Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877

Arizala, Stephany, Labarque, Facundo Martín & Polotow, Daniele, 2021, Revision of the Neotropical spider genus Acanthoctenus (Araneae: Ctenidae Acanthocteninae), Zootaxa 4920 (1), pp. 1-55 : 6-12

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https://doi.org/ 10.11646/zootaxa.4920.1.1

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DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4497849

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scientific name

Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877
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Genus Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877 View in CoL View at ENA

Acanthoctenus Keyserling, 1877: 693 View in CoL , plate 8, fig. 60. Type species Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877 View in CoL , designated by Simon (1892: 229).— Simon 1893: 430.—F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1897: 101.— Dahl, 1901b: 186.—F.O. Pickard-Cambridge 1902: 354.— Tullgren 1905: 19.— Kraus 1955: 51.— Simon 1906: 288.— Strand 1909: 402.— Petrunkevitch 1925: 95.—Mello-Leit„o 1936: 181.— Reimoser 1939: 364.—Mello-Leit„o 1945: 256.— Soares & Soares 1946: 53.— Caporiacco 1947: 28, 1948: 684, 1955: 290.— Chickering 1960: 81.— Lehtinen 1967: 208.— Forster & Wilton 1973: 293.—Griswold 1993: 3.— Bosselaers 2002: 141.— Silva-Dávila 2003: 3.— Griswold et al. 2005: 17.— Polotow & Brescovit 2008: 706, 2012: 40, 2014: 334.— Ramirez 2014: 28.— Polotow et al. 2015: 134.— World Spider Catalog 2020.

Paracantheis Kraus, 1955: 51 . Type species Paracantheis virginea Kraus, 1955 by original designation.— Lehtinen 1967: 256 (Syn).— World Spider Catalog 2020.

Diagnosis. Acanthoctenus species resemble other Acanthocteninae as Nothroctenus and Viracucha by the presence of a cribellum and calamistrum ( Figs 5E, F View FIGURE 5 ; 6E View FIGURE 6 ), three retromarginal teeth on the chelicerae ( Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 ; Polotow & Brescovit 2014: char. 64) and the distal pair of spines on tibia I distant from the apical margin of tibia ( Polotow & Brescovit 2014: char. 73). Males resemble those of Nothroctenus and Viracucha by the palp with swollen patella ( Polotow & Brescovit 2014: char. 1, fig. 5a), retrolateral cymbial process ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ; Polotow & Brescovit 2014: char. 16, fig. 5A; Silva-Dávila 2003: fig. 19c–d), and curved papal tibia ( Fig. 11C View FIGURE 11 ; Polotow & Brescovit 2014: fig. 5a). Males of Acanthoctenus can be distinguished from those genera by the short and cylindrical embolus ( Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ) and by the elongated and thin median apophysis with an apical hook ( Fig. 8B View FIGURE 8 ) whereas the males of Nothroctenus ( Silva-Dávila 2003: fig. 19c) and Viracucha ( Polotow & Brescovit 2014: fig. 5a) have embolus with a laminated base and median apophysis reduced or massive, respectively. Furthermore, males can be distinguished from Nothroctenus by the absence of a folded spermatic duct ( Fig. 11C View FIGURE 11 ), present in the latter ( Dias & Brescovit 2004: figs 7–8). Females resemble those of Nothroctenus ( Dias & Brescovit 2004: fig. 9) and Viracucha ( Lehtinen 1967: fig. 415) by the lack of lateral projections on the epigynum ( Fig. 9A View FIGURE 9 ; Polotow & Brescovit 2014: char. 52). Females of Acanthoctenus can be distinguished from Nothroctenus ( Lehtinen, 1967: fig. 417; Dias & Brescovit 2004: fig. 9) and Viracucha ( Lehtinen 1967: fig. 415) by their large atrium ( Figs. 13C View FIGURE 13 , 16C View FIGURE 16 ; Lehtinen, 1967: fig. 414), reduce or absent in the other genera, respectively, and from Nothroctenus by the shorter copulatory ducts ( Fig. 9B View FIGURE 9 ), elongated and convoluted in the latter ( Dias & Brescovit 2004: fig. 10).

Description. Small to medium-sized cribellate spiders. Total body length (males and females) 7.26–16.20. Carapace piriform, light brown with a wide longitudinal stripe of lighter coloration (from light brown to beige) from ocular area to the posterior border; thoracic groove longitudinal and located in the posterior third ( Figs 1A View FIGURE 1 , 3A View FIGURE 3 , 4 View FIGURE 4 A–B, 11A, 13A, 15A, 17A, 20A, 22A, 24A, 27A, 30A, 31A, 33A, 36A, 38A, 40A, 42A, 44A, 46A, 48A). Carapace profile higher at the ocular area ( Figs 1B View FIGURE 1 , 3B View FIGURE 3 ). Clypeus with long dark bristles ( Fig. 13B View FIGURE 13 , 15C View FIGURE 15 ). Ctenid eye pattern 2-4-2, with the anterior and posterior row recurved in dorsal view ( Figs 4B View FIGURE 4 , 5B View FIGURE 5 , 13B View FIGURE 13 ). Eyes round, except oval anterior lateral eyes, mounted over black mounds ( Figs 5B View FIGURE 5 , 13B View FIGURE 13 , 20C View FIGURE 20 ), with grade-shaped tapetum (barely shown in Fig. 22C View FIGURE 22 ). Anteriorly with a dark band with two lateral stripes of white setae extending from the anterior border of the carapace to the anterior median eyes ( Figs 1C View FIGURE 1 , 3C View FIGURE 3 , 13B View FIGURE 13 , 15C View FIGURE 15 , 20C View FIGURE 20 , 22C View FIGURE 22 , 24C View FIGURE 24 , 27C View FIGURE 27 , 30B View FIGURE 30 , 36C View FIGURE 36 , 38C View FIGURE 38 , 40C View FIGURE 40 , 42C View FIGURE 42 , 44C View FIGURE 44 , 46C View FIGURE 46 , 48C View FIGURE 48 ). Chelicerae with a large boss ( Fig. 40C View FIGURE 40 ), thickened setae next to the fang base ( Fig. 5A View FIGURE 5 ), three promarginal teeth, median largest, three retromarginal teeth, basal smaller, and without intermaginal denticles ( Figs 5A View FIGURE 5 , 22B View FIGURE 22 ). Chilum divided ( Fig. 15C View FIGURE 15 ). Long endites and labium short in relation to the size of the endites; light brown sternum, oval, not extending between legs IV ( Figs 11B View FIGURE 11 , 15B View FIGURE 15 , 17B View FIGURE 17 , 20B View FIGURE 20 , 22B View FIGURE 22 , 24B View FIGURE 24 , 27B View FIGURE 27 , 31B View FIGURE 31 , 33B View FIGURE 33 , 36B View FIGURE 36 , 38B View FIGURE 38 , 40B View FIGURE 40 , 42B View FIGURE 42 , 44B View FIGURE 44 , 46B View FIGURE 46 , 48B View FIGURE 48 ). Leg formula 1423 in males, female leg formula is variable and is described for each species. Shallow trochanteral notch ( Fig. 15B View FIGURE 15 ). Legs usually longer in males than females. Spination: ventral surfaces of tibia I-II with nine pairs of spines and metatarsus I-II with five pairs of spines, except A. remotus (tibia I with seven pairs, tibia II with six pairs and metatarsus I-II with three pairs of spines). All legs in males and females with a patch of tenant setae (claw tufts) arising from a movable plate (claw tuft plate) ( Fig. 6C View FIGURE 6 ). Third small tarsal claw present on each leg tarsus ( Fig. 6D View FIGURE 6 , arrow). Trichobothria bases with four transversal grooves on proximal hood ( Fig. 6A View FIGURE 6 ). Distal capsulated tarsal organ with a drop-shaped opening ( Fig. 6B View FIGURE 6 ). Calamistrum oval with several rows of setae ( Fig. 6E View FIGURE 6 ). Pedicel divided ( Fig. 5C View FIGURE 5 ). Opisthosoma oval with tufts of elongated white setae in two longitudinal rows ( Figs 1A View FIGURE 1 , 4B View FIGURE 4 , 5D View FIGURE 5 ). Cribellum divided into two fields of strobilate spigots that are clumped in short, longitudinal linear rows ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 E–F; Griswold et al. 2005: figs 97a, 115a), larger in females than males. Six spinnerets, ALS, and PLS two-segmented ( Fig. 7A, C View FIGURE 7 ), PMS one-segmented ( Fig. 7B View FIGURE 7 ). The ALS has a bare margin, a two large MAP, and several PI spigots interspersed with tartipores ( Fig. 7A View FIGURE 7 ; Griswold et al. 2005: figs 115b, 116b, 117a). The PMS has a pair of mAP spigots with a tartipore in between and many small AC spigots interspersed with three large CY spigots; without paracribellar spigots ( Fig. 7B View FIGURE 7 ; Griswold et al. 2005: figs 115c–e, 116d, 117d). The PLS has several AC spigots and an apical anterior MS ( Fig. 7C View FIGURE 7 ; Griswold et al. 2005: figs 115d, 116c, 117b–c). The silks used for the construction of egg sacs and shelters are irregular ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 D–F). Males lack epiandrous spigots. Male palp: patella swelled ( Fig. 11A, D View FIGURE 11 ); tibia curved with only one tibial projection (RTA) ( Figs 11C, D View FIGURE 11 , 12 View FIGURE 12 A–B); conical RTA; cymbium longer than tibia and with a basal retrolateral projection ( Figs 11C View FIGURE 11 , 12A View FIGURE 12 ); subtegulum prolateral, partially visible behind embolus; tegulum suboval with a central hyaline area where the median apophysis emerges ( Figs 11C View FIGURE 11 , 12A View FIGURE 12 ); embolus emerging prolaterally, flexibly attached to the tegulum, cylindrical, with a larger base tapering distally ( Fig. 8A View FIGURE 8 ); median apophysis elongated and scoop-shaped, with a subtriangular distal projection ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 A–B); conductor apical and hyaline ( Figs 8 View FIGURE 8 A–B, 12B); some species with modified setae distally on the cymbium ( Fig. 8 View FIGURE 8 C–D). Female genitalia: epigynum divided into the median and lateral sectors ( Figs 9A View FIGURE 9 , 12C View FIGURE 12 ); median sector suboval, subpentagonal, or subrectangular, longitudinally elongated, extending or not into the atrium, partially covered by the lateral sectors ( Figs 9A View FIGURE 9 , 12C View FIGURE 12 , 14A View FIGURE 14 , 17C View FIGURE 17 ); lateral sectors large, anteriorly straight or curved, forming an angle between 30° and 90° with the median sector longitudinal axis, partially transparent, spermathecae visible through transparency ( Figs 14A View FIGURE 14 , 17C View FIGURE 17 , 18A View FIGURE 18 , 20D View FIGURE 20 ); copulatory opening small, connected to the lateral sector ( Figs 14A View FIGURE 14 , 16C View FIGURE 16 , 19A View FIGURE 19 , 21A View FIGURE 21 , 23C View FIGURE 23 ); copulatory ducts sinuous, first half bordered by the lateral sectors, strongly or slightly S-shaped (left side) ( Figs 12D View FIGURE 12 , 14B View FIGURE 14 , 16D View FIGURE 16 , 18B View FIGURE 18 21B View FIGURE 21 ); head of spermathecae quote-shaped, with apical glandular openings ( Figs 12D View FIGURE 12 , 14B View FIGURE 14 , 18B View FIGURE 18 , 21B View FIGURE 21 ); the base of spermathecae scalloped ( Figs 12D View FIGURE 12 , 14B View FIGURE 14 , 18B View FIGURE 18 , 21B View FIGURE 21 ); fertilization ducts short, tubular and sclerotized, emerging from the base of spermathecae ( Figs 9B View FIGURE 9 , 14B View FIGURE 14 , 21B View FIGURE 21 , 25B View FIGURE 25 ).

Distribution. Neotropical region, from Bolivia to Mexico, in tropical humid forest and mountains ( Fig. 10 View FIGURE 10 ).

Composition. Thirteen species: Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877 , Acanthoctenus spinipes Keyserling, 1877 , Acanthoctenus dumicola Simon, 1906 stat. res., Acanthoctenus gaujoni Simon, 1906 , Acanthoctenus plebejus Simon, 1906 , Acanthoctenus kollari ( Reimoser, 1939) , Acanthoctenus virginea ( Kraus, 1955) stat. res., comb. nov., Acanthoctenus remotus Chickering, 1960 , Acanthoctenus alux sp. nov., Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., Acanthoctenus lamarrei sp. nov., Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., and Acanthoctenus torotoro sp. nov.

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FIGURE 1. Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., female live specimen (IBSP). A, dorsal; B, lateral, right view; C, frontal (Photos taken in laboratory conditions by Thiago G. Carvalho).

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FIGURE 3. Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., male live specimen. A, dorsal; B, lateral, left view; C, frontal (Photos taken in laboratory conditions by Thiago G. Carvalho).

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FIGURE 4. Acanthoctenus torotoro sp. nov., male live specimen (holotype, UFMG 22307) on log, Torotoro Canyon.A, dorsolateral, left view; B, dorsal (arrow to tufts of setae) (Photos by Pedro H. Martins).

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FIGURE 5. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., female. A, left chelicera, retromargin (arrow to thickened setae); B, ocular area, frontal; C, lorum of the pedicel (divided), dorsal; D, tufts of setae on opisthosoma; E, divided cribellum; F, cribellar spigots clumped in short, longitudinal linear rows.

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FIGURE 6. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., female. A–D: leg I; A, trichobothria; B, tarsal organ; C, distal tarsus showing claw tufts; D, small third tarsal claw (arrow); E, leg IV, oval calamistrum (arrow).

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FIGURE 7. A–C, Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., female spinnerets; A, left ALS field (asterisk to tartipore); B, PMS field (asterisk to nubbin, semicolon to CY spigots); C, right PLS field. D–F, Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., silk detail from shelter (see Fig. 2).

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FIGURE 8. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., male left palp (MCZ). A, general view, ventral; B, apical bulb detail, ventral (asterisk to proapical hook); C, cymbium, apical (asterisk to modified setae); D, detail, modified cymbium setae.

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FIGURE 9. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., female genitalia. A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings).

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FIGURE 10. Distribution map of Acanthoctenus species. A, south of North America and Central America; B. north of South America.

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FIGURE 11. Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877, male holotype (NHB 1890.7.1.2924). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral. C–D, male palp; C, ventral; D, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 12. Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877, copulatory organs.A–B, male palp (holotype NHB 1890.7.1.2924); A, ventral; B, retrolateral. C–D, female genitalia (CAS); C, epigynum, ventral; D, internal genitalia, dorsal.

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FIGURE 13. Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877, female (CAS).A, habitus, dorsal; B, ocular area, frontal; C, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 14. Acanthoctenus spiniger Keyserling, 1877, female (CAS). A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings).

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FIGURE 15. Acanthoctenus spinipes Keyserling, 1877, male (ICN-Ar4667). A–C, habitus A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal; D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 16. Acanthoctenus spinipes Keyserling, 1877, copulatory organs. A–B, male palp (ICN-Ar4667); A, ventral; B, retrolateral. C–D, female genitalia (ICN-Ar73); C, epigynum, ventral; D, internal genitalia, dorsal.

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FIGURE 17. Acanthoctenus spinipes Keyserling, 1877, female holotype (NHM). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral. C, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 18. Acanthoctenus spinipes Keyserling, 1877, female (ICN-Ar73). A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings).

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FIGURE 19. Acanthoctenus dumicola Simon, 1906 stat. res., female (SMF 69661).A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal.

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FIGURE 20. Acanthoctenus dumicola Simon, 1906 stat. res., female holotype (MNHN AR14426). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D, epigynum, ventral. E–F, leg metatarsus-tarsus IV, prolateral; E, arrow to adesmatic joint; F, detail.

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FIGURE 21. Acanthoctenus dumicola Simon, 1906 stat. res., female (SMF 69661).A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings).

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FIGURE 22. Acanthoctenus gaujoni Simon, 1906, male (MNHN). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 23. Acanthoctenus gaujoni Simon, 1906, copulatory organs. A–B, male palp (MNHN); A, ventral; B, retrolateral. C–D, female genitalia (MNHN); C, epigynum, ventral; D, internal genitalia, dorsal.

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FIGURE 24. Acanthoctenus gaujoni Simon, 1906, female (MNHN). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 25. Acanthoctenus gaujoni, Simon, 1906, female (MNHN). A, epigynum, ventral; B, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings).

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FIGURE 27. Acanthoctenus plebejus Simon, 1906, female holotype (MNHN AR5169). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 30. Acanthoctenus kollari (Reimoser, 1939), female holotype (HMW 9276). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, frontal. C original collection labels. D, epigynum, ventral. E, internal genitalia, dorsal.

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FIGURE 31. Acanthoctenus virginea (Kraus, 1955) stat. res., comb. nov., male holotype (SMF 8676).A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral. C–D, male palp; C, ventral; D, retrolateral. E, original collection label.

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FIGURE 33. Acanthoctenus virginea (Kraus, 1955) stat. res., comb. nov., female paratype (SMF 8674). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral. C, epigynum, ventral. D, internal genitalia, dorsal (asterisk to gland openings). E, original collection label.

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FIGURE 36. Acanthoctenus alux sp. nov., female holotype (MNHN AR222). A–B, habitus (A, dorsal; B, ventral C, frontal); D, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 38. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., male paratype (MCZ). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 40. Acanthoctenus chickeringi sp. nov., female holotype (MCZ). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 42. Acanthoctenus lamarrei sp. nov., male holotype (MCZ).A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 44. Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., male paratype (IBSP 233864). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

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FIGURE 46. Acanthoctenus manauara sp. nov., female holotype (CZPB AR126). A–B, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D, epigynum, ventral.

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FIGURE 48. Acanthoctenus torotoro sp. nov., male holotype (UFMG 22307). A–C, habitus; A, dorsal; B, ventral; C, frontal. D–E, male palp; D, ventral; E, retrolateral.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Arachnida

Order

Araneae

Family

Ctenidae

SubFamily

Acanthocteninae