Icacinaceae Miers

Rio, Cédric Del, Stull, Gregory W. & Franceschi, Dario De, 2020, Survey of the fruits and endocarps of Icacinaceae (Lamiids, Icacinales), European Journal of Taxonomy 645, pp. 1-130 : 9-10

Family Icacinaceae Miers

Figs 6–34

Description

FRUIT. Drupaceous, elliptical to globose, asymmetrical at the apex, occasionally including an accrescent perianth; laterally compressed, mainly red-black when mature; glabrous or pubescent with a wide diversity of hair shapes. Calyx usually persistent, occasionally separated from the fruit by a gynophore.

ENDOCARP. Cream to brown, bilaterally symmetrical, unilocular, single-seeded, elliptical to globose in lateral view, lenticular to globose in transverse section. Keel often surrounding the endocarp in the plane of symmetry, occasionally faintly apparent or with a channel. Apex acute to flattened, asymmetrical or slightly asymmetrical; base symmetrical or cleft on one side, rounded to acute. Outer surface of the endocarp smooth, rugose, ridged, or pitted (or often ridged and pitted). Endocarp primary vascular bundle positioned outside the endocarp wall (in the mesocarp), often in a channel on the keel, or embedded within the endocarp wall. Endocarp wall composed of interlocking digitate and sclerotic cells with different orientations, rarely homogeneous. Locule surface (= inner endocarp surface) macromorphology smooth, lacunate or with tubercles protruding into the locule. Locule surface micromorphology smooth, papillate or with inflated cells, occasionally hairy.

Key to genera of Icacinaceae s.str.

1. Endocarp wall homogeneous comprised of isodiametric cells .............................. Cassinopsis Sond.

– Endocarp wall not homogeneous or cells not exclusively isodiametric ........................................... 2

2. Hairs present on the locule surface ................................................................................................... 3

– Hairs absent from the locule surface ................................................................................................ 4

3. Endocarp width ca 40 mm, endocarp wall more than 700 µm thick ........................ Lavigeria Pierre

– Endocarp width ca 13 mm, endocarp wall less than 400 µm thick ................................ Leretia Vell.

4. Locule surface papillate .................................................................................................................... 5

– Locule surface not papillate .............................................................................................................. 6

5. Outer endocarp surface pitted ........................................................................................................... 7

– Outer endocarp surface not pitted ..................................................................................................... 8

6. Hairs-like unit present on the endocarp surface ................................................. Pleurisanthes Baill.

– Hairs-like unit absent from the endocarp surface ............................................................................. 9

7. Tubercles bullate ....................................................................................................... Miquelia Meisn.

– Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened ........................ Pyrenacantha Hook.

8. Endocarp primary vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall ............................. Iodes Blume

– Endocarp primary vascular bundle outside endocarp wall or in a channel .................................... 10

9. Outer endocarp surface pitted ..........................................................................................................11

– Outer endocarp surface not pitted ................................................................................................... 12

10. Outer endocarp surface completely smooth ................................................................... Iodes Blume

– Outer endocarp surface ridged or rugose, irregular ........................................................................ 13

11. Pits within shallow mounds slightly protruding inside the locule .......................... Phytocrene Wall.

– Pits within tubercles protruding inside the locule ........................................................................... 14

12. Endocarp thickness> 12 mm ..................................................................................... Icacina A.Juss.

– Endocarp thickness <10 mm .......................................................................................................... 15

13. Endocarp length ca 12 mm .................................................................. Hosiea Hemsl. & E.H.Wilson

– Endocarp length> 15 mm ............................................................................................................... 16

14. Tubercles bullate ................................................................................................. Stachyanthus Engl.

– Tubercles spiny, cylindrical, peg-shaped or elongate-flattened ........................ Pyrenacantha Hook.

15. Endocarp ridged and reticulate ....................................................................................................... 17

– Endocarp rugose, irregular .............................................................................................................. 18

16. Endocarp almost smooth, irregularly rugose but without clear protuberant structures ...................... .................................................................................................................. Sarcostigma Wight & Arn.

– Endocarp rugose with clear protuberant structures or ridged ......................................................... 19

17. Endocarp oblong .................................................................................... Alsodeiopsis Oliv. in Benth.

– Endocarp elliptical .......................................................................................................................... 20

18. Endocarp apex with prominent bulge or pores ............................................................................... 21

– Endocarp apex without ornamentation .......................................................................... Mappia Jacq.

19. Endocarp rugose, irregular ....................................................................... Mappianthus Hand. -Mazz.

– Endocarp ridged with a reticulate or diffuse ornamentation ................................ Rhyticaryum Becc.

20. Endocarp length ca 9 mm, 4–5 areoles formed by ridges on each face .............................................. ........................................................................................................... Natsiatum Buch. -Ham. ex Arn.

– Endocarp length> 11 mm, 20–30 areoles formed by ridges on each face .......................................... .................................................................................................... Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud

21. Endocarp with subapical pores .................................................. Vadensea Jongkind & O.Lachenaud

– Endocarp with apical bulge ............................................................................................................ 22

22. Ornamentation bullate, occuring in Madagascar............................. Desmostachys Planch. ex Miers

– Ornamentation more granular, occuring in Asia ............................................... Nothapodytes Blume

Figures

Fig. 6. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Alsodeiopsis mannii Oliv. (N. Hallé & J.F. Villiers 4579). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of seed and pericarp in transverse section. 8. Detail of the same section showing the mesocarp on the top and the endocarp wall at the bottom. 9. SEM image of the vascular bundle in a channel (arrow). – 10–18. Alsodeiopsis poggei Engl. (P. Sita 1872). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of simple the hairs on the epicarp surface. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of the vascular bundle in a channel (arrow). – 19–27. Alsodeiopsis staudtii Engl. (J.J.F.E. de Wilde 8304). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–25. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. Lateral view showing the vascularisation on the ridges. 26. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section with a vascular bundle (arrow). 27. SEM image of the simple hairs on the epicarp surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7, 25 = 1 mm; 9, 18, 26 = 500 μm; 8, 16–17, 27 = 200 μm.

Fig. 7. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Alsodeiopsis zenkeri Engl. (W.J.J.O. de Wilde 1549). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 8. SEM image of simple hairs on the epicarp surface. 9. SEM image of the vascular bundle in a channel (arrow). – 10–18. Cassinopsis ciliata Baker (H. Perrier De La Bâthie 4671). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. Transverse section of the fruit. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. Detail of the same section showing endocarp cells at the center of the wall. – 19–25. Cassinopsis ilicifolia (Hochst.) Sleumer (C.D. Louwsburg 2730). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–23. Endocarp (apex missing). 20. Lateral view. 21. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 25. Detail of the same section showing the cells. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15 = 10 mm; 16, 19–23 = 2.5 mm; 17 = 1 mm; 9, 24 = 500 μm; 7–8, 25 = 100 μm; 18 = 50 μm.

Fig. 8. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Cassinopsis madagascariensis Baill. (P.P. Lowry et al. 5162). 1. Broken fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 8. Detail of the same section showing the cells. 9. SEM image of the inner endocarp surface showing cluster of hairs inside. – 10– 16. Vadensea oblongifolia (Engl.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud (R. Letouzey 8309). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. – 17–25. Desmostachys planchonianus Miers (B. Lewis & S. Razafimandimbison 735). 17. Dried fruit, lateral view. 18–22.Endocarp. 18. Lateral view showing the roughness. 19. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 20. Opposite lateral view. 21. Apical view. 22. Basal view. 23. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section. 24. Detail of the basal part of 23. showing periclinally oriented cells. 25. Detail of the upper part of 23. showing anticlinally oriented cells. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 17–22 = 5 mm; 7 = 1 mm; 16 = 500 μm; 23 = 300 μm; 9 = 200 μm; 25 = 100 μm; 8, 24 = 50 μm.

Fig. 9. Fruits Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Vadensea tenuifolia (Oliv.) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud (J.J. Bos 4277). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of pericarp in transverse section. 8. SEM image of endocarp in transverse section. 9. SEM image of the vascular bundle in a channel. – 10–18. Vadensea vogelii (Miers) Jongkind & O.Lachenaud (Service forestier 364). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the ridges and roughness. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of simple hairs on the epicarp surface. – 19–25. Hosiea japonica Makino (Okudai 60474). 19–21. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 20. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 23. Detail of the same section showing the cells. 24. SEM image of the inner layer of the endocarp wall, showing papillae. 25. Detail of the same section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–21 = 10 mm; 7, 16, 22 = 1 mm; 9, 17 = 500 μm; 8 = 100 μm; 23 = 300 μm; 8, 18 = 200 μm; 24–25 = 20 μm.

Fig. 10. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Hosiea sinensis (Oliv.) Hemsl. & E.H. Wilson (M. l’abbé Farges s.n.). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of pericarp in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the endocarp cells in transverse section. 9. SEM image of papillae lining the locule. – 10–17. Icacina claessensii De Wild (C. Evard 5094). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the endocarp with ridges and separated mesocarp in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 18–26. Icacina guessfeldtii Asch. (J. Gillet 2674). 18. Dried fruit, lateral view. 19–24. Broken endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 20. Dorsal view. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. Detail of the apical view showing the pair of pores. 25. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the vascular bundle in the endocarp wall (arrow). 26. SEM image of the endocarp periclinally oriented cells. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 18–23 = 10 mm; 24 = 2 mm; 16, 25 = 1 mm; 7, 17, 26 = 200 μm; 8–9 = 50 μm.

Fig. 11. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Icacina mannii Oliv. (J. Koechlin 2334). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the mounds. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall in transverse section (arrow). 8. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 9. SEM image of the papillae-like hairs on epicarp. – 10–18. Icacina oliviformis (Poir.) J.Raynal (M. Dybowski 698). 10. Broken fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the mounds. 12. Dorsal view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. Detail of apical view showing pores (arrows). 16. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall in transverse section (arrow). 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of the ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex on the epicarp. – 19–27. Icacina trichantha Oliv. (J.C. Okafor fhi 34969). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–24. Broken endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall in transverse section (arrow). 26. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section. 27. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–14, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7, 15, 25 = 1 mm; 16, 26 = 500 μm; 8, 27 = 300 μm, 17 = 200 μm; 9, 18 = 100 μm.

Fig. 12. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Iodes africana Welw. Ex Oliv. (R.P. Tisserant s.n.). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view of the endocarp showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view of the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section and papillae on the inner surface. 9. SEM surface view of the papillae lining the locule. – 10–13. Iodes balansae Gagnep. (Liu 171). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11. Lateral view of a part of the endocarp showing the double reticulation (arrow = horn-like protrusions). 12. SEM image of primary ridges in transverse section. 13. SEM image of secondary ridges in transverse section. – 14–23. Iodes cirrhosa Turcz (B. Hayata 672). 14. Dried fruit, lateral view. 15–19. Endocarp. 15. Lateral view showing the ridges and roughness. 16. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 17. Opposite lateral view. 18. Apical view. 19. Basal view. 20. SEM image of a vascular bundle embedded within endocarp wall in transverse section of the pericarp (arrow). 21. SEM image of an endocarp ridge in a transverse section of the pericarp. 22. SEM image of the lower part of the endocarp wall in transverse section and papillae on the inner surface. 23. SEM surface view of the papillae lining the locule. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–11, 14–19 = 10 mm; 12 = 1 mm; 13, 20–21 = 500 μm; 7, 9 = 300 μm; 8, 23 = 50 μm; 22 = 20 μm.

Fig. 13. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Iodes kamerunensis Engl. (G.A. Zenker 2032). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow) in a transverse section of the pericarp. 8. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section of the pericarp. 9. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 10–18. Iodes klaineana Pierre (R.P. Klaine 3064). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow) in a transverse section of the pericarp. 17. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section of the pericarp. 18. SEM image of the cells of the endocarp. – 19–27. Iodes liberica Stapf (J.G. Adam 3833). 19. Broken dried fruit, lateral view. 20–24. Broken endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow). 26. SEM image of a ridge and endocarp wall in transverse section. 27. Portion of the endocarp wall. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7, 16, 25 = 1 mm; 8, 17 = 500 μm; 26 = 300 μm; 9 = 200 μm; 27 = 100 μm; 18 = 50 μm.

Fig. 14. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Iodes madagascariensis Baill. (Chapelier s.n.; MNHN- P-P04472113). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp in a transverse section showing the vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow). 8. Other view of the pericarp in a transverse section showing the endocarp wall. 9. Detail showing the papillae on the locule surface. – 10–18. Iodes ovalis Blume (Hiep HLF 203). 10. Broken dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the reticulation and roughness. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view (arrow = horn-like protrusion). 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow). 17. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section. 18. SEM image of the papillae on the locule surface. – 19–27. Iodes perrieri Sleumer (Perrier de la Bâthie 17843). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–24. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of faintly marked ridges. 21. Dorsal view of endocarp. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of a ridge and endocarp wall in transverse section. 26. Detail showing the endocarp cells in the upper part. 27. SEM image of the papillae on the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 16 = 1 mm; 7–8, 17, 25 = 500 μm; 26 = 200 μm; 9, 18, 27 = 50 μm.

Fig. 15. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Iodes philippinensis Merr. (A.D.E. Elmer 16418). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the primary ridges and secondary reticulation. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the uncinate hairs on the epicarp surface. 8. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow) seen in a transverse section of the pericarp. 9. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 10–17. Iodes scandens (Becc.) Utteridge & Byng (MO). 10. Lateral view of the endocarp showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 11–14. Endocarp. 11. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp partially splitted in the same plane. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section. 16. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp cells and potential papillae on the locule surface (arrow). – 18–26. Iodes seguinii (H.Lév.) Rehder (Abbé Cavalerie 3932). 18. Dried fruit, lateral view. 19–23. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the smooth surface with the vasculature on a faintly marked channel. 20. Dorsal view showing the channel. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view with the channel seen on the left side. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the channel containing the vascular bundle. 25. SEM image of endocarp wall in transverse section. 26. Detail showing the endocarp basal cells. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–14, 18–23 = 10 mm; 7, 15 = 1 mm; 8, 16, 24 = 500 μm; 9, 25 = 200 μm; 26 = 50 μm; 17 = 30 μm.

Fig. 16. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Iodes seretii (De Wild.) Boutique (D. Thomas & M. Etuge 63). 1. Broken dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view of the endocarp showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pilose indumentum on the epicarp surface and of a transverse section of the pericarp. 8. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow) in a transverse section of the pericarp. 9. SEM image of basal endocarp cells in a transverse section and papillae on the locule surface. – 10–18. Iodes yatesii Merr. (Burley 1577). 10–15. Endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing the double reticulation. 11. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. Magnification of areoles showing the secondary reticulation. 16. SEM image of a vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow). 17. SEM image of primary and secondary ridges in transverse view. 18. Detail of the right part of the same section showing the cells organization in endocarp wall and secondary ridges. – 19– 21. Lavigeria macrocarpa (Oliv.) Pierre. 19–21. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing ridges /roughness (R. Letouzey 8970). 20. Transverse section showing the vascular bundle (arrow) embedded within the endocarp wall (N. Hallé 3734). 21. SEM image of the same section showing the endocarp wall and the locule with simple hairs (arrow) (Bos 4098). Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–14, 19–20 = 10 mm; 7, 21 = 2 mm; 15, 17 = 1 mm; 8, 16, 18 = 500 μm; 9 = 50 μm.

Fig. 17. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Leretia cordata Vell. (J.C. Solomon 17073). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view of a broken endocarp showing channels and vascularization. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the vascular bundle embedded within the endocarp wall (arrow). 8. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 9. Detail showing cells. – 10–18. Mappia longipes Lundell (M. Guillermo Ibarra 72). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing faint roughness. 12. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section. 18. Detail showing anticlinally oriented cells. – 19–26. Mappia multiflora Lundell (Contreras 6781). 19–23. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the channels and the vasculature. 20. Dorsal view (with a broken part at left apex). 21. Second lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of a transverse section showing a channel with the vascular bundle (arrow). 25. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 26. Enlargement showing detail of anticlinally oriented cells and vasculature on the endocarp. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–23 = 10 mm; 7, 16, 24 = 1 mm; 17, 25 = 500 μm; 8 = 300 μm; 26 = 200 μm; 9 = 100 μm; 18 = 50 μm.

Fig. 18. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–8. Mappia racemosa Jacq. (H.A. Van Hermann 250). 1–5. Endocarp. 1. Lateral view showing rough surface. 2. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 3. Opposite lateral view. 4. Apical view. 5. Basal view. 6. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 7. Detail showing anticlinally oriented outer layer cells. 8. Detail showing periclinally oriented inner layer cells. – 9–17. Mappianthus iodoides Hand.-Mazz. (A.N. Steward & H.C. Cheo 1093). 9. Broken dried fruit, lateral view. 10–14. Endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing the mounds. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of a pericarp transverse section showing the channel with the vascular bundle. 16. SEM image of the pericarp transverse section. 17. SEM image of the papillae in the locule. – 18–23. Miquelia assamica (Griff.) Mast. ex B.D.Jacks. (Wight s.n.). 18–19. Endocarp. 18. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 19. Opposite lateral view. 20. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 21. Detail showing the rows of cells in the endocarp wall. 22. Other detail showing the bullate tubercle. 23. SEM image of the inner part of the endocarp and the papillae in transverse section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–5, 9–14, 18–19 = 10 mm; 20 = 1 mm; 6, 15–16, 22 = 500 μm; 17, 21 = 300 μm; 7–8 = 100 μm; 23 = 50 μm.

Fig. 19. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–8. Miquelia caudata King (Mohd, Shah & Sidek 1168). 1. Dried fruit with acuminate apex and an elongate gynophore (here broken), lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing ridges and pits. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the bullate tubercle in the locule. 8. SEM image of the papillae on the tubercle surface. – 9–17. Miquelia celebica Blume (J.S.A. Kruiff 23). 9. Dried fruit with an elongate gynophore, lateral view. 10–14. Endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing ridges and pits. 11. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing a ridge. 16. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the bullate tubercle. 17. SEM image of the inner part of the endocarp in transverse section showing papillae. – 18–26. Natsiatum herpeticum Buch.- Ham. ex Arn. (H.B. Cale s.n.). 18. Broken dried fruit, lateral view. 19–23. Broken endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the ridges. 20. Dorsal view showing a keel surrounding the endocarp. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the channel with the vascular bundle (arrow). 25. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the ridge. 26. Detail showing cells of the endocarp. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 9–14, 18–23 = 10 mm; 15, 24 = 1 mm; 7, 16, 25 = 500 μm; 26 = 200 μm; 8, 17 = 50 μm.

Fig. 20. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabb. (A.H.H. Jayasuriya 1922). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the roughness. 3. Dorsal view of the endocarp with a channel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 8. Detail showing the inner part of the endocarp cells. 9. Other detail showing the outer part of the endocarp cells. – 10–18. Nothapodytes pittosporoides (Oliv.) (s. col. 4118). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the roughness. 12. Dorsal view of the endocarp with a channel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of a pericarp transverse section showing the vascular bundle in a channel. 17. SEM image of a pericarp transverse section with a vasculature between mesocarp and endocarp. 18. SEM image of the endocarp cells in transverse section. – 19–26. Phytocrene anomala Merr. (M. Ramos 1840). 19. Dried fruit with an accrescent apex, lateral view. 20–25. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the pits in broad, concave pits. 21. Dorsal view. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the endocarp showing a pit in transverse section. 26. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7, 16–17, 25 = 500 μm; 18 = 300 μm; 8–9 = 200 μm; 26 = 100 μm.

Fig. 21. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–8. Phytocrene borneensis Becc. (B. Lee S.40246). 1. Dried fruit with a widely accrescent apex, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of endocarp wall in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the narrow pit in transverse section. – 9–16. Phytocrene bracteata Wall. (W.S. Kurz s.n.). 9. Dried fruit with a widely accrescent apex, lateral view. 10–14. Broken endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing the reticulation and pits. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 16. SEM image of the narrow pit in transverse section. – 17–24. Phytocrene hirsuta Blume (O. Beccari HB.2497/98). 17. Dried fruit with a widely accrescent apex, lateral view. 18–22. Endocarp. 18. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 19. Dorsal view. 20. Opposite lateral view. 21. Apical view. 22. Basal view. 23. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 24. SEM image of the narrow pit in transverse section, here enlarged towards the locule. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 9–14, 17–22 = 10 mm; 7–8, 15–16, 23–24 = 500 μm.

Fig. 22. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Phytocrene macrophylla (Blume) Blume (J. & M.S. Clemens 26544 Bis). 1. Dried fruit with an accrescent apex, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of pericarp in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the endocarp showing a narrow pit in transverse section. 9. SEM image of the cluster of hairs on the epicarp surface. – 10–18. Phytocrene oblonga Wall. (s. col. s.n.; P). 10. Dried fruit with an accrescent apex, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the broad, concave pits. 12. Dorsal view. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the endocarp showing a pit in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of inflated cells on the locule surface. – 19–26. Phytocrene palmata Wall. (Jacobs 8155). 19–23. Broken endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the pits. 20. Dorsal view showing the keel. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section 25. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section showing a narrow pit. 26. Detail showing cells on and around the pit. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–23 = 10 mm; 7–9, 16, 24–25 = 500 μm; 26 = 200 μm; 17–18 = 100 μm.

Fig. 23. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pleurisanthes flava Sandwith (J.J. Pipoly 10168). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing mounds and hairs-like fibres. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the pericarp with a vasculature in an endocarp channel (arrow). 8. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 9. SEM image of the small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex on the epicarp surface. – 10– 18. Pyrenacantha acuminata Engl. (R.P. Tisserant 2085). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and the main ridge. 12. Dorsal view. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section showing spiny tubercles. 17. SEM image of tubercle cells in longitudinal section of the tubercule. 18. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 19–27. Pyrenacantha ambrensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. (O. Andrianantoanina & A. Solotiana 62). 19. Dried fruit with an elongate gynophore here broken, lateral view. 20–24. Broken endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing circular pits. 21. Dorsal view showing a keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 26. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 27. SEM image of cells of the tubercle in its longitudinal section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 16, 25 = 2 mm; 7 = 1 mm; 18, 26 = 500 μm; 8, 27 = 300 μm; 9, 17 = 100 μm.

Fig. 24. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha andapensis Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. (D. Ravelonarivo et al. 72). 1. Dried fruit with anelongate gynophore here boken, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the endocarp wall with spiny tubercles in transverse section. 8. SEM image of cells in the inner part of the endocarp wall in transverse section and the innermost layer that line the locule with papillae. 9. SEM image of the small ovoid hairs with an acuminate apex on the epicarp surface. – 10–17. Pyrenacantha anhydathoda (Villiers) Byng & Utteridge (R.P. Teilles 100). 10–14. Endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing the pits and the main ridges. 11. Dorsal view. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of the endocarp showing elongate-flattened tubercles. 16. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 17. SEM image of spherical papillae lining the locule surface. – 18–26. Pyrenacantha capitata H.Perrier (F. Ratovoson et al. 678). 18. Dried fruit with a short gynophore, lateral view. 19–23. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the pits. 20. Dorsal view. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the fruit in transverse section showing spiny tubercles and long and thin hairs on the epicarp. 25. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 26. SEM image of the cells of the tubercle in its longitudinal section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–14, 18–23 = 10 mm; 7, 24 = 2 mm; 15, 25 = 1 mm; 9 = 500 μm; 16, 26 = 300 μm; 8 = 200 μm; 17 = 30 μm.

Fig. 25. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha cordicula Villiers (M. Etuge & D. Thomas 28). 1. Dried fruit with a short gynophore, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the endocarp showing cylindrical tubercles. 8. SEM image of cells of the tubercle in its transverse section. 9. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 10–18. Pyrenacantha glabrescens (Engl.) Engl. (A. Chevalier 17326). 10. Dried fruit with a short gynophore, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits (decayed). 12. Dorsal view. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the atrophied spiny tubercles. 17. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 18. SEM image of the uncinate hairs on the epicarp. – 19–27. Pyrenacantha gossweileri (Exell) Byng & Utteridge (Y. Attims 42). 19. Dried fruit with an inflated cap and ending with a short tube, lateral view. 20–24. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing the keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the fruit and seed in transverse section. 26. SEM detail of transverse section of the endocarp showing an elongate-flattened tubercle. 27. SEM image of the inner layers of the endocarp showing papillae lining the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7, 25 = 2 mm; 16–17 = 1 mm; 8, 26 = 500 μm; 9, 18 = 300 μm; 27 = 50 μm.

Fig. 26. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha humblotii (Baill. ex Grandid.) Sleumer (M. Nicoll, P. Lowry & A. Rakotozafy 570). 1. Dried fruit with a broken gynophore, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the fruit in transverse section showing endocarp with spiny tubercles. 8. SEM image of tubercle cells in its longitudinal section. 9. SEM image of the papillae on the tubercle surface. – 10–18. Pyrenacantha kaurabassana Baill. (A. Gomes e Sousa 1584). 10. Dried fruit with a portion of the gynophore, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and sharp ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the peg-shaped tubercles in a transverse section of the pericarp (note the presence of fungal hyphae). 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of the papillae on the tubercle surface. – 19–27. Pyrenacantha klaineana Pierre ex Exell & Mendonça (A.J.M. Leewenber 4523). 19. Dried fruit with a gynophore here broken, lateral view. 20– 24. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the pits. 21. Dorsal view showing the keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the capitate peg-shaped tubercles. 26. SEM image showing cells of the tubercle in its longitudinal section. 27. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7 = 2 mm; 16, 25 = 1 mm; 17 = 500 μm; 8 = 300 μm; 18 = 200 μm; 26–27 = 100 μm; 9 = 50 μm.

Fig. 27. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha laetevirens Sleumer (H. Grevé 234). 1. Dried fruit with a short gynophore here partially broken, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits and flattened reticulation. 3. Dorsal view. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the cylindrical tubercle between seed cells. 8. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the indumentum on the epicarp. 9. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section. – 10–18. Pyrenacantha lebrunii Boutique (F.J. Breteler 2933). 10. Dried fruit with a short gynophore and elongate apex, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of pericarp with the spiny tubercles and corresponding seed cavities separated from each other after retraction of the seed tissue due to drying. 17. Detail of the endocarp in transverse section showing the wall and tubercle cells. 18. Other detail showing simple hairs on the epicarp. – 19–25. Pyrenacantha longirostrata Villiers (R. Letouzey 14156). 19–22. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view of the apical part of the endocarp showing the pits and ridges. 20. Opposite lateral view. 21. Internal view showing spiny tubercles. 22. Apical view. 23. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section showing wall and tubercle cells. 24. SEM image of uncinate hairs on the epicarp. 25. SEM image of papillae on the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–20, 22 = 10 mm; 7, 16 = 2 mm; 8, 21 = 1 mm; 23 = 500 μm; 9, 17–18 = 300 μm; 24 = 100 μm; 25 = 30 μm.

Fig. 28. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–8. Pyrenacantha macrocarpa (A.Chev. ex Hutch. & Dalziel) Byng & Utteridge (J. De Koning 4918). 1. Dried fruit with a short gynophore and an inflated cap ending with an elongated tube, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits. 3. Dorsal view showing a keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the outer surface with pits and transverse section of the endocarp showing wall and elongate-flattened tubercles. 8. SEM image of the inner layers of the endocarp wall. – 9–17. Pyrenacantha malvifolia Engl. (R.M. Polhill & S. Paulo 475). 9. Dried fruit with a short gynophore, lateral view. 10–14. Broken endocarp. 10. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 11. Dorsal view showing the keel. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Apical view. 14. Basal view. 15. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing peg-shaped tubercles on the inner part of the endocarp. 16. Detail of longidudinal section of the tubercle showing the cells. 17. Other detail showing the papillae and one stoma (arrow) on the apex of a tubercle. – 18–26. Pyrenacantha puberula Boutique (C. Evrard 601). 18. Dried fruit with a short gynophore and a short acuminate apex, lateral view. 19–23. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the pits. 20. Dorsal view showing the keel. 21. Opposite lateral view showing the pitted seed in the right bottom part (endocarp missing in this part). 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the fruit in transverse section showing spiny tubercles. 25. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section showing the wall and the base of tubercle. 26. SEM image of the papillae on the apex of the tubercle. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 9–14, 18–23 = 10 mm; 7, 15, 24 = 2 mm; 25 = 300 μm; 16, 26 = 200 μm; 8, 17 = 50 μm.

Fig. 29. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha rakotozafyi Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. (F. Barthelat 1764). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section showing peg-shaped tubercles. 8. Detail showing the tubercle base and endocarp cells in transverse section. 9. SEM image of the uncinate hairs on the epicarp. – 10–18. Pyrenacantha soyauxii (Engl.) Byng & Utteridge (R.P. Klaine 1469). 10. Dried fruit with a short gynophore (broken here) and an inflated cap at the apex, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of an elongate-flattened tubercle. 17. SEM image of an elongate-flattened tubercle in its longitudinal section. 18. Detail showing the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 19–27. Pyrenacantha staudtii (Engl.) Engl. (R.P. Tisserant 1737). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 19–24. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing the keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of fruit in transverse section showing the cylindrical tubercles. 26. Detail of a tubercle base and endocarp cells in transverse section. 27. SEM image of the capitate tubercle apices. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 25 = 2 mm; 7 = 1 mm; 16–18, 26–27 = 500 μm; 8 = 300 μm; 9 = 100 μm.

Fig. 30. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha sylvestris S.Moore (N. Hallé 3598). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the fruit in transverse section showing cylindrical tubercles. 8. Detail of a tubercle base and endocarp cells in transverse section. 9. Detail of the pericarp showing endocarp bellow the mesocarp and epicarp covered by dense simple hairs. – 10–18. Pyrenacantha thomsoniana (Bail.) Byng & Utteridge (M. Le Testu 1038). 10. Dried fruit with short gynophore and a cap ending in a very long tip, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the elongate-flattened tubercles. 17. SEM image of pericarp showing the long and thin hairs on the epicarp. 18. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section bearing the tubercules. – 19–26. Pyrenacantha tropophila Labat, El-Achkar & R.Rabev. (H. Perrier de la Bâthie 1746). 19–23. Endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the pits. 20. Dorsal view. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the endocarp and seed in transverse section showing the spiny tubercles. 25. Detail of longitudinal section of a tubercle base. 26. Detail showing inner layers of the endocarp and the papillae emerging from the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–23 = 10 mm; 7, 17, 24 = 2 mm; 16, 18 = 1 mm; 9 = 500 μm; 8, 25 = 300 μm; 26 = 50 μm.

Fig. 31. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Pyrenacantha vogeliana Baill. (R.P. Sacleux 1873). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing pits and faintly marked ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the endocarp in a transverse section showing peg-shaped tubercles. 8. SEM image of a longitudinal section of the peg-shaped tubercle showing cells and central lacuna. 9. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section. – 10–17. Rhyticaryum elegans G.Schellenb. (R. Schlechter 18681). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–14. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Opposite lateral view. 13. Basal view. 14. Magnification of the lateral view showing the pore at the apex (arrow). 15. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing a ridge. 16. SEM image of the endocarp and mesocarp in transverse section. 17. Detail of the inner layers of the endocarp with papillae lining the locule surface. – 18–25. Rhyticaryum fasciculatum Becc. (Heu Her 4). 18–22. Endocarp. 18. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 19. Dorsal view showing the keel. 20. Opposite lateral view. 21. Apical view. 22. Basal view. 23. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 24. Detail showing the cell arrangement. 25. Other detail of inner part of the endocarp showing the papillae lining the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–13, 18–22 = 10 mm; 7, 14, 23 = 1 mm; 15–16, 24 = 500 μm; 9 = 300 μm; 8 = 200 μm; 25 = 100 μm; 17 = 50 μm.

Fig. 32. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Rhyticaryum longifolium K.Schum. & Lauterb. (Jacobs 9671). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the keel in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing the ridges and endocarp wall. 9. SEM image of papillae lining the locule surface. – 10–18. Rhyticaryum macrocarpum Becc. 10. Dried fruit, lateral view (W. Vink 11381). 11–15. Endocarp (W. Vink 11381). 11. Lateral view showing the ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. Lateral view of other specimen showing the reticulum of ridges (Katik 46856). 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section (W. Vink 11381). 18. SEM image of papillae lining the locule surface (W. Vink 11381). – 19–26. Rhyticaryum novoguineense (Warb.) Sleumer. (A. Millar, NGF 40764). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–24. Endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing the keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section. 26. SEM image of the papillae lining the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–16, 19–24 = 10 mm; 7–8, 17, 25 = 1 mm; 18, 26 = 100 μm; 9 = 50 μm.

Fig. 33. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Rhyticaryum oleraceum Becc. (P. Buwalda 4471). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Broken endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the keel in transverse section. 8. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 9. SEM image of papillae lining the locule surface. – 10–18. Rhyticaryum racemosum Becc. (Royen 3448). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Broken endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing a reticulate pattern of ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of a ridge in transverse section. 17. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 18. SEM image of papillae lining the locule surface. – 19–24. Sarcostigma kleinii Wight & Arn. (King’s Collector s.n.). 19– 21. Broken endocarp. 19. Lateral view showing the faint ornamentation. 20. Dorsal view. 21. Opposite lateral view. 22. Apical view. 23. Basal view. 24. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. – 25–31. Sarcostigma paniculata Pierre; E. (Poilane 6677). 25. Dried fruit, lateral view. 26–30. Broken endocarp. 26. Lateral view showing the indistinct ornamentation. 27. Dorsal view showing the keel. 28. Opposite lateral view. 29. Apical view. 30. Basal view. 31. SEM image of the endocarp wall in transverse section. 32. SEM image of the papillae lining the locule surface. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–23, 25–30 = 10 mm; 16 = 1 mm; 7, 17, 24, 31 = 500 μm; 8 = 200 μm; 18, 32 = 100 μm; 9 = 50 μm.

Fig. 34. Fruits of Icacinaceae Miers. 1–9. Stachyanthus donisii (Boutique) Boutique (J.H. Laurent 423). 1. Dried fruit, lateral view. 2–6. Endocarp. 2. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 3. Dorsal view showing the keel. 4. Opposite lateral view. 5. Apical view. 6. Basal view. 7. SEM image of the bullate tubercle from the locule side. 8. SEM image of the endocarp in transverse section, showing arrangement of the bullate tubercle cells. 9. Detail showing the central tubercle cells. – 10–18. Stachyanthus occidentalis (Keay & É. Miège) Boutique (A. Chevalier 23794). 10. Dried fruit, lateral view. 11–15. Endocarp. 11. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 12. Dorsal view showing the keel. 13. Opposite lateral view. 14. Apical view. 15. Basal view. 16. SEM image of the bullate tubercles from the locule side. 17. SEM image of the pericarp in transverse section showing bullate tubercles. 18. Detail of the endocarp wall. – 19–27. Stachyanthus zenkeri Engl. (Carvalho 3626). 19. Dried fruit, lateral view. 20–24. Broken endocarp. 20. Lateral view showing the pits and ridges. 21. Dorsal view showing the keel. 22. Opposite lateral view. 23. Apical view. 24. Basal view. 25. SEM image in transverse section of the pericarp showing the ridges and bullate tubercles. 26. Detail on the pericarp in transverse section. 27. Detail showing the endocarp wall. Images taken from Del Rio (2018). Scale bars: 1–6, 10–15, 19–24 = 10 mm; 25 = 2 mm; 26 = 1 mm; 8, 17, 27 = 500 μm; 7 = 300 μm; 16, 18 = 200 μm; 9 = 50 μm.