Spirobolida, Cook, 1895

Wesener, Thomas, Enghoff, Henrik & Sierwald, Petra, 2009, Review of the Spirobolida on Madagascar, with descriptions of twelve new genera, including three genera of ' fire millipedes' (Diplopoda), ZooKeys 19 (19), pp. 1-128 : 5-7

publication ID	https://doi.org/ 10.3897/zookeys.19.221
publication LSID	lsid:zoobank.org:pub:C473F9F6-1AE7-4B3F-B17F-CA1C2709010C
persistent identifier	https://treatment.plazi.org/id/1772122E-7803-FFC0-FF01-3E47AB0AEEEF
treatment provided by	Plazi
scientific name	Spirobolida
status

Treatment

Key to the Malagasy genera of Spirobolida View in CoL of the family Pachybolidae :

1 Male coxa 5 with a process curved anteriorly and covering coxa 4................ ..................................................................... Leptogoniulus Silvestri, 1897 only L. sorornus (Butler, 1876) , introduced to Madagascar ( Shelley and Lehtinen 1999).

– Male coxa 5 lacking processes, or if processes present, then never curved anteriorly. ...................................................................................................... 2

2 Anterior gonopod box-like, coxite and telopodite reaching similar height, lacking any processes. Collum unmodified. Preanal process absent............... ........................................................................... Trigoniulus Pocock, 1894 Only T. corallinus (Gervais, 1847) , introduced to Madagascar ( Shelley and Lehtinen 1999).

– Anterior gonopods not box-like, or if box-shaped, then at least telopodite with a process, a well-developed preanal process and an enlarged collum ( Fig. 31D View Figure 31 ).......................................................................................................... 3

3 Incisura lateralis closed. Each lamella lingualis on gnathochilarium with four or more setae, all located at apical margin. Vulva kidney shaped, both valves meet in sinuous fissure .................... Madabolus Wesener & Enghoff, 2008 See Wesener et al. 2008 View in CoL

– Incisura lateralis open ( Figs 1A View Figure 1 , 13A View Figure 13 ). Lamella lingualis each with two setae located behind one another. Vulva simple, bivalve-like ( Fig. 4 View Figure 4 )................... 4

4 Adult males> 95 mm long and> 7 mm wide. Usually with blood-red/black colour pattern ( Fig. 1A View Figure 1 ) ............................................................................. 5

– Adult males <80 mm long and <6.5 mm wide, colour never blood red/ pitchblack.................................................................................................. 8

5 Coxite of anterior gonopod with a slender, elongated process, longer than telopodite. Telopodite of posterior gonopod basally diverging into two slender branches, i.e. mesal main branch and lateral basal branch. Both branches curved towards one another, forming an ‘O’ or almost closed ‘C’. Sperm canal always on mesal main branch ................ Aphistogoniulus Silvestri, 1897 View in CoL (ten species) See Wesener et al. 2009

– Process of coxite of anterior gonopod short and wide, or, if slender, then never as long as telopodite. Telopodite of posterior gonopod not like above .......... 6

6 Telopodite of posterior gonopod large, with a blunt tip; branches or processes absent ( Fig. 2C View Figure 2 ). Telopodite and coxite of equal length, fused, only suture visible ( Fig. 1F View Figure 1 ). Telopodite of anterior gonopod with a large, triangular, retrorse process ( Fig. 1E View Figure 1 ). Coxite with a slender, elongated process ( Fig. 2A View Figure 2 ). Male tarsal pads present only to midbody legs .............. Corallobolus View in CoL gen. n. (monotypic)

– Posterior gonopod always divided into at least two branches. Telopodite and coxite clearly separated by a suture and a membranous area. Often with a stout, finger-shaped mesal coxite branch at suture between coxite and telopodite ( Fig. 6C View Figure 6 ). Coxite far longer than telopodite ( Fig. 6C View Figure 6 ). Process of anterior gonopod telopodite never retrorse ( Fig. 6B View Figure 6 ), process of coxite short and wide ( Fig. 6A View Figure 6 ). Male tarsal pads present on legs 3 and beyond ............ 7

7 Telopodite process of anterior gonopod slender basally, proximally widely swollen ( Fig. 6B View Figure 6 ). Telopodite of posterior gonopod is not divided into a lateral main branch and a mesal brance; no swollen area present ( Fig. 6C View Figure 6 ). Sperm canal running through lateral branch ( Fig. 6D View Figure 6 )............................................ ............................................................ Sanguinobolus View in CoL gen. n. (monotypic)

– Telopodite process of anterior gonopod slender ( Fig. 9D View Figure 9 ). Telopodite of posterior gonopod divided into a mesal main branch and a lateral branch ( Fig. 9H View Figure 9 ). Membranous swollen area located between both branches ( Fig. 9I View Figure 9 ). Sperm canal running through mesal branch ( Fig. 9F View Figure 9 ) .................................. ............................................................. Colossobolus View in CoL gen. n. (seven species)

8 Head with an antennal groove. Antenna protruding back to only body ring 2. Head sclerite overlapping part of basal joints of mandible ( Fig. 25D View Figure 25 ). Mentum of gnathochilarium not subdivided by a suture ( Fig. 25E View Figure 25 ) .................... ................................................... Dactylobolus Golovatch & Korsós, 1992 On View in CoL Madagascar only D. bivirgatus ( Karsch, 1881) View in CoL . Species occurs also on the Comoros, Seychelles and close to Zanzibar. Probably introduced ( VandenSpiegel and Golovatch 2007)

– Antennal groove absent ( Fig. 26C View Figure 26 ). Antenna at least protruding back to ring 3, often longer. Especially first basal joint of mandible swollen, projecting towards head, but never above ocelli ( Fig. 26C View Figure 26 ). Mentum often subdivided by a suture ( Fig. 26F View Figure 26 )................................................................................. 9

9 Sperm canal projecting above lateral margin of telopodite of posterior gonopod ( Fig. 22G View Figure 22 ).................................... Zehntnerobolus View in CoL gen. n. (monotypic)

– Sperm canal never projecting above margins of telopodite of posterior gonopod, or, if so, then never at lateral, but at mesal margin ........................... 10

10 Telopodite, coxite and sternite of anterior gonopod mesally noticeably elongated into slender processes. Mentum of gnathochilarium not subdivided ... ........................... Spiromimus de Saussure & Zehntner, 1901 View in CoL (13 species) See Wesener and Enghoff, 2009

– Telopodite, coxite and sternite of anterior gonopod never altogether elongated into slender processes. Mentum of gnathochilarium basally subdivided (with two exceptions in Riotintobolus View in CoL ) by a suture ( Fig. 26G View Figure 26 )................... 11

11 Telopodite of posterior gonopod strongly elongated into a simple flagellum ( Fig. 23E View Figure 23 ). Telopodite of anterior gonopod not apically, but at mid-length (!) with a slender, retrorse process ( Fig. 23D View Figure 23 ) Flagellobolus View in CoL gen. n. (monotypic)

– Telopodite of posterior gonopod never shaped like a simple flagellum. Telopodite of anterior gonopods never at mid-length with a slender, retrorse process ..................................................................................................... 12

12 Telopodite of posterior gonopod apically always with a flag-like membranous extension ( Fig. 26M View Figure 26 ) ............................ Riotintobolus View in CoL gen. n. (four species)

– Posterior gonopod without a flag-like membranous extension.................. 13

13 Preanal process present, protruding ( Fig. 26B View Figure 26 ). Collum greatly enlarged, ventrally longer than body ring 2 ( Fig. 31A View Figure 31 ). Posterior margin of body rings with rectangular extensions ( Fig. 33C View Figure 33 ). Rings moniliform, caudal margins uplifted ( Fig. 31A View Figure 31 ) ................................................................................... 14

– Preanal process absent ( Fig. 39C View Figure 39 ). Collum of usual shape ( Fig. 39A View Figure 39 ). Body rings without extensions, not moniliform ( Fig. 39C View Figure 39 ) ............................... 15

14 Telopodite of posterior gonopods at mesal margin with a rounded disc carrying numerous small spines ( Figs 31A View Figure 31 , 34A, B), and a membranous process at mid-length ( Fig. 34D View Figure 34 ) ................... Pseudocentrobolus View in CoL gen. n. (two species)

– Telopodite of posterior gonopods without a disc, apically with a beak-shaped process ( Fig. 37M View Figure 37 ), at mid-length without a process .................................... .............................................................. Granitobolus View in CoL gen. n. (two species)

15 Telopodite of anterior gonopod with a very long, thin, sabre-like process ( Fig. 41B View Figure 41 ). Telopodite of posterior gonopod basally divided into two long, slender branches of similar length and width, resembling a U ( Fig. 41D View Figure 41 )................. .................................................................. Caprobolus View in CoL gen. n. (monotypic)

– Anterior and posterior gonopods not shaped like above ........................... 16

16 Process of anterior gonopod telopodite basally slender, apically wide and slightly swollen ( Fig. 44E View Figure 44 ). Posterior gonopod without a swollen membranous area. Sperm canal discharging on lateral margin ( Fig. 44H View Figure 44 ) ................. ................................................................ Alluviobolus View in CoL sp. n. (three species)

– Anterior gonopod apically never with a slender process. Posterior telopodite apically with a swollen membranous area ( Fig. 48J View Figure 48 ). Sperm canal discharging at mesal margin........................................ Ostinobolus View in CoL gen. n. (four species)