Sendaphne, Nixon, 1965

Fernandez-Triana, Jose L., Whitfield, James B., Smith, M. Alex, Hallwachs, Winnie & Janzen, Daniel H., 2014, Revision of the neotropical genus Sendaphne Nixon (Hymenoptera, Braconidae, Microgastrinae), Journal of Hymenoptera Research 41, pp. 1-29 : 4-6

Genus Sendaphne

Sendaphne Nixon, 1965: 203.

Diagnosis.

Glossa elongate and bilobate (Figs 2 , 9 , 34 , 48 , 58 , 70 ). Lateral face of scutellum with polished area (=lunules) occupying most of the lateral face (Figs 5 , 12 , 19 , 28 , 44 , 49 , 56 ). Propodeum usually smooth and without carina (exceptionally having sparse punctures and few rugae on the nucha) (Figs 7 , 13 , 19 , 28 , 33 , 44 , 49 , 60 , 74 ). Metacoxa very long, about the same length as metafemur length and metatibia length (Figs 8 , 13 , 15 , 29 , 50 , 54 , 61 , 68 , 74 ). Mediotergite 1 strongly narrowing towards posterior margin (Figs 4 , 14 , 19 , 50 , 51 ). Mediotergite 2 subtriangular, much longer medially than its width at its anterior margin (and usually also longer medially than its width at posterior margin). Ovipositor very long for a microgastrine wasp (two times longer than metatibia length) and strongly curved (Figs 1 , 20 , 35 , 53 , 54 , 57 , 64 , 68 ); apex of ovipositor usually not sinuate (exceptionally with very slight sinuation). Fore wing with very wide first discal cell, and with small areolet (Figs 3 , 17 , 17 , 24 , 39 , 55 , 62 , 69 ) (areolet sometimes not well-defined because veins 3RSa and r-m are spectral, as in Figs 10 , 31 , 47 ). Body color often mostly yellow to orange (with a few exceptions from species collected at higher altitudes, which have head, mesosoma and parts of metasoma dark brown to black). Body length longer than the fore wing length, usually by 0.2-0.4 mm. Within Microgastrinae , Sendaphne can only be confused with Promicrogaster , but the later has a more transverse mediotergite 2, apex of ovipositor clearly sinuate, and propodeum usually with more sculpture and carination present.

Key to Sendaphne species

[This key is intended for female specimens, although two species are only known from males, and in those cases the key accommodates them. Generally, males tend to have darker coloration than the females, especially on the metasoma].

1	Head and mesosoma entirely dark brown to black (Figs 23 , 24 , 27 , 28 , 37 - 44 , 68 - 75 ), metasoma entirely dark brown (Figs 69 , 74 , 75 ) or at most with mediotergites 1-2 orange-yellow (as in Figs 24 , 25 , 28 , 39 , 44 ) [all specimens collected above 1,460 m, in cloud forests]	2
-	Color variable but much lighter than previous couplet, if head entirely dark brown to black, then mesosoma entirely or mostly yellow, orange or reddish-yellow, and metasoma at most with brown bands on posterior margins of mediotergites 3+ [all specimens collected below 900 m, in rainforests]	4
2(1)	Tegula, metacoxa, and mediotergites 1-2 dark brown to black (Figs 69 , 73 - 75 ); body very slender, metasoma longer than combined length of head and mesosoma (Fig. 68 ) [Costa Rica]	Sendaphne rogerblancoi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Tegula, metacoxa and mediotergites 1-2 yellow to reddish-yellow (Figs 23 - 28 , 37 - 40 , 42 - 44 ); body less slender, metasoma shorter than combined length of head and mesosoma (Figs 23 , 37 ) [Ecuador, Mexico]	3
3(2)	Mediotergite 1 length 6.0 × its width at posterior margin, mediotergite 2 length 1.5 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 24 , 25 , 28 ); first discal cell 2.0 × as wide as high (Fig. 24 ) [Ecuador]	Sendaphne broadi Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Mediotergite 1 length 4.0 × its width at posterior margin, mediotergite 2 length 1.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 39 , 42 , 44 ); first discal cell 1.3 × as wide as high (Fig. 39 ) [Mexico]	Sendaphne bennetti Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
4(1)	Head yellow to reddish-yellow	5
-	Head dark brown to black	7
5(4)	Mesosoma with dark brown areas on anteromesoscutum and mesopleuron (Figs 54 , 56 , 58 ); dark brown coloration on posterior margin of mediotergite 3 and most of mediotergites 4-6 (Figs 54 , 55 , 57 , 59 ) [Brazil, Paraguay]	Sendaphne paranaensis Scatolini & Penteado-Dias, 1999
-	Mesosoma uniformly orange-yellow to reddish-yellow; metasoma either entirely yellow or with brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 4-6	6
6(5)	Metasoma with brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 4-6 (Figs 50 - 53 ) [Brazil, French Guiana, Peru]	Sendaphne olearus Nixon, 1965
-	Metasoma entirely yellow (Figs 31 , 32 , 35 , 36 ) [Brazil, Ecuador, French Guiana]	Sendaphne jatai Penteado-Dias, 1995
7(4)	Female metasoma either with extensive dark brown coloration on tergites 3+ or with some narrow brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 5-7 (Figs 63 , 64 )	8
-	Female metasoma entirely yellow (Figs 3 , 4 , 7 , 18 , 19 , 22 )	9
8(7)	Metasoma with dark brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 3-6 and mediotergite 7 entirely dark brown to black; fore wing vein 1Cu-a much shorter than vein 1Cu-b; T1 10.0 × as long as width at posterior margin; T1 2.0 × as long as T2; metacoxa 1.1 × as long as metafemur	Sendaphne brasilianus Penteado-Dias, 1995
-	Metasoma with some narrow brown bands on posterior margin of mediotergites 5-7 (Figs 63 , 64 ); fore wing veins 1Cu-a and 1Cu-b subequal; T1 6.0 × as long as width at posterior margin; T1 1.4 × as long as T2; metacoxa 0.9-1.0 × as long as metafemur	Sendaphne penteadodiasae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
9(7)	Fore wing r and 2RS not clearly distinct from each other (Fig. 3 ); mediotergite 2 length 1.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 3 , 4 , 7 ); face centrally orange (Fig. 2 ); ovipositor 1.8-1.9 × as long as metatibia [Ecuador]	Sendaphne anitae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.
-	Fore wing with veins r and 2RS clearly distinct from each other, and meeting at a sharp angle (not clearly visible in Fig. 17 ); mediotergite 2 length 1.8-2.0 × its width at posterior margin (Figs 18 , 19 ); face entirely dark brown to black (Fig. 16 ); ovipositor 2.0-2.2 × as long as metatibia [Brazil, Colombia, or Mexico]	10
10(9)	Distance between anatomical line tangent to posterior margin of anterior ocellus and anterior margin of posterior ocelli 0.5 × diameter of anterior ocelli (Fig. 77 ); ocular-ocellar line 2.5 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; interocellar distance 1.6 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; T1 relatively narrower medially, T1 width at half length of tergite clearly less than width at anterior margin, and 1.5 × as wide as width at posterior margin (Fig. 78 ); T2 1.8 × as long as wide [Mexico]	Sendaphne sulmo Nixon, 1965
-	Distance between anatomical line tangent to posterior margin of anterior ocellus and anterior margin of posterior ocelli 0.2-0.3 × diameter of anterior ocelli (partially visible in Fig. 16 ); ocular-ocellar line 2.1-2.4 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; interocellar distance 1.2-1.4 × as long as posterior ocellus diameter; T1 relatively wider medially, T1 width at half length of tergite about same as width at anterior margin, and at least 2.0 × as wide as width at posterior margin (Figs 18 , 19 ); T2 2.0 × as long as wide [Brazil, Colombia]	Sendaphne dianariaspennae Fernández-Triana & Whitfield, sp. n.

Figures

Figures 1 - 7. Sendaphne anitae, female holotype. 1 Habitus, lateral view 2 Head, frontal view 3 Fore wing 4 Metasoma, dorsal view 5 Head and mesosoma (partially) lateral view 6 Metasoma, ventro-lateral view 7 Mesosoma and metasoma (partially) dorsal view.

Figures 8 - 14. Sendaphne sulmo, male specimen from Mexico. 8 Habitus, lateral view 9 Head, frontal view 10 Fore wing 11 Meso- and metasoma (partially), lateral view, and hind legs 12 Head and mesosoma, dorsal view 13 Meso- and metasoma (partially), dorsal view 14 Metasoma, dorsal view.

Figures 29 - 36. Sendaphne jatai, female specimen from Brazil. 29 Habitus, lateral view 30 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorso-lateral view 31 Fore wing 32 Metasoma, dorsal view 33 Scutellar disc, propodeum and T 1 (partially), dorsal view 34 Head, frontal view 35 Metasoma, lateral view 36 Mesosoma and metasoma (partially), dorsal view.

Figures 45 - 53. Sendaphne olearus, female specimen from Brazil. 45 Habitus, lateral view 46 Head and mesosoma, lateral view 47 Fore wing 48 Head, frontal view 49 Mesosoma and T 1, dorsal view 50 Mesosoma and metasoma (partially), dorsal view 51 Metasoma, dorsal view 52 Metasoma, lateral view 53 Details of the ovipositor and ovipositor sheaths.

Figures 54 - 60. Sendaphne paranaensis, female specimen from Brazil. 54 Habitus, lateral view 55 Fore wing 56 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorsal view 57 Metasoma and legs, lateral view 58 Head, frontal view 59 Metasoma (partially), dorsal view 60 Scutellar disc, propodeum and T 1 - T 2 (partially), dorsal view.

Figures 68 - 75. Sendaphne rogerblancoi, female holotype. 68 Habitus, lateral view 69 Fore wing 70 Head, frontal view 71 Hypopygium and hind legs (partially), lateral view 72 Ovipositor, ovipositor sheaths, and hypopygium, lateral view 73 Head and mesosoma (partially), lateral view 74 Propodeum and T 1, dorsal view 75 Propodeum and mesosoma, dorsal view.

Figures 15 - 22. Sendaphne dianariaspennae, female holotype. 15 Habitus, lateral view 16 Head, frontal view (some inclination downwards) 17 Fore wing 18 Propodeum and metasoma, dorsal view 19 Meso- and metasoma (partially), dorsal view. 20 - 22: Details of the ovipositor, ovipositor sheaths, and hypopygium.

Figures 23 - 28. Sendaphne broadi, male holotype. 23 Habitus, lateral view 24 Fore wing 25 Metasoma, dorsal view 26 Metasoma, lateral view 27 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorsal view 28 Mesosoma and T 1 - T 2, dorsal view.

Figures 37 - 44. Sendaphne bennetti, male holotype. 37 Habitus, lateral view 38 Habitus, dorsal view 39 Fore wing 40 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorsal view 41 Head, fronto-lateral view 42 Metasoma, dorsal view 43 Metasoma, lateral view 44 Scutellar disc, propodeum and T 1 - T 2 (partially), dorsal view.

Figures 61 - 67. Sendaphne penteadodiasae, female holotype. 61 Habitus, lateral view 62 Fore wing 63 Metasoma, dorsal view 64 Ovipositor and hypopygium, lateral view 65 Head, frontal view 66 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorsal view 67 Propodeum, T 1 - T 2 (partially), dorsal view.

Figures 76 - 78. Sendaphne sulmo, female holotype. 76 Habitus, lateral view 77 Head and mesosoma (partially), dorsal view 78 Propodeum and metasoma, dorsal view.