Cimbicidae, W. Kirby, 1837

Vilhelmsen, Lars, Smith, David R. & Malagón-Aldana, Leonardo A., 2018, A review of the South American genera of Cimbicidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera), European Journal of Taxonomy 482, pp. 1-36 : 4-11

Key to the species of South American Cimbicidae

1. Antennae with at least five antennomeres, one or more apical antennomeres expanded, forming distinct club ( Fig. 1 A–B); mesopseudosternal sulcus lateroventrally on mesopleuron absent; fore wing vein 2 r always present, vein Rs always absent between cells 1R and Rs ( Fig. 2 A–B); lateral part of abdominal terga separated from median by fold or unsclerotized line, spiracles below line on lateral part ( Fig. 3A ) …………………………………………………2. Cimbicidae

– Antennae with various numbers of antennomeres, sometimes less than five; apical antennomeres usually not expanded; mesopseudosternal sulcus lateroventrally on mesopleuron present or absent; fore wing 2 r absent or present, vein Rs absent or present ( Fig. 2C ) between cells 1R and Rs; if antennal club present, then fore wing vein 2 r absent ( Fig. 2C ); lateral part of abdominal terga rarely separated from median part ( Fig. 3B ) ………………………………………not Cimbicidae

2. Five antennomeres present ( Fig. 1A ); median mesoscutal sulcus and notauli always well developed ( Fig. 4A ); fore wing with vein M always joins Sc+R close to Rs+M junction ( Fig. 2A ). Exclusively South American ……………………………………………………3. South American Cimbicidae

– Five or more antennomeres present ( Fig. 1B ); median mesoscutal sulcus and notauli present or absent ( Fig. 4B ); if present, then fore wing vein M joins Sc+R well separate from Rs+M junction ( Fig. 2B ). Holarctic or Oriental, never South American …………………………other Cimbicidae

3. Females ……………………………………………………………………………………………4 – Males ………………………………………………………………………………………………10

4. Thorax extensively reddish brown, sometimes with mesoscutum blue-black metallic ( Figs 8 , 10–11 , 14A ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………5

– Thorax predominantly dark brown to black ( Figs 5A , 6A , 13A ), pronotal corners may be creamy white; never extensively reddish brown ……………………………………………………………8

5. Hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined ( Fig. 14A ); fore wing vein 1m-cu inserts on vein Rs+M more proximally, distance between 2r-m and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (red on Fig. 14D ) at least ¼ of distance between M and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (green on Fig. 14D ); hind wing cell Rs much smaller than cell M, cell M extending to vein Rs proximally ( Fig. 14D ) …………………………………………… Pseudopachylosticta subflavata Kirby, 1882

– Hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (cf. Fig. 9A ); fore wing vein 1mcu inserts on vein Rs+M distally, distance between 2r-m and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (red on Fig. 8A ) at most ¼ of distance between M and 1m-cu insertions on Rs+M (green on Fig. 8A ); hind wing cells Rs and M of approx. equal size, cell M does not reach vein Rs ( Fig. 10A ; see also Fig. 9B ) ……………………………………………………………6. Pachylosticta (females)

6. Abdomen colored blue-black metallic throughout ( Fig. 8A ) … Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824

– Abdominal segments 1–3/5 reddish brown, remaining segments blue-black metallic ( Figs 10A , 11A ) ………………………………………………………………………………………………7

7. Apical antennomere with elongate, lighter colored area on ventral side ( Fig. 10 B–C); mesoscutum and mesoscutellum reddish brown ( Fig. 10A ); apex of fore wing darkly infuscate, proximal part much lighter ( Fig. 10A ) (male unknown) ……… Pachylosticta apicalis (Westwood, 1835)

– Apical antennomere without elongate, lighter colored area on ventral side ( Fig. 11B ); mesoscutum mostly blue-black metallic, mesoscutellum reddish brown ( Fig. 11A ) (male unknown) ………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta plaumanni Malaise, 1939

8. Clypeus predominantly creamy white, contrasting with blackish-brown color of the rest of the head capsule ( Fig. 5B ); 1 st abdominal tergum subdivided medially by narrow longitudinal line ( Fig. 5C ) (male unknown) ………………………………… Brasilabia clypealba ( Conde, 1932)

– Clypeus blackish brown like the rest of the head capsule ( Figs 6B , 13B ); 1 st abdominal tergum continuous medially ( Figs 6C , 13A ) ………………………………………………………………9

9. Dorsomedian margin of torulus pale, overhanging antennal foramen ( Fig. 6B ); dorsolateral corners of pronotum dark brown to black, as rest of pronotum ( Fig. 6C ); hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined; hind wing vein M complete, cells Rs and M separated ( Fig. 6A ; see also Fig. 9B ); body length less than 1 cm …… Lopesiana thomasi ( Conde, 1937)

– Dorsomedian part of torulus dark, not overhanging antennal foramen ( Fig. 13B ); dorsolateral corners of pronotum creamy white, contrasting with darker color of the rest of pronotum ( Fig. 13C ); hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined; hind wing vein M discontinuous, cells Rs and M partly confluent ( Fig. 13A [insert]); body length at least 1.5 cm (male unknown) …….... ............................................................................................……… Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910

10. Antennae inserted very low on face, distance between toruli and median ocellus almost twice the distance between toruli and ventral margin of clypeus ( Fig. 7C ); body predominantly dark brown to black, no metallic areas ( Fig. 7A ); body length well below 1 cm … Lopesiana thomasi ( Conde, 1937)

– Antennae inserted slightly below middle of face, distance between toruli and median ocellus at most equal to distance between toruli and ventral margin of clypeus ( Figs 8B , 10B , 11B , 14B ); body with extensive blue-black metallic coloration ( Figs 9A , 12 ); body length approx. 1.5 cm ……………11

11. Hind basitarsomere shorter than tarsomeres 2–4 combined (cf. Fig. 14A ); fore wing pterostigma not thickened and protruding from rest of anterior wing margin ( Fig. 15 ); hind wing cell Rs much smaller than cell M, cell M extending to vein Rs proximally ( Fig. 15 ) ……………………………… ……………………………………………………… Pseudopachylosticta subflavata ( Kirby, 1882)

– Hind basitarsomere longer than tarsomeres 2–4 combined ( Figs 9A , 12 ); fore wing pterostigma thickened and protruding from rest of anterior wing margin ( Figs 9B , 12 ); hind wing cells Rs and M of approx. equal size, cell M does not reach vein Rs ( Fig. 9B ) …………12. Pachylosticta (males)

12. Abdominal segments 1–3 and 7–9 in dorsal view blue-black metallic, segments 4–6 reddish brown ( Fig.12C ) …………………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta sp. (male) – Abdomen blue-black metallic throughout in dorsal view ( Fig. 12 A–B) …………………………13

13. Abdomen with sternum and laterotergum 2–4/5 creamy white to orange, contrasting with blueblack metallic color of rest of abdomen ( Fig. 9A ) …………… Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824 – Abdomen blue-black metallic throughout ( Fig. 12 ) ……………………………………………14

14. Posterodorsal parts of mesopleuron yellowish white, remainder of mesopleuron blue-black metallic; all legs with tibia and most of tarsus yellowish white ( Fig. 12A ) (female unknown) …………………………………………………………………… Pachylosticta tibialis Klug, 1824

– Mesopleuron blue-black metallic throughout; legs blue-black metallic to dark brown throughout ( Fig. 12C ) (female unknown) ………………………………… Pachylosticta violacea Klug, 1824

Figures

Fig. 1. Antenna. A. Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910, ♀ (NMNH). B. Trichiosoma latreillei (Leach, 1817), ♀ (NHML).

Fig. 2. Fore wing, ♀♀. A. Pachylosticta apicalis (Westwood, 1835) (NHRS). B. Agenocimbex maculata (Marlatt, 1898) (NSMT). C. Pergidae, Parasyzygoniinae: Parasyzygonia cyanoptera (Klug, 1824) (NHMD). Abbreviations: Rs, Rs+M, M, 2r, 2r-m, 2m-cu, 1a, 2a = wing veins; 1R*, Rs* = wing cells; violet arrow = junction between veins Sc+R and M; red arrow = junction between veins Sc+R and Rs+M.

Fig. 3. Abdomen, lateral. A. Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824, Ƌ (NHMD). B. Pergidae, Parasyzygoniinae: Parasyzygonia cyanoptera (Klug, 1824), ♀ (NHMD). Abbreviations: T[n] = abdominal terga [n]. yellow arrow = spiracle; green arrow = separation between median and lateral parts of abdominal terga.

Fig. 4. Thorax, dorsal. A. Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824, Ƌ (NHMD). B. Corynis obscura (Fabricius, 1775), ♀ (NHMD). Abbreviations: yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus.

Fig. 8. Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824, ♀ (NMNH). A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Head anterior. C. Thorax, lateral. Abbreviations: n2 = mesoscutum; M, Rs+M, 2r-m, 1m-cu = wing veins; blue arrow = lighter colored area on apical antennomere; green arrow = posterior thoracic spiracle.

Fig. 10. Pachylosticta apicalis (Westwood, 1835), ♀ (NHRM). A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Head anterior. C. Thorax, lateral. Abbreviations: M, 2r-m, 1m-cu = wing veins; blue arrow = lighter colored area on apical antennomere; green arrow = posterior thoracic spiracle.

Fig. 11. Pachylosticta plaumanni Malaise, 1938, ♀ (NHRM) A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Head anterior. C. Thorax, lateral.

Fig. 14. Pseudopachylosticta subflavata (Kirby, 1882), ♀ (NHRS). A. Body, lateral. B. Fore wing. C. Head, anterior. D. Thorax, dorsal. Abbreviations: Rs, Rs+M, 2r-m, 1m-cu = wing veins; M*, Rs* = wing cells; n2 = mesoscutum; red arrow = mesopleural groove; yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus.

Fig. 5. Brasilabia clypealba (Conde, 1932), ♀ (NMNH). A. Habitus, lateral. B. Head anterior. C. Thorax, dorsal. Abbreviations: n2 = mesoscutum; T1 = 1st abdominal tergum; red arrow = mesopleural groove; blue arrow = membranous line on T1; yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus.

Fig. 6. Lopesiana thomasi (Conde, 1937), ♀ (FIOC). A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Head anterior. C. Thorax, dorsal. D. Wings. Abbreviations: M, Rs+M, 1m-cu, 2m-cu, 2r-m = wing veins; n2 = mesoscutum; T1 = 1st abdominal tergum; blue arrow = dorsomedian margin of torulus; yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus.

Fig. 13. Pseudabia fusca Schrottky, 1910, ♀ (NMNH). A. Habitus, dorsal. Insert: tip of hindwing. B. Head, anterior. C. Thorax, lateral. Abbreviations: M, Rs+M, 2r-m, 1m-cu, 2m-cu = wing veins; M*, Rs* = wing cells; n2 = mesoscutum; T1 = 1st abdominal tergum; yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus; red arrow = mesopleural groove.

Fig. 9. Pachylosticta albiventris Klug, 1824, Ƌ (NHMD). A. Habitus, lateral. B. Wings. Abbreviations: M, 2r-m, 1m-cu, Rs, Rs+M = wing veins; M*, Rs* = wing cells; blue arrow = pterostigma; red arrow = mesopleural groove.

Fig. 7. Lopesiana thomasi (Conde, 1937). A, C. Ƌ. (FIOC) B, D. ♀ (FIOC). A. Habitus, dorsal. B. Abdomen, dorsal. C. Head, anterior. D. Head and thorax, lateral. Abbreviations: T[n] = abdominal tergum [n]; blue arrow = dorsomedian margin of torulus; green arrow = position of posterior thoracic spiracle; red arrow = mesopleural groove.

Fig. 12. Ƌ, habitus, lateral view A. Pachylosticta tibialis Klug, 1824 (NHMD). B. Pachylosticta sp., anterior view (MNHN). C. Pachylosticta violacea Klug, 1824 (NHMD). D. Pachylosticta sp. (MNRJ). Abbreviations: n1 = pronotum; n2 = mesonotum; pl2 = mesopleuron; blue arrow = pterostigma; red arrow = mesopleural groove; green arrow = posterior thoracic spiracle; yellow arrow = lighter colored area on apical antennomere.

Fig. 15. Pseudopachylosticta subflavata (Kirby, 1882), Ƌ, habitus, dorsal view (MHNH). Abbreviations: M, Rs = wing veins; M*, Rs* = wing cells; n2 = mesoscutum; T1 = 1st abdominal tergum; yellow arrow = median mesoscutal sulcus; green arrow = notaulus.