Arctopsyche McLachlan, 1868

Zhou, Xin, 2009, The larvae of Chinese Hydropsychidae (Insecta: Trichoptera), Part I: Arctopsyche shimianensis, Parapsyche sp. A, and Diplectrona obscura, Zootaxa 2174, pp. 1-17 : 6

Genus Arctopsyche McLachlan, 1868

A total of eight Arctopsyche species were recorded previously from China ( Yang et al. 2005), of which A. shimianensis Gui and Yang, 2000 , A. trispinosa Schmid, 1968 , and two possibly new species, as well as various of larval morphs were collected and sequenced in this study ( Table 1; Fig. 1). Lepneva (1964) provided comprehensive larval and pupal descriptions and illustrations for A. palpata Martynov, 1934 , a species with wide distribution including the Russian Far East and the Chinese northeastern provinces and Inner Mongolia. The larval ecology of this species was studied by Kocharina (1997). This is the only Chinese Arctopsyche species whose larvae have been associated.

LARVA — HEAD. Frontoclypeal apotome conspicuously constricted opposite eyes. Genae completely separated by ventral apotome. Ventral apotome narrowed posteriorly [but also tapered in at least one North American Parapsyche species ( Wiggins 1996)]. Submentum trapezoidal, anterior margin not cleft. Stridulating files consisting of series of short, thick bars, very conspicuous. Seta 22 on anterolateral corners of pronotum not conspicuous. Foretrochantin triangular, pointed, not forked. Prosternal plate single-pieced, posterior prosternal sclerites absent. Sagital section of mesonotum more or less triangular. Meso- and metanota bearing transverse ecdysial lines. Abdominal segments covered by regular hair-like setae and elongated club-hairs. Setal areas, Sa 2 and Sa 3 in most abdominal segments each bearing only one single long seta, not cluster of club-hairs. Lateral gills on abdominal pleura similar to ventral gills, with numerous filaments distributed mostly at apex of each stalk. Abdominal segment VII bearing ventral and lateral gills. Ventral plates on abdominal segment IX large.

LARVAL-ADULT ASSOCIATION. For this study 15 individuals of Arctopsyche , representing 6 provisional species ( HPGP 1–6, Fig. 1), were extracted for DNA amplifications, including two possibly new species ( CNCAD _0078 and CNCAD _0191/ CNCAD _AT 11, Table 1 and Fig. 1). Species delimitations are congruent in two genes in 5 of the 6 species. HPGP 4 is split into two subgroups ( HPGP 4 a and 4 b) in the COI tree, with a mean divergence of 8.7 % between them, and 0.5 % and 0% divergence within HPGP 4 a and 4 b, respectively. However, members of these two subgroups have essentially identical D 2 sequences. Likely, D 2 has not evolved as fast as COI gene in this recent speciation. Additional adult materials are needed to clarify the species boundary because HPGP 4 b is only represented by larval specimens, which are indistinguishable from that of HPGP 4 a. A. shimianensis was associated across both D 2 and COI makers. Its larva is described and illustrated.