Campylomma Reuter, 1878

Konstantinov, Fedor V., Neimorovets, Vladimir V. & Korzeev, Andrei I., 2015, The genus Campylomma Reuter, 1878 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Miridae: Phylinae): two new synonyms and discussion of the diagnosis, Zootaxa 3974 (2), pp. 203-216 : 204-205

Campylomma Reuter, 1878

Discussion of diagnostic characters. For almost a century, the genus had been traditionally diagnosed by the head shape, the color-pattern of hind femur with the conspicuous dark brown spots, and the absence of flattened setae on dorsum (e.g., Reuter 1878; Wagner 1961, 1975; Linnavuori 1975). As reflected in the name of the genus, virtually all Campylomma spp. have rather distinctive head shape, broadly oval and almost not projecting ventrally below inferior margins of large eyes ( Figs. 37, 40 ), with flat clypeus and without postocular lobe behind eyes. However, a similar head shape occurs in other phylines, including Rhinacloa Reuter , a genus apparently closely related to Campylomma .

Schuh (1984) provided a detailed discussion of all characters potentially useful in distinguishing the genus on a worldwide basis. His generic diagnosis was substantially based on the presence of a novel character, viz. subapical row of tiny black spicules on the dorsal surface of hind femur ( Figs. 44–50 ). This character had been considered unique for Campylomma until subsequent studies revealed its presence in Rhinacloa ( Schuh & Schwartz 1985) , Atractotomus (Stonedahl 1995) , Pinomiris ( Stonedahl & Schwartz 1996) , Phoenicocoris , and Kasumiphylus ( Schwartz & Stonedahl 2004) . Moreover, Malipatil (1992) documented the absence of a row of spicules on hind femur in Campylomma seminigricaput Girault.

Other features used for distinguishing of Campylomma are variable within the genus and/or present in some other genera of Phylini . Schuh (1984) documented an extraordinary diversity of parempodia structure assigned by him in four types, and ranging from straight, setiform to flattened and apically convergent. Examination of the available material allows us to conclude that the vast majority of western Palearctic Campylomma species have long setiform parempodia with spatulate apices ( Figs. 51–53, 56 ); the same pattern is known for some extrapalearctic species as well ( Fig. 55 , see also Malipatil 1992). However, parempodia are setiform and apically acuminate in several western Palearctic species, namely in C. acaciae Linnavuori , C. angustulum Reuter , and C. nigrifemur Wagner ( Fig. 54 ).

Male genitalia and especially vesica have been extensively used as a primary character to define phyline genera, e.g. Atractotomus ( Stonedahl 1990) , Plagiognathus ( Schuh 2001) , Phoenicocoris ( Schwartz & Stonedahl 2004) , Solenoxyphus ( Konstantinov 2008b) , Phaeochiton ( Konstantinov 2008c) , Leucodellus ( Konstantinov 2012) etc. However, structure of the vesica cannot be viewed as diagnostic of Campylomma either. Most species of this genus have an S-shaped vesica with a subapical secondary gonopore and two apical blades of varying shape and length. However, in some species these blades are strongly reduced or vesica is terminated with a single blade (e.g., C. marmarosum Schuh , C. novohebridensis Schuh , and C. buddlejae Duwal, Yasunaga & Lee ; see discussions in Schuh 1984, Duwal et al. 2010). Most Western Palearctic species have a uniform and quite distinctive type of vesica with two small blades tightly adjoined to each other and separated with membranous area from the lateral straps of vesica ( Figs. 15–24 ). Still, in four Western Palearctic species, namely C. acaciae Linnavuori , C. angustulum Reuter , C. leptadeniae Linnavuori , and C. nigrifemur Wagner lateral straps of the vesica are directly continued into relatively large apical blades ( Figs. 25–27 ).

The presence of conspicuous black spots at bases of femoral spines and trichobothria, although typical for Campylomma spp., again is not diagnostic on the worldwide basis for the genus as these spots are missing in a number of species, e.g. C. acaciae Linnavuori and C. nigrifemur Wagner. Furthermore , a similar color pattern on femora occurs in other phyline genera, e.g. Atomoscelis , Badezorus or Camptotylus (see descriptions in Wagner 1975, Linnavuori 1997, Konstantinov 2008a).

Species of the genus Campylomma had long been considered as having exclusively simple setae on dorsum (e.g. Wagner 1975) until Schuh (1984) revealed many oriental species with vestiture composed of a mixture of flattened and simple setae. Our observation shows that all Western Palearctic Campylomma spp. have moderately flattened silvery setae on hemelytron in addition to dark or pale simple setae ( Fig. 43 ). However, the flattened setae are barely recognizable, scarce, easily obliterated and may be entirely missing on hemelytron of a particular specimen. Schuh & Schwartz (1985) recognized and defined two basic types of scale-like setae in phylines, subsequently referred to as type 1 and 2 by Stonedahl (1990): (1) narrow, mesially swollen, moderately flattened and apically acuminate; and (2) broad, strongly flattened, apically broad and serrate. All examined species of Campylomma except C. leptadeniae have type 1 scale-like setae.

While there appears to be no single feature unique for Campylomma , the genus still can be distinguished by a combination of characters outlined by Schuh (1984), namely the head shape, the apical blades of vesica usually separated with membranous area from the lateral straps or at least basally surrounded with membrane, and the vestiture of dorsum composed of simple setae intermixed with usually scarce type 1 scale-like setae. The genus is most similar in the head structure, body proportions, and the presence of spicules on hind femur to the New World genus Rhinacloa . However, the latter genus can be distinguished by the presence of strongly flattened, type 2 scales on dorsum, large pulvilli covering almost entire ventral claw surface and slender vesica with single blade. Schuh (1984, see also Schuh & Schwartz 1985) considered Rhinacloa as a putative sister genus of Campylomma but the most recent phylogenetic analysis rendered Badezorus signaticornis Reuter as a sister taxon of Campylomma spp. (Menard et al. 2013). The genus Badezorus currently contains six species which are similar to Campylomma spp. in size, body proportions and color pattern of the hind femur but differing from that genus in the large pulvilli covering almost entire claw surface, smaller eyes, narrow but distinct postocular lobe behind each eye, phallotheca with subapical process, and vesica with secondary gonopore far removed from apex and characteristically long and thin, attenuate apical blade. Schuh (1984) further noted the absence of a row of spicules on the hind femur in Badezorus ( B. signaticornis Reuter examined), and we concur with this conclusion after study of four more species from this genus, viz. B. annulicornis Reuter , B. ferdowsii Linnavuori , B. immaculatus Linnavuori , and B. tomentosus Reuter.

Nigrocapillocoris , one more taxon tentatively related to Campylomma , was initially established by Wagner (1973) as a subgenus of Sthenarus to accommodate a single species, Agalliastes ochraceus Scott, 1872 . This subgenus was upgraded to generic rank by Wagner & Weber (1978) while Kerzhner & Josifov (1999) suspected its synonymy with Salicarus Kerzhner. Our examination of the available material shows that irrespective of the structural diversity documented within Campylomma , N. ochraceus clearly belongs to that genus in the sense of its type species, C. nigronasutum Reuter. Nigrocapillocoris ochraceus agrees in all essential features with the type species, including the shape of head ( Figs. 10–11 , 33 ), vestiture, color pattern of femora ( Fig. 34 ), presence of a row of spicules on the dorsal surface of hind femur ( Fig. 50 ), spatulate parempodia ( Figs 52, 53 ), and apical blades of vesica separated with membranous area from the lateral straps ( Figs. 24 , 28 ). Based on the above features, the genus Nigrocapillocoris Wagner, 1973 is synonymized with Campylomma Reuter, 1878 .

Figures

FIGURES 36 – 44. SEM micrographs of selected structures. 36 – 38 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878, male, head in lateral, frontal and dorsal views; 39 – 40 — Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843), male, head in lateral and frontal views; 41 — Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843), female, head in dorsal view; 42 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878, male, thoracic pleurites; 43 — Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843), male, vestiture on hemelytron; 44 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878, male, hind femur.

FIGURES 45 – 56. SEM micrographs of selected structures. 45 – 50 — hind femur, male: 45 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878; 46 — Campylomma nigronasutum Reuter, 1878; 47 — Campylomma verbasci (Meyer-Dür, 1843); 48 — Campylomma nigrifemur Wagner, 1976; 49 — Campylomma angustulum Steyskal, 1973; 50 — Campylomma ochraceum (Scott, 1872); 51 – 56 — pretarsus, male: 51 — Campylomma nigronasutum Reuter, 1878; 52 – 53 — Campylomma ochraceum (Scott, 1872); 54 — Campylomma nigrifemur Wagner, 1976; 55 — Campylomma liebknechti (Girault, 1934); 56 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878.

FIGURES 12 – 27. Vesica in lateral view: 12 — Campylomma annulicorne (V. Signoret, 1865); 13 — Campylomma celatum Wagner, 1969; 14 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878.

FIGURES 1 – 11. Head, frontal view: 1 – 5 — Campylomma celatum Wagner, 1969: 1 — male, holotype; 2 – 4 — female, paratype; 5 — male, paratype; 6 – 7 — Campylomma annulicorne (V. Signoret, 1865): 6 — female, 7 — male; 8 – 9 — Campylomma diversicorne Reuter, 1878: 8 — female, 9 — male; head, dorsal view 10 – 11 — Campylomma ochraceum (Scott, 1872): 10 — male; 11 — female.

FIGURES 28 – 35. Campylomma ochraceum (Scott, 1872): 28 — vesica, lateral view; 29 — vesica, ventral view; 30 — apex of phallotheca; 31 — right paramere; 32 — left paramere; 33 — lateral view of head and thorax; 34 — apex of hind femur; 35 — general habitus.