Litoporus dimona, HUBER, 2000

HUBER, BERNHARD A., 2000, New World Pholcid Spiders (Araneae: Pholcidae): A Revision At Generic Level, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2000 (254), pp. 1-348 : 294-305

Litoporus dimona , new species Figures 141 , 1181–1186

TYPES: Male holotype, 23 paratypes (3 vials) from Dimona Reserve , ~ 80 km N Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil ; 1989–1992 (H. G. Fowler), in MCZ .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type species L. aerius Simon , saul , and secoya ; distinguished by the number (three) and shape of the apophyses on the male chelicerae (fig. 1186; all others have two).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.4, carapace width 0.7; leg 1: 31.8 (8.8+0.3+7.1 +13.9+1.7), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: 4.9; tibia 1 l/d: 118. Habitus as in fig. 1181; prosoma ochre-yellow, frontal view as in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1197); distance PME-ALE about 75% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with three pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 1186). Palps as in figs. 1184–1185, light brown, coxa without retrolateral apophysis, femur with proximal retrolateral apophysis and blunt ventral protrusion distally, procursus simple, tapering distally into black slender spine (figs. 1182–1183). Tarsal organ exposed. Legs light brown, with slightly lighter tips distally on femora and tibiae; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma pale greenish, without markings except light brown lung plates; gonopore without epiandrous spigots (fig. 141); ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each.

FEMALE: Unknown.

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in male paratypes: 6.4, 7.1.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BRAZIL: Amazonas: Dimona Reserve, 80 km N Manaus: types above.

Litoporus saul , new species Figures 1187–1190

TYPE: Male holotype from Mont Boeuf Mort , Saül, French Guiana ; Oct. 4, 1981 (S. Marshall), in AMNH .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type species L. aerius Simon , dimona , and secoya ; distinguished by the number and shape of the male cheliceral apophyses (compare figs. 1186–1187, 1191, and fig. 9D in Huber, 1997b).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, carapace width 0.8; leg 1: 32.5 (8.8+0.3+7.4 +14.4+1.6), tibia 2: 4.5, tibia 3: 3.6, tibia 4: 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 110. Prosoma shape as in L. lopez (cf. figs. 1195–1197), ochre-yellow; distance PME-ALE about 75% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with two pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 1187). Palps light brown, general shape as in L. dimona (cf. figs. 1184–1185), even bulb and procursus tip almost identical (figs. 1188–1190). Legs light brown, with whitish tips distally on femora and tibiae; about second half of metatarsus also whitish; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.4%. Opisthosoma shape as in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195), pale grayish-ochre without markings.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: FRENCH GUI- ANA: Inini: Saül: Mont Boeuf Mort: type above.

NOTE: The label reads ‘‘ex: small reg. horizontal orb, nr. ground hung un. web, descr. circle w/body in clockwise direction.’’ The web is certainly not an orb-web, but probably of much the same structure as that described by Eberhard and Briceño (1985) for Litoporus lopez (see description of that species below for brief summary of web structure).

Litoporus secoya , new species Figures 1191–1194

TYPE: Male holotype from near Puerto Asis , Rio Putumayo, Dept. Putumayo, Colombia ; no date (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ .

ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition honoring the Secoya, an Indian tribe in northeastern Ecuador, who resisted ‘‘pacification’’ by missionaries, but nevertheless declined in numbers from European-imported diseases.

DIAGNOSIS: Close relative of the type species L. aerius , dimona , and saul ; distinguished by the number and shape of the male cheliceral apophyses (compare figs. 1186– 1187, 1191, and fig. 9D in Huber, 1997b).

MALE (holotype): Carapace width 0.9; leg 1: 32.5 (11.3+0.3+9.6+18.1+2.1), tibia 2: 6.8, tibia 3: 4.6, tibia 4: 6.4; tibia 1 l/d: 114. Prosoma ochre-yellow, shape as in L. lopez (cf. figs. 1195–1197); distance PME-ALE about 60% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with two pairs of brown apophyses (fig. 1191). Palps light brown, general shape as in L. dimona (cf. figs. 1184–1185), bulb with distinctive structures on embolar division (fig. 1192), procursus simple, slightly spiraling distally (figs. 1193–1194). Legs light brown, with whitish tips distally on femora and tibiae; about second half of metatarsus also whitish; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.3%; tarsus 1 with over 30 pseudosegments. Opisthosoma missing.

FEMALE: Unknown.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Putumayo: near Puerto Asis: type above.

Litoporus lopez , new species

Figures 172 , 1195–1206

Modisimus sp. A : Eberhard and Briceño, 1983:

189–195; 1985: 29–36, figs. 1, 2e –f.

TYPES: Male holotype, 223 8♀ paratypes (‘‘voucher specimens for study of Eberhard and Briceño ’’, ‘‘ Modisimus sp. A ’’) from 15 km SE Puerto López, Dept. Meta, Colombia ; July 1970 (W. G. Eberhard), in MCZ .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from congeners by the single pair of cheliceral apophyses in a lateral position (fig. 1201), the massive bulge distally on the male palpal femur (fig. 1202), and the tip of the procursus (fig. 1199).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.8, carapace width 0.8; leg 1: 34.0 (9.3+0.4 +7.8+14.8+1.7), tibia 2: 5.2, tibia 3: 3.6, tibia 4: 5.1; tibia 1 l/d: 82. Habitus as in fig. 1195. Entire spider pale ochre, only legs light brown, tips of femora and tibiae whitish, about second half of metatarsus also whitish. Carapace with thoracic groove, but relatively flat in frontal view (fig. 1197), ocular area slightly elevated, with eight eyes (figs. 1196– 1197); distance PME-ALE about 60% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with pair of frontal apophyses in very lateral position (fig. 1201). Palps as in figs. 1198–1199, with dis- tinct retrolateral apophysis on coxa, proximal apophysis and large distal bulge on femur (fig. 1202), simple curved procursus, embolar division of bulb with membranous processes and small apophysis (figs. 1198– 1199). Palpal tarsal organ exposed. Legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudosegments. Gonopore without epiandrous spigots; ALS with only one piriform gland spigot each; other spinnerets typical for family (fig. 172).

FEMALE (paratype): Total length 1.7, carapace width 0.7; leg 1: 17.2 (4.6+0.3+3.9 +7.0+1.4), tibia 2: 2.3, tibia 3: 1.5, tibia 4: 2.3; tibia 1 l/d: 56. Habitus as in male. Epigynum only slightly darker than surrounding cuticle, shape as in figs. 1203–1205; internal genitalia with undivided pore field and median receptacle(?) (fig. 1206).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in 18 males: 7.0–8.5 (x¯ = 7.8); tibia 1 in 6 females: 3.5–4.2 (x¯ = 3.9).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: COLOMBIA: Meta: 15 km SE Puerto López: types above.

NATURAL HISTORY: Eberhard and Briceño (1983, 1985) give information about the population at the type locality, which is characterized as tropical dry forest. In the undergrowth, the spiders built domed sheets or platforms with relatively open mesh and a small tangle of threads above, with a domeshaped retreat under a leaf. Mature males and females often shared webs, and males sometimes ceded prey to females, although being behaviorally dominant. Paired males were larger than solitary males, but fed less often. Defensive behavior consisted of whirling in more or less horizontal circles. Additional points briefly described concern male fights, courtship and copulation, and web construction.

Litoporus uncatus (Simon, 1893) , new combination

Figures 1207–1211

Coryssocnemis uncatus Simon, 1893a: 321 ; 1893b: 479–483, fig. 472.—Huber, 1997b: 582, figs. 6A–E, 7A–B.

Litoporus abrahami Mello-Leitão, 1947b: 164 , fig. 11. NEW SYNONYMY.

JUSTIFICATION OF SYNONYMY: The male lectotype of Litoporus abrahami was compared with Simon’s male of Coryssocnemis uncatus (see Notes below), and with further material of both sexes listed below, which proved the conspecificity of the female described by Simon with the type specimen of Litoporus abrahami .

TYPES: Coryssocnemis uncatus : male (see Notes below), from Pebas, Dept. Loreto, Peru ; ~ 100 m elev., no date (M. de Mathan), in MNHN (3858), examined. Litoporus abrahami : male lectotype (designated herein; see Notes below), from ‘‘ Kuruabaru Ck’ ’ (Kuruabaru River: 5°25̍N, 58°22̍W), Cattle Trail Survey, Guyana ; Sept. 1919 (A. A. Abraham), in BMNH (1923.VII.23.178- 180), examined .

NOTES: As noted in a previous paper (Hub- er, 1997b), Simon (1893a, 1893b) described only the female of this species. This female is probably lost, and the MNHN has only the male above, which was probably assigned later (by Simon himself, as the label suggests; see Huber, 1997b) to the species, and is therefore not formally assigned type status. The record of a male and female specimen together (see below) corroborates the conspecificity of the male in the MNHN with Simon’s (1893a, 1893b) female.

The Litoporus abrahami lectotype is accompanied by two further specimens: a juvenile non-pholcid, and a female Mesabolivar aurantiacus . Mello-Leitão (1947b) described a male, leaving no doubt about which has to be the lectotype.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from congeners by the many sclerotized rounded apophyses frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. 1207), the subdistal fringe on the procursus (figs. 1208–1209), and the long scape on the epigynum (fig. 1210).

MALE (see Huber, 1997b, for general description of male): Tibia 1 (N = 6) 8.3–11.2 (x¯ = 10.0); distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Procursus with characteristic semitransparent subdistal fringe (figs. 1208–1209). All legs without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 2%; femur 1/tibia 1: 1.22–1.39 (N = 4); tarsus 1 with ~ 20 pseudosegments. Measurements of L. abrahami lectotype: tibia 1: 9.6, tibia 2 missing, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 6.5.

FEMALE (Dept. Amazonas, Venezuela): Leg 1: 44.9 (11.5+0.5+10.6+19.5+2.8), tibia 2: 7.5. In general very similar to male. Epigynum with long, scapelike process with pocket at its tip (fig. 1210); dorsal view as in fig. 1211.

DISTRIBUTION: Widely distributed throughout northern South America, apparently restricted to lowland forests (map 8).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Loreto: Pebas: 13 type of Coryssocnemis uncatus (see Types above) ; Rio Samiria (04°43̍S, 74°18̍W), May–June 1990 (T. Erwin ‘‘et al.’’), 43 (2 vials) in MUSM ; Jenaro Herrera (4°55̍S, 73°45̍W), ~ 100 m elev., Aug. 24, 1988 (D. Silva), 13 in MUSM ; Amazonas: ‘‘alto Rio Comaina ,’’ 850–1150 m elev., Oct. 21–Nov. 3, 1987 (D. Silva), 33 1 juvenile in MUSM ; San Martín: 20 mi SE Moyobamba, June 1–30, 1947 (F. Woytkowski), 13 in AMNH. ECUADOR: Napo: ‘‘ Oriente: Misuagualli’ ’ ( Misahualli : 1°02̍S, 77°41̍W) Mar. 21, 1971 (R. A. Sweet), 13 in AMNH. COLOMBIA: Caquetá: Rio Orteguaza , 200 m elev., Aug.–Sept. 1947 (L. Richter), 13 in AMNH. VENEZUELA: Amazonas: ‘‘ Lgarap’e forest of upper Rio Yaciba ,’’ Dec. 7, 1953 (W. M. Beebe), 13 in AMNH ; ‘‘ Camp # 3,’’ Dec. 28, 1953 (E. MacGuire), 13 1♀ in AMNH. GUYANA: Kuruabaru River: 13 lectotype of L. abrahami (see Types above) ; Rupununi River, Makarapan , Oct. 5, 1937 (collector not given), 13 in MZF ; Kaietur , Aug. 14, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 13 in AMNH ; Rockstone , July 1911 (collector not given), 13 in AMNH ; ‘‘ Turkeit’ ’ ( Tukeit Fall : 5°12̍N, 59°26̍W), July 18, 1911 (F. E. Lutz), 13 in AMNH ; Kartabo (6°23̍N, 58°42̍W), 1924 (collector not given), 13 in AMNH. BRAZIL: Pará: Aldeia Coraci (2°34̍S, 46°37̍W), 12 km W Canindé, Rio Gurupi , Apr. 16–26, 1963 (B. Malkin), 13 in AMNH .

Litoporus yucumo , new species Figures 1212–1218

TYPES: Male holotype, 13 1♀ paratypes from 16.8 mi SW Yucumo (~ 15°23̍S, 66°59̍W), Dept. Beni, Bolivia ; ~ 500 m elev., Nov. 15–19, 1989 (J. Coddington, C. Griswold, D. Silva, S. Larcher, E. Peñaranda), in USNM .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the town near the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from known congeners by the finger-shaped apophysis on the male clypeus (fig. 1213: arrow), and by the pair of pointed apophyses frontally on the male chelicerae (fig. 1212).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.8, carapace width 0.84; leg 1: 38.6 (10.5+0.4+8.8 +17.2+1.7), tibia 2: 6.1, tibia 3: 4.3, tibia 4: 5.6; tibia 1 l/d: 94. Habitus and prosoma shape typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195–1197); entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only thoracic groove with thin brown line. Clypeus with characteristic apophysis (figs. 1212–1213); without humps on sternum; distance PME- ALE about 100% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with only one pair of pointed brown apophyses frontally (fig. 1212). Palps as in fig. 1216, ochre-yellow, only tips of procursi blackish, coxa with retrolateral apophysis, femur with proximal and distal ventral bulge, procursus simple, gently S-curved (figs. 1214–1215), embolar division closely accompanying procursus. Legs ochre-yellow, distal tips of femora and tibiae and second half of metatarsus whitish; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.8%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudosegments (difficult to count proximally). Opisthosoma greenish-gray, shape as in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in two other males: 7.7, 8.7.

FEMALE: Very similar to male, but with distinct dark Y mark on carapace. Tibia 1 in two females: 4.3, 5.2. Epigynum very small, simple rectangular plate (fig. 1218), greenish to light brown; internal genitalia as in fig. 1217, apparently with large membranous sac between uterus externus and epigynal plate.

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from type locality in Dept. Beni, Bolivia.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: BOLIVIA: Beni: 16.8 mi SW Yucumo : types above ; same data: 13 1♀ in USNM .

Litoporus pakitza , new species Figures 1219–1225

TYPES: Male holotype, 13 paratype from Pakitza , ‘‘ Puesto de Vigilancia,’’ Zona Reservada de Manú, Madre de Dios, Peru ; Oct. 1, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), in USNM .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from known congeners by the single pair of point- ed apophyses proximally on the male chelicerae (fig. 1221) and by the long, slender procursus that is widened distally (figs. 1219– 1220).

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.7, carapace width 0.84; leg 1: 36.1 (9.9+0.3+8.3 +16.0+1.6), tibia 2: 5.7, tibia 3: 4.1, tibia 4 missing; tibia 1 l/d: 95. Habitus and prosoma shape typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195–1197); entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only thoracic groove with brown line; without humps on sternum; distance PME-ALE about 80% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with only one pair of pointed brown apophyses proximally (fig. 1221). Palps as in fig. 1223, ochre-yellow, only tips of procursi blackish, coxa with retrolateral apophysis, femur with retrolateral apophysis proximally, widened distally (fig. 1222), procursus long and slender (figs. 1219–1220). Legs slightly darker than prosoma, femora and tibiae with light distal tips, second half of metatarsi also light; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.6%; tarsus 1 with over 25 pseudosegments (dif- ficult to count proximally). Opisthosoma pale greenish-gray, without markings, slightly longer than in L. lopez (cf. fig. 1195).

VARIATION: Tibia 1 in four other males: 8.1–8.9 (x¯ = 8.6).

FEMALE: Very similar to male, except much shorter and thinner legs; tibia 1 (N = 5) 4.8–6.0 (x¯ = 5.6). Epigynum very simple externally (fig. 1225), light brown with distinct greenish arch frontally; internal genitalia with large contiguous pore plates (fig. 1224).

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Madre de Dios, Peru.

MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada de Manú , Pakitza: types above ; Parque Nacional Manú, Pakitza , (11°56̍S, 71°17̍W), 356 m elev., May 1–6, 1991 (D. Silva), 23 2♀ in USNM ; same locality, May 5–13, 1991 (3 vials, D. Silva), 23 3♀ in MUSM ; Zona Reservada de Manú, Puesto de Vigilancia, Pakitza (11°58̍S, 71°18̍W), Oct. 1, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 1♀ in USNM .

Litoporus manu , new species Figures 1226–1230

TYPE: Male holotype from Parque Nacional Manú , Zona Reservada Pakitza (11°56̍S, 71°17̍W), Dept. Madre de Dios, Peru ; 356 m elev., Apr. 24–29, 1991 (D. Silva), in USNM .

ETYMOLOGY: Named for the type locality. The specific name is a noun in apposition.

DIAGNOSIS: Easily distinguished from described congeners by the shape of the male cheliceral apophyses (fig. 1226) and the procursus (figs. 1228, 1230). The MUSM has a very close (undescribed) relative from Peru (Madre de Dios, 15 km E Puerto Maldonado), which has the lateral apophyses on the male chelicerae much more proximal, among other minor differences.

MALE (holotype): Total length 1.5, carapace width 0.77; leg 1: 34.3 (8.9+0.3+7.9 +15.3+1.9), tibia 2: 5.1, tibia 3: 3.5, tibia 4: 4.7; tibia 1 l/d: 98. Habitus and prosoma shape as typical for genus (cf. figs. 1195– 1197). Entire prosoma ochre-yellow, only carapace with thin dark line in thoracic groove; distance PME-ALE about 70% of PME diameter. Chelicerae with two pairs of characteristic apophyses (fig. 1226). Palps as in fig. 1227, with distinct retrolateral apophysis on coxa, proximal retrolateral apophysis and large distal bulge on femur; procursus with two strong hairs dorsally and hookshaped black tip (figs. 1228–1230). Legs slightly darker than prosoma, tips of femora and tibiae and second half of metatarsi whitish; without spines, without curved and vertical hairs; retrolateral trichobothrium of tibia 1 at 1.7%; tarsus 1 with ~ 30 pseudoseg- ments. Opisthosoma shape as in L. dimona (cf. fig. 1181), monochromous ochre-gray.

FEMALE: Unknown. (The male holotype is accompanied by a female, but this is quite certainly L. pakitza .)

DISTRIBUTION: Known only from southern Peru (Madre de Dios).

MATERIAL EXAMINED: PERU: Madre de Dios: Zona Reservada Pakitza : type above ; Pakitza, Puesto de Vigilancia (11°58̍S, 71°18̍W), Sept. 28, 1987 (D. Silva & J. Coddington), 13 in USNM ; Pakitza, Rio Manú (12°07̍S, 70°58̍W), 250 m elev., Sept. 22, 1988 (T. Erwin & B. D. Farrel), 13 in USNM .

Figures

Figs. 130–141. Male gonopore without epiandrous spigots. 130. Pisaboa silvae, n. gen., n. sp. 131. Blancoa piacoa, n. gen., n. sp. 132. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island. 133. Aucana platnicki, n. gen., n. sp. 134. Carapoia ocaina, n. sp. 135. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp. 136. Mecoloesthus longissimus Simon. 137. Modisimus dominical Huber. 138. Mesabolivar iguazu, n. sp. 139. Physocyclus globosus (Taczanowski). 140. Priscula sp. from Peru (Cajamarca: Cutervo; in CCR). 141. Litoporus dimona, n. sp. Scale lines: 100 µm (139–140), 50 µm (132, 134, 138), 25 µm (130–131, 133, 135– 137, 141).

Figs. 170–178. Anterior lateral spinnerets. 170. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., male. 171. Tupigea lisei, n. gen., n. sp., male. 172. Litoporus lopez, n. sp., male. 173. Tupigea nadleri, n. gen., n. sp., female. 174. Ibotyporanga naideae Mello-Leitão, male. 175. Metagonia uvita Huber, female. 176. Holocnemus pluchei (Scopoli), male. 177. Calapnita vermiformis Simon, male. 178. ‘‘Psilochorus’’ sp. from Australia: Magnetic Island. Scale lines: 30 µm (172, 174, 176, 178), 10 µm (170–171, 173, 175, 177).