Grande do Sul: Salto do Yucumá, Parque Estadual Doturo Tenente , Jan. 16, 1985 (A. A. Lise), 1♀ ( MCN 13.003 part) ; Novo Hamburgo , Oct. 20, 1986 (C. J. Beck- er), 13 ( MCP 225 ) ; Morro Santana, Porto Alegre , Dec. 15, 1989 (A. A. Lise), 1♀ ( MCN 19197) ; Parque Estadual do Turvo, Derrubadas , Feb. 1, 1996 (A. B. Bonaldo, A. Kury, R. Pinto-da-Rocha), 13 ( MCN 27097) ; Paraná: Serra da Graciosa, Morretes , Jan. 9–20, 1995 (‘‘ Lab. Aracnologia ’’), 13 ( MCP 7208 part) ; Parque Nac. do Iguaçu, Foz do Iguaçu , Mar. 29–30, 1993 (A. B. Bonaldo), 1♀ ( MCN 23518 part) ; Refúgio Biológico de Bela Vista, Foz do Iguaçu, Nov. 9–11, 1991 (A. B. Bonaldo), 23 3♀ 2 juveniles ( MCN 21817). ARGENTINA: Mi- siones: Pto. Iguazú , Oct. 1954 (Schiapelli), 2♀ ( AMNH) .

Mesabolivar levii , new species Figures 916–923

TYPES: Male holotype, 1♀ paratype from Serra dos Orgãos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ; 1000–1800 m elev., in forest, Apr. 19, 1965 (H. W. Levi), in MCZ .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the collector.

DIAGNOSIS: Closely related to M. luteus , distinguished by the male cheliceral apophyses (three pairs instead of one: fig. 916), and the tip of the procursus (simply bifurcated instead of three tips: figs. 917–920).

MALE (holotype): Total length 2.6, carapace width 1.1; leg 1: 41.7 (10.0+0.4+9.9 +19.7+1.7), tibia 2: 6.4, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 5.7; tibia 1 l/d: 83. Prosoma pale ochre-yellow, shape as in M. lutues (cf. figs. 10A–B in Huber, 1997b); distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with three pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 916). Palps generally as in M. luteus (cf. figs. 11A–B in Huber, 1997b), bulb with short translucent projection and terminal spinelike apophysis (fig. 921), procursus with simple, bifurcated tip (figs. 917–920). Legs pale ochre-yellow, apparently without spines (lost?), without curved and vertical hairs; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudosegments (difficult to count). Opisthosoma pale grayish-ochre, without markings.

FEMALE: Total length 3.2, carapace width 1.2; tibia 1: 6.9. Habitus as in male. Distinct dark rings on femora (subproximally), tibiae (proximally and subdistally), and metatarsi (proximally). Clypeus, chelicerae, palpal coxae, and labium brown. Coxae of legs 3 also brown. Epigynum simple flat plate (fig.

922), internal genitalia with pair of round pore plates (fig. 923).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Rio de Janeiro: types above.

Mesabolivar difficilis (Mello-Leitão, 1918) ,

Figures

Figs. 130–141. Male gonopore without epiandrous spigots. 130. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp. 131. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp. 132. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island. 133. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp. 134. Carapoia ocaina, n. sp. 135. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp. 136. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon. 137. Modisimus dominical Huber. 138. Mesabolivar iguazu, n. sp. 139. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski). 140. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo; in CCR). 141. Litoporus dimona, n. sp. Scale lines: 100 µm (139–140), 50 µm (132, 134, 138), 25 µm (130–131, 133, 135– 137, 141).

Figs. 830–836. Mesabolivar iguazu, n. sp., male. 830. Left palp, prolateral view. 831. Left procursus, prolateral view. 832. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 833. Left palp, retrolateral view. 834 835. Chelicerae, lateral and frontal views. 836. Left palpal femur, retrolaterodorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 837–842. Mesabolivar spp. 837–839. M. iguazu, n. sp. 837 838. Epigynum, lateral and ventral views. 839. Epigynum, dorsal view. 840–842. M. argentinensis (Mello-Leitão), female holotype. 840. Ocular area, frontal view. 841. Epigynum, dorsal view. 842. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 843–850. Mesabolivar brasiliensis (Moenkhaus). 843. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 844 845. Left procursus of a male from Boraceia, Salesópolis, prolateral (844), and retrolateral (845) views. 846 847. Left procursus of a male from Teresópolis, prolateral (846), and retrolateral (847) views. 848. Genital bulb, prolateral view. 849. Epigynum, dorsal view. 850. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figs. 851–856. Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling), male. 851 852. Habitus, lateral and dorsal views. 853. Prosoma, frontal view. 854. Prosoma, ventral view. 855. Left palp, prolateral view. 856. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 1.0 mm (851–854), 0.5 mm (855–856).

Figs. 857–863. Mesabolivar togatus (Keyserling). 857. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. 858. Tip of embolar division of left bulb, retrolateral view. 859. Male left palpal femur, retrolateral view. 860. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 861 862. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 863. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (859–863), 0.1 mm (857–858).

Figs. 864–868. Mesabolivar guapiara, n. sp., male holotype. 864. Left palp, prolateral view. 865. Left palp, retrolateral view. 866. Chelicerae, frontal view. 867. Left procursus tip, prolateral view. 868. Left procursus tip, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm.

Figs. 869–875. Mesabolivar maxacali, n. sp. 869 870. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 871. Left procursus, ~ retrolateral view. 872. Left procursus, prolateral view. 873 874. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 875. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 876–882. Mesabolivar botocudo, n. sp. 876 877. Male chelicerae, frontal and lateral views. 878. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 879. Left procursus, prolateral view. 880 881. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views (arrow points to position of pocket; pocket itself visible only in anterior view). 882. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.

Figs. 52–60. Ultrastructure of the genital bulb. 52. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., tip of embolar division. 53. Metagonia globulosa, n. sp., tip of embolus with distal spine. 54. Psilochorus pullulus (Hentz), tip of embolar division. 55. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling), tip of embolar division. 56. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, bulbal apophyses with membranous embolus. 57. Artema atlanta Walckenaer, bulbal apophysis set with teeth. 58. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp., pseudotrichia on embolar division. 59. Mesabolivar huanuco, n. sp., tip of embolar division. 60. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello- Leitão, pseudotrichia on retrolateral side of bulb (cf. fig. 360). Scale lines: 150 µm (57), 60 µm (52,

Figs. 883–888. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling), male. 883 884. Habitus, lateral and dorsal views. 885. Left palp, prolateral view. 886. Left procursus, prolateral view. 887. Left procursus, retrolateral view. 888. Left palp, retrolateral view. Scale lines: 2.0 mm (883–884), 0.3 mm (885–888).

Figs. 889–894. Mesabolivar cyaneotaeniatus (Keyserling). 889 890. Male metatarsus at ~ 2/5 and at ~ 4/5 of length, with ventral row of spines. 891. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 892 893. Epigynum, ventral and lateral views. 894. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 895–901. Mesabolivar cambridgei (Mello-Leitão), male lectotype and female paralectotype. 895. Right palp, retrolateral view. 896. Right palp, prolateral view. 897. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 898–900. Right procursus, retrolateral (898), prolateral (899), and ~ dorsal (900) views. 901. Epigynum, ventral view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm (895–896, 901), 0.1 mm (897–900).

Figs. 902–906. Mesabolivar xingu, n. sp., male holotype. 902. Left palp, prolateral view. 903. Left palp, retrolateral view. 904. Chelicerae, frontal view. 905. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 906. Left procursus, prolateroventral view. Scale lines: 0.5 mm (902–903), 0.2 mm (904–906).

Figs. 907–915. Mesabolivar luteus (Keyserling). 907. Left procursus, retrolateral (slightly dorsal) view. 908. Left procursus, prolateral view. 909. Left procursus and cymbium, retrolateral view. 910. Left male femur 3, retrolateral view. 911. Left male palpal femur, prolateral view. 912. Embolar division of left bulb, prolateral view. 913. Epigynum of female from Parque Nacional do Iguaçu, ventral view. 914. Epigynum of female from same locality, ventral view. 915. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.3 mm.

Figs. 916–923. Mesabolivar levii, n. sp., male holotype and female paratype. 916. Male chelicerae, frontal view. 917 920. Left procursus, prolateroventral (917), retrolaterodorsal (918), prolateral (919), and retrolateral (920) views. 921. Left genital bulb, prolateral view. 922. Epigynum, ventral view. 923. Epigynum, dorsal view. Scale lines: 0.2 mm.