Revision and phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider genus Glenognatha Simon, 1887 (Araneae, Tetragnathidae)
Author
Jimmy Cabra-García
Author
Antonio D. Brescovit
text
Zootaxa
2016
2016-01-27
4069
1
1
183
journal article
31381
10.11646/zootaxa.4069.1.1
5a65a6a9-d142-4121-b893-a83e929ffdbc
1175-5326
1054149
52FC658C-78C7-49FC-9961-8AC43CA03101
Glenognatha argyrostilba
(
O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876
)
new combination
(
Figs. 31–37
,
131
)
Pachygnatha argyrostilba
O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1876
: 573
, pl. 59, fig. 8 (male lectotype and female paralectotype from Alexandria, Egypt, deposited in Hope Entomological Collection, Oxford, not examined).
Dyschiriognatha argyrostilba
:
Simon, 1893
: 324
;
Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994
: 346
, fig. 132–147;
Saaristo 2003
: 22
, fig. 19– 20;
Saaristo 2010
: 233
, fig. 36.24–26;
Cabra-García
et al
. 2014
: 1029
, figs. 1C, 2B, 4
A
, 5B–C, 7B;
World Spider Catalog 2015
.
Pachygnatha (Dyschiriognatha) argyrostilba
:
Pavesi, 1895
: 504
.
Dyschiriognatha montana
Simon, 1897
: 868
(male and female syntypes from St. Vincent Islands, Lesser Antilles, deposited in BMNH, examined through photographs of the habitus and male genitalia).
New synonymy
.
Glenognatha mira
Bryant, 1945
: 405
(female
holotype
from
Miragoane
,
Haiti
,
2.xi.1934
,
Darlington
leg., deposited in
MCZ
, examined).
New synonymy
.
Dyschiriognatha atlantica
Holm, 1969
: 63
, fig. 1–5 (male holotype from Sandy bay beach, St. Helena island,
11.i.1966
, P. Basilewsky, P. Benoit & N. Leleup leg., deposited in MRAC, not examined);
Benoit 1977
: 160
, figs. 69a–e. Synonymized by
Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994
.
Glenognatha maelfaiti
Baert, 1987
: 141
, figs. 1–7 (male holotype from Cerro Maternidad, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador,
15.ii–1.iii-1986
, deposited in RBINS, not examined, paratypes: 13♀ 2♂ 1 immature from Transect Pto. Ayora-Itabaca, zflank, Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador,
15.ii–1.iii-1986
Baert, Maelfait et Desender leg., deposited in RBINS 27047, examined; 36♀ 19♂ 5 immature from Santa Cruz, Galápagos, Ecuador, deposited in RBINS, not examined);
Cabra-García
et al
. 2014
: 1029
, figs. 1N, 3B, 4E, 6C, 8G.
New synonymy
.
Transfer justification.
Study of
D. argyrostilba
specimens collected in Africa and drawings of the
type
material (see
Bosmans & Bosselaers 1994
), shows that this species has all the synapomorphies of the genus
Glenognatha
. Conductor (
Figs. 35B–C
,
37
A
–B
), embolus (
Figs. 35D
,
37
A
–B
), paracymbium (
Figs. 35H
,
37B
), female genitalia (
Figs. 36
A
–D, G–J
) and tracheal system (
Figs. 36E–F, 36K–M
) exhibit the typical
Glenognatha
morphology.
Synonymy justification.
Examination of the available
type
material of
D. montana
,
G. mira
and
G. maelfaiti
, shows that these
types
have the diagnostic characters of
G. argyrostilba
and these three species should be considered as junior synonyms. Male palps of
D. montana
and
G. maelfaiti
have the conductor lamina sinuous in ventral view and the conductor retrolateral apophysis tip sharpened as observed in
G. argyrostilba
. In addition, the uterus externus of
G. mira
and
G. maelfaiti
is wider than long as characteristic for
G. argyrostilba
. It was not possible to examine the female genitalia of
D. montana
, nevertheless based on the male palp and the female chelicerae morphology we consider it as a junior synonym of
G. argyrostilba
.
FIGURE 31.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A–D, male habitus. A, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). B, lateral. C, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). D, frontal. E–H, female habitus. E, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). F, lateral. G, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). H, frontal. Scale bars, 200 µm. TS: posterior tracheal spiracle.
Diagnosis.
Males and females of
G. argyrostilba
resemble those of
G. dentata
and
G. tangi
by the presence of pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions on the lateral surface of the carapace (
Figs. 31
A
, E
,
37D–E
). Males can be distinguished from the former by the absence of tooth-like projections on the conductor lamina (
Fig. 37
A
) and from the latter by the shape of the conductor lamina which is sinuous in ventral view (
Figs. 35B
,
37
A
). Females can be distinguished from both species by the UE which is wider than long (
Figs. 36
A
, G
).
Description.
Male and female described by
Bosmans & Bosselaers (1994)
. Additional data.
FIGURE 32.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
from Ecuador. A–D, male habitus (AMNH). A, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). B, lateral. C, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). D, frontal. E–H, female habitus (MCZ 125476). E, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). F, lateral. G, ventral (arrow, pleural bar). H, frontal. Scale bars, 200 µm. TS: posterior tracheal spiracle.
Male (CAS 9056025)
. Habitus as in
Figures 31
A
–D
. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setae-bearing depressions (
Fig. 31
A
). Chelicerae with reduced CFO (
Fig. 33
A
). Prt2 and Prt3 closer to each other than to Prt1 (
Figs. 33
A
, C
). Ret2 and Ret3 closer to each other than to Ret1 (
Fig. 33B–C
). Palp as in
Figures 35E–H
. Conductor enclosing the embolus (
Figs. 35
A
, E
).
Female (CAS 9056025)
. Habitus as in
Figure 31E–H
. Cephalothorax with lateral pore-bearing and setaebearing depressions (
Fig. 31E
). Sternum with setae-bearing depressions (
Fig. 37C
). Chelicerae as in
Figures 33D– F
. Tracheal system as in
Figures 36E–F
. Genitalia as in
Figure 36
A
–D
. Spermathecae well-developed (
Fig. 36D
). UE entire (
Fig. 36
A
).
FIGURE 33.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E, posterior. F, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). Scale bars, 100 µm. CFO: Cheliceral fang outgrowth. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.
Variation.
Male total length 1.6–2.2 (
N
=10; average 2.0), cephalothorax length 0.8–1.2 (
N
= 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.0–1.3 (
N
= 10; average 1.2). Female total length 2.1–2.6 (
N
= 10; average 2.4), cephalothorax length 0.9–1.1 (
N
= 10; average 1.0), femur I length 1.1–1.4 (
N
= 10; average 1.2). Habitus and chelicerae of Ecuadorian specimens as in
Figures 32
and
34
.
Distribution.
Known from the Neotropical and Afrotropical regions (
Fig. 131
).
Additional material examined (N = 31).
ECUADOR
:
Galápagos
:
Isabela
, [
0º55´S
,
91º0´W
], elev.
2m
,
2– 15.iii.1989
,
Peck
&
Sinclair
leg.,
1♂
(
AMNH
); [
0º16´S
,
90º41´W
], elev. [
300m
],
10.iv.1982
,
Y. Lubin
leg.,
2♀
(
MCZ 125476
).
FIGURE 34.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
from Ecuador (AMNH). A–C, male left chelicerae. A, anterior. B, posterior. C, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). D–F, female left chelicerae. D, anterior. E, posterior. F, mesal (arrows, setae-bearing tubercles). Scale bars, 100 µm. CFO: Cheliceral fang outgrowth. Prt: promarginal tooth. Ret: retromarginal tooth.
FIGURE 35.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
from Nigeria (CAS 9056025). A–D, male left palp, schematic. A, ventral. B, conductor, ventral. C, conductor, dorsal. D, embolus, ventral. E–H, male left palp. E, ventral. F, dorsal. G, prolateral. H, retrolateral. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. ED: ejaculatory duct. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum. TO: tarsal organ.
FIGURE 36.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
. A–D, female genitalia (from Nigeria). A, dorsal. B, ventral. C, lateral. D, spermathecae. E–F, female tracheal system (from Nigeria). E, dorsal. F, tracheal spiracle, posterior view. G–J, female genitalia (from Ecuador). G, dorsal. H, ventral. I, lateral. J, spermathecae. K–M, female tracheal system (from Ecuador). K, dorsal. L, median and lateral trunks. M, median trunk distal. Scale bars, 100 µm (A–C, E, G–I, K), 10 µm (D, F, J, L–M). CD: copulatory duct. LSD: long-stem ducts. LT: lateral trunk. MC: membranous chamber. MT: median trunk. S: spermathecae. UE: uterus externus.
FIGURE 37.
Glenognatha argyrostilba
. A–B, male left palp. A, ventral. B, retrolateral. C–E, female cephalothorax (images by Ligia Benavides). C, ventral (arrow, setae-bearing depressions). D, dorsal (arrow, lateral depressions). E, lateral (arrow, lateral depressions. Scale bars, 100 µm. C: conductor. CB: cymbium. CRa: conductor retrolateral apophysis. E: embolus. EMg: embolic medial groove. P: paracymbium. T: tegulum.
New records. SOUTH AND CENTRAL AMERICA
:
CUBA
:
Pinar del
Río
:
Soroa
, [
22º46´S
,
82º59´W
], elev. [
82m
],
27–29.iv.1983
,
P.J. Sangler
&
Iliana Fernandez G.
leg.,
1♂
(
USNM
)
;
San Vicente
, [
20º5´S
,
75º46´W
], elev. [
125m
],
7.ii.1981
,
P. J. Spangler
&
A
. Vega
leg.,
2♂
6♀
(
USNM
)
.
Sancti Spiritus
:
Gaviña, Sierra Escambray
, [
21º56´S
,
79º26´W
], elev. [
67m
],
13.ii.1981
,
P.J. Spangler
&
A
. Vega
leg.,
1♀
(
USNM
)
.
HAITI
:
Sud
:
Lévy
(1
Km
NE), [
18º18´N
,
73º 51´W
], elev. [
185m
],
10–11.ix.1981
,
P. Spangler
&
R. Faitoute
leg.,
1♂
(
USNM
)
.
JAMAICA
:
Kingston
:
[
18º16´S
,
77º6´W
], elev. [
341m
],
26.viii.1934
,
Darlington
leg.,
1♂
(
MCZ 125504
)
.
DOMINICA
: [
15º26´S
,
61º20´W
], elev. [
310m
],
5.x.1964
,
P. J. S.
leg.,
1♀
(
USNM
)
.
ECUADOR
:
El Oro
:
Arenillas
(18
Km
SE),
La Cuca. Exp. Sta.
, [
3º33´S
,
80º2´W
], elev. [
77m
],
22.v.1979
,
Jos J. Anderson
leg.,
1♀
1♂
(
USNM
)
;
Guayas
:
Naranjal
(30
Km
N), [
2º40´S
,
79º36´W
], elev. [
24m
],
24.xii.1977
,
Jos J. Anderson
leg.,
1♀
1♂
(
USNM
)
;
Manabí
:
Chone
, [
0º41´S
,
80º5´W
], elev. [
65m
],
7.i.1978
,
P. J. Spangler
&
J. Anderson
leg.,
1♂
(
USNM
)
.
BRAZIL
:
Ceará
:
Fortaleza
,
UFCE
,
Campus de Itaperi
[
3º47´S
,
38º33´W
], elev. [
26m
],
8.vii.2011
,
R. Azevedo
leg.,
1♀
(
IBSP 166730
)
; 1♀ (IBSP 166732).
Bahia
:
Mucugê
,
Reserva Particular do Patrimônio Natural Adília Paraguassu
, [
12º59´S
,
41º23´W
], elev. [
1067m
],
3–7.vii.2005
,
J. P. Souza
&
Alves
leg.,
1♀
(
IBSP 56557
)
.
Paraná
:
Porto Rico
, [
22º47´S
,
53º16´W
], elev. [
271m
],
v.2009
,
E. R.
Cunha
leg.,
1♂
(
MPEG 15435
)
.
AFRICA
.
NIGERIA
:
Kabba
:
Kabba
,: [
7º50´N
,
6º4´E
], elev. [
458m
],
19–23.ii.1949
,
B. Malkin
leg.,
2♀
2♂
(
CAS 9056025
)
.
REPUBLIC OF CÔTE D'IVOIRE
: [
Vallée du Bandama
region
]:
Bouaké
, [
7º41´N
,
5º1´W
], elev. [
350m
],
7.x.1995
,
Russel-Smith A.
leg.,
1♂
(
MRAC 227412
)
.
CAMEROON
: [
Southwest Region
]:
Matute, Tiko, [
4º7´N
,
9º24´E
], elev. [
30m
],
14.iv.–6.v.1949
,
B. Malkin
1♂
(
CAS 9039595
)
.