Paranocarodes

Ünal, Mustafa, 2016, Pamphagidae (Orthoptera: Acridoidea) from the Palaearctic Region: taxonomy, classification, keys to genera and a review of the tribe Nocarodeini I. Bolívar, Zootaxa 4206 (1), pp. 1-223 : 93

Key to species groups, species and subspecies of Paranocarodes

1 Tumida of zygoma absent ( Figs. 42 a, b–46a, b)........................................ ( P. straubei sp. group) … 2

- Tumida of zygoma present ( Figs. 47 a, b–53a, b)........................................ ( P. lubricus sp. group) … 6

2 Frontal ridge very narrow with a deep sulcus, strongly narrowed and distinctly incised just below the median ocellus ( Fig. 392 ), connected to fastigium of vertex more angularly ( Fig. 391 ); median carinae of pronotum and abdominal tergites strongly raised, abdominal tergites with long, sharp and high posterior projection ( Figs. 413–416 ); body relatively large, strongly compressed laterally, quite high in lateral view................................................................. 3

- Frontal ridge wider with a clearly shallow sulcus, very slightly or not narrowed and not incised just below the median ocellus (almost flat) ( Fig. 394 ), connected to fastigium of vertex roundly ( Fig. 393 ); median carinae of pronotum and abdominal tergites slightly raised, abdominal tergites with shorter, blunter and lower posterior projection ( Figs. 417–420 ); body smaller, less compressed laterally, distinctly lower in lateral view......................................................... 5

3 Tympanum absent or strongly reduced, always smaller than the neighbour stigmal area ( Fig. 395 ); hind leg colors as in P. fieberi (see item 4 below); male phallic complex as in Figs. 44 a, b, c, d......................... P. karabagi (Demirsoy)

- Tympanum present, very large, always larger than the neighbour stigmal area ( Fig. 396 )............................ 4

4 Hind tibia bright red or orange in male, yellow or orange in female; apical valves of penis slender and longer ( Figs. 42 a, b, d); body more compressed laterally........................................................... P. straubei (Fieber)

- Hind tibia black, dark blue, blue, reddish black (sometimes turning to dark pale red near apex), rarely body color with blue spots and reddish apex in female; apical valves of penis stouter and shorter ( Figs. 43 a, b, d); body relatively less compressed laterally.............................................................................. P. fieberi (Brunner)

5 Body less compressed laterally, low in lateral view ( Figs. 419–420 ); hind tibia bright red in male, if blackened in distal or proximal part then body surface reddish brown; light red in female (without any blue); male phallic complex as in Figs. 46 a, b, c, d......................................................................... P. tolunayi paphlagonicus Ramme

- Body more compressed laterally, high in lateral view ( Figs. 417–418 ); hind tibia dark red, proximal part mostly blackened; body surface greyish brown or dark brown (never reddish) in male; female hind tibia distinctly darker, dorsal surface blue or proximal part blue turning to red in distal part, inner surface red with blue spots towards the base; male phallic complex as in Figs. 45 a, b, c.................................................................. P. tolunayi tolunayi Ramme

6 Hind femur strongly widened in basal half, dorsal and ventral margins almost parallel in proximal part then strongly sloping towards genicular lobes, forming a preapical notch ( Figs. 397–398 ); abdominal tergites with blunt projections; body thickset, less compressed and with dense small tubercles ( Figs. 435–436 ); male phallic complex as in Figs. 53 a, b, c..................................................................................................... P. beieri (Ramme)

- Hind femur in usual form, narrower in basal half, gradually narrowing towards genicular lobes, without preapical notch ( Figs. 399–400 ); abdominal tergites with sharp projections; body with sparse tubercles...................................7

7 Tympanum small, as large as or slightly larger than the neighbour stigmal area ( Fig. 401 ); abdominal tergites slightly raised with short, blunt and clearly less distinct posterior projection ( Figs. 421–422 ); body more depressed dorso-ventrally; hind tibia red or orange in male, orange in female; male phallic complex as in Figs. 47 a, b, c; found in Bulgaria and Greece............................................................................................... P. chopardi Peshev

- Tympanum much larger than the neighbour stigmal area ( Figs. 402–403 ); abdominal tergites more raised always with sharp and very distinct posterior projection ( Figs. 423–424 ); body distinctly compressed laterally; found in Anatolian Turkey.... 8

8 Body very stout in the genus (male: 29–31 mm, female 47–53 mm), much high in lateral view ( Figs. 423–424 ) and much wide in dorsal view ( Fig. 404 ); hind tibia orange red in male, yellow in female; male phallic complex as in Figs. 48 a, b, c, d............................................................................................. P. turkmen Ünal

- Body distinctly slender (the body length of P. anatoliensis can be similar to P. turkmen , but much lower and narrower), lower in lateral view ( Figs. 425–434 ) and narrower in dorsal view ( Figs. 405–406 ); hind tibia red, blue or black (not orange in male, not yellow in female)................................................................................. 9

9 Body slender, strongly compressed laterally ( Fig. 406 ); hind tibia slender, with 7–8 sparse inner spines ( Figs. 407–408 ); hind tibia and tarsus red; male phallic complex as in Figs. 52 a, b, c............................... P. lubricus Mistshenko

- Body relatively stouter and less compressed laterally ( Fig. 405 , 428 ); hind tibia with 9–10 dense inner spines ( Figs. 409–410 ); hind tibia dark red to black............................................................................ 10

10 Body relatively stouter and smaller; hind tibia completely black including its spines; male phallic complex as in Figs. 51 a, b, c; found in Konya and Karaman provinces of Turkey............................................ P. brevipes Ramme

- Body large in typical forms; hind tibia red or proximal part creamy yellow turning to red and bluish at apex, or dark red with bluish-black base of spines; found in Antalya and Isparta provinces of Turkey..................................... 11

11 Apodemes with distinct apical notch ( Figs. 49 a, b); body larger; female hind tibia bluish or creamish in proximal part, turning to reddish apically; male phallic complex as in Figs. 49 a, b, c, d; found from Antalya to the Mt. Davraz........................................................................................ P. anatoliensis anatoliensis Demirsoy

- Apodemes narrow, without apical notch ( Figs. 50 a, b); body smaller; female hind tibia dark blue along its length; male phallic complex as in Figs. 50 a, b, c; found along the Dedegöl Mts..................... P. anatoliensis anamas Ünal , ssp. nov.

Figures

FIGURES 32 – 43. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 32 Prionosthenus gueleni; 33 Ocnerosthenus brunnerianus; 34 Ocneropsis bethlehemita; 35 Orchamus yersini yersini; 36 Orchamus massai; 37 Paracinipe zebrata; 38 Tropidauchen escalerai; 39 Saxetania (s. str.) cultricolle cultricolle; 40 Saxetania (Cryptonothrotes) pseudoaptera; 41 Saxetania (Mistshenkoella) gorochovi; 42 Paranocarodes straubei; 43 Paranocarodes fieberi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d).

FIGURES 44 – 54. Male phallic complex. a phallus lateral, b phallus dorsal, c epiphallus, d phallus posterior view. 44 Paranocarodes karabagi; 45 Paranocarodes tolunayi tolunayi; 46 Paranpcarodes tolunayi paphlagonicus; 47 Paranocarodes chopardi; 48 Paranocarodes turkmen; 49 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anatoliensis; 50 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anamas; 51 Paranocarodes brevipes; 52 Paranocarodes lubricus; 53 Paranocarodes beieri; 54 Ebnerodes toelgi. Scales 1 mm (short scale for a, b, c; long scale for d).

FIGURES 375 – 394. Body parts. 375 – 376 female hind femur, 375 Nocarodes sanctidavidi; 376 Nocaracris tridentatus. 377 – 378 Iranacris dentatus, female holotype, 377 frontal ridge lateral; 378 prosternum. 379 – 380 Nocarodes sanctidavidi, female, 379 frontal ridge lateral; 380 prosternum. 381 – 382 female pronotum, 381 Bufonocarodes robustus, paratype; 382 Nocarodes serricollis. 383 – 384 lateral carinae of pronotum in male, 383 Bufonocarodes robustus, holotype; 384 Nocarodes balachowskyi. 385 – 388 head lateral, 385 Araxiana woronowi, male; 386 ditto female; 387 Nocaracris rubripes, male; 388 ditto female. 389 – 390 female metasternum, 389 Araxiana woronowi; 390 Nocaracris rubripes. 391 – 394 frontal ridge, 391 Paranocarodes straubei, male lectotype; 392 ditto frontal view in female; 393 Paranocarodes tolunayi paphlagonicus, male; 394 ditto frontal view in female.

FIGURES 413 – 424. Habitus. 413 – 414 Paranocarodes fieberi, 413 male paralectotype; 414 ditto female paralectotype. 415 – 416 Paranocarodes karabagi, 415 male, 416 female. 417 – 418 Paranocarodes tolunayi tolunayi, 417 male holotype; 418 female. 419 – 420 Paranocarodes tolunayi paphlagonicus, 419 male; 420 female. 421 – 422 Paranocarodes chopardi, 421 male; 422 female. 423 – 424 Paranocarodes turkmen, 423 male paratype; 424 female paratype.

FIGURES 395 – 412. Body parts and habitus. 395 – 396 female tympanum, 395 Paranocarodes karabagi, without tympanum; 396 Paranocarodes straubei. 397 – 400 hind femur, 397 Paranocarodes beieri, female; 398 ditto male; 399 Paranocarodes brevipes, female; 400 ditto male. 401 – 403 tympanum, 401 Paranocarodes chopardi, female; 402 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anamas, female paratype; 403 ditto male paratype. 404 – 406 male habitus dorsal, 404 Paranocarodes turkmen, paratype; 405 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anatoliensis; 406 Paranocarodes lubricus (holotype of P. cilicicus). 407 – 410 hind tibia, 407 Paranocarodes lubricus, male right tibia; 408 ditto female; 409 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anatoliensis, male left tibia; 410 ditto female. 411 – 412 Paranocarodes straubei, habitus, 411 male lectotype; 412 female.

FIGURES 425 – 438. Habitus. 425 – 426 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anatoliensis, 425 male; 426 female topotype. 427 – 430 Paranocarodes anatoliensis anamas, 427 male holotype lateral; 428 ditto dorsal; 429 female paratype lateral; 430 ditto dorsal. 431 – 432 Paranocarodes brevipes, 431 male holotype; 432 female. 433 – 434 Paranocarodes lubricus, 433 male (holotype of P. cilicicus); 434 female holotype. 435 – 436 Paranocarodes beieri, 435 male paratype; 436 female. 437 – 438 Ebnerodes toelgi, 437 male; 438 female.