A Revision of the Spider Genus Zorocrates Simon (Araneae, Zorocratidae) Author PLATNICK, NORMAN I. Author UBICK, DARRELL text American Museum Novitates 2007 2007-06-28 3579 1 44 http://www.bioone.org/doi/abs/10.1206/0003-0082%282007%293579%5B1%3AAROTSG%5D2.0.CO%3B2 journal article 10.1206/0003-0082(2007)3579[1:AROTSG]2.0.CO;2 0003-0082 5388198 Zorocrates unicolor (Banks) figures 6–10 ; map 2 Chemmis unicolor Banks, 1901: 583 , f. 11 (female holotype from Santa Rita Mountains , Arizona , in USNM, examined). Zorocrates fuscus (misidentification): F. O. P.- Cambridge, 1902: 354 , pl. 33, figs. 8, 8a, 9, 9a–d . Zorocrates isolatus Gertsch and Davis, 1936: 16 (juvenile holotype from Chisos Mountains , Brewster County , Texas , in AMNH, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. Anachemmis unicolor : Roewer, 1955: 607 . Zorocrates unicolor : Lehtinen, 1967: 437 , figs. 79, 82. NOTE: Although cribellate, this species was originally described in the clubionid genus Chemmis Simon (1898 , currently considered a junior synonym of the corinnid genus Megalostrata Karsch, 1880 ), and was subsequently transferred to the genus Anachemmis Chamberlin by Roewer (1955) . Examination of the holotype female indicates that Banks’ original placement, and Roewer’s transfer, are both incorrect. Banks noted that ‘‘In front of spinnerets is a curious truncate lip.’’ This apparently refers to the anterior edge of the cribellum, most of which is folded against the anterior lateral spinnerets and therefore not readily visible in ventral view. Had Banks noted the cribellum, he would presumably have placed the species in a cribellate family rather than the Clubionidae ; the misplacement was no doubt abetted by the scopular setae obscuring the remnant of the third claw and making the spider appear to be a dionychan. It seems that Lehtinen (1967) detected these misplacements, for he presented genitalic illustrations of the species under the combination Zorocrates unicolor ; since Lehtinen did not mention the author or original combination of the name, the combination presented in his figure legend was enigmatic and appeared to be just a nomen nudum ( Platnick, 2006 ). The species is here formally transferred to Zorocrates . Figs. 6–10. Zorocrates unicolor (Banks) . 6. Left male palp, prolateral view. 7. Same, ventral view. 8. Same, retrolateral view. 9. Epigynum, ventral view. 10. Same, dorsal view. Map 2. Records of Zorocrates unicolor ; open circles indicate uncertain localities. DIAGNOSIS: Males resembles those of Z. fuscus but have a shorter, ledge-shaped (rather than fingerlike) proximal lobe on the retrolateral tibial apophysis, a distally widened median apophysis with a large, prolaterally directed denticle ( figs. 7, 8 ), and a ventrally longer tegular apophysis. Females also resemble those of Z. fuscus but have much larger openings to the epigynal pockets ( fig. 9 ). MALE: Total length 12. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I d1-1-2; II p1- 1-2; metatarsi III r1-1-2. Cribellum present. Retrolateral tibial apophysis short, with distinctly ledge-shaped proximal lobe; median apophysis distally angular; tegular apophysis sharply pointed ( figs. 6–8 ). FEMALE: Total length 15. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I, II p0-1-1, r1- 1-0; IV p0-1-1, r0-0-1; patellae: III r0-0-0; IV p0- 0-0; tibiae: I, II d0-0-0, p0-0-0, r0-0-0; III r1-0-1; metatarsi: I p0-0-0, v2-2-2, r0-0-0; II p0-0-0, r0-0- 1; III p1-1-2, r1-2-2. Cribellum present. Epigynal midpiece broadly triangular, lateral pockets large; spermathecae relatively wide ( figs. 9, 10 ). MATERIAL EXAMINED: UNITED STATES: Arizona : Graham Co. : Redfield Canyon , Galiuro Mountains , Nov. 10, 1985 ( V., B. Roth , CAS), 2♀ . Pima Co. : Bog Springs Campground , Madera Canyon , Apr. 9, 1997 , oak forest, under rocks at night ( D. Ubick , CAS), 13, 4♀ ; Brown Canyon , Baboquivari Mountains , June 9, 1952 (W. Gertsch , M. Cazier , R. Schrammel , AMNH), 3♀ ; Madera Canyon , Santa Rita Mountains, Aug. 13, 1981, riparian forest, under rocks ( D. Ubick , CDU), 23, 4♀ , Apr. 9, 1997 , oak forest, under rocks at night (D. Ubick, CDU), 3♀ ; Manning Ranch , 30 mi S Tucson , Mar. 26, 1935 ( J. Griswold , MCZ 56222), 1♀ ; Redington , Feb. 1, 1977 ( M. Keasey , AMNH), 13; Santa Rita Mountains, W on road 4041 to elev. 5670 ft , N on dirt road of elev. 5760 ft , collected Dec. 3, 1994 , reared to maturity, on rocks in pine woods area ( T. Prentice , UCR), 33, 2♀ . Pinal Co. : Aravaipa Canyon , Apr. 11–13, 1977 ( V. Roth , B. Schropfer , CAS), 13; Peppersauce Cave Canyon, Santa Catalina Mountains, Apr. 21, 1961 (W. Gertsch , AMNH), 3♀ . Santa Cruz Co. : Big Rock Camp , Madera Canyon , 31 ° 42 9 N , 110 ° 52 9 W , Sept. 10, 1941 ( W. Ivie , AMNH), 43, 7♀ ; Madera Canyon , Santa Rita Mountains, Feb. –Apr. 1931, elev. 5000 ft ( Iorns , MCZ 56236), 13, June 7, 1952 (W. Gertsch , M. Cazier , R. Schrammel , AMNH), 3♀ , Aug. 9, 1956 (W. Gertsch , V. Roth , AMNH), 2♀ , Oct. 25, 1959 (AMNH), 1♀ , Aug. 22, 1961 , under rock (J. Beatty, CJB), 1♀ , July 19, 1962 (W. Gertsch, AMNH), 1♀ ; 10 mi E Nogales , May 9, 1961 (W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ ; Patagonia , Sept. 17, 1952 ( B. Malkin , AMNH), 13; Roundup Camp , Madera Canyon , 31 ° 42 9 N , 110 ° 51 9 W , Sept. 9, 1941 ( W. Ivie , AMNH), 23, 5♀ ; 4 mi SE Ruby , Sept. 5, 1950 (W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ ; 15 mi SE Ruby , Sept. 6, 1950 ( W. Gertsch , AMNH), 13; Summit Road , Atascosa Mountains , Jan. 28, 1961 , elev. 3500 ft ( D. Bixler , CDB), 1♀ . Texas : Brewster Co. : The Basin , Chisos Mountains , Big Bend National Park , Aug. 1– 10, 1937 ( K. Schmidt , AMNH), 1♀ , Aug. 2, 1938 (AMNH), 2♀ , Sept. 28, 1950 (W. Gertsch, AMNH), 13, 3♀ , May 24, 1965 , elev. 5400 ft (K. Haller, AMNH), 1♀ , Aug. 25, 1967 , elev. 6000 ft (W. Gertsch, Hastings, AMNH), 13, 1♀ (identified from scanning electron micrographs by M. Ramírez); Juniper Flat , Basin area , Big Bend National Park , May 27, 1965 , elev. ca. 5900 ft ( K. Haller , AMNH), 1♀ . MEXICO: no specific locality (BMNH), 13, 2♀ . Chihuahua : Charcas , July 19, 1934 , hillside (MCZ 56233), 4♀ ; 5 mi NW Clarines Mine , Santa Bárbara, Feb. 8, 1947, elev. 6800 ft (G. Bradt , AMNH), 1♀ ; 12 mi NW Gran Morelos , Aug. 15, 1950 ( R. Smith , AMNH), 13; Santa Bárbara, Jan. 20, 1947, elev. 6200–6800 ft (G. Bradt , AMNH), 1♀ . Durango : 10 mi W Durango , July 12, 1954 ( E. Schlinger , AMNH), 1♀ ; 15 mi W Durango , Aug. 12, 1947 (W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ ; Ojo de los Encinos , June 4–5, 1947 ( G. Bradt , AMNH), 1♀ ; Palos Colorados , Aug. 5, 1947 , elev. 8000 ft ( W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ ; Providencia , Aug. 24, 1947 , elev. 7700 ft ( A. Davis , AMNH), 13, 3♀ ; San José del Río , Aug. 1, 1947 ( W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ . Guanajuato : 8.5 mi NW León , July 15, 1963 (AMNH), 1♀ . Guerrero : Amula ( H. Smith , BMNH 1905.4.28.1324-1328), 63, 23♀ . Hidalgo : Ixmiquilpan (AMNH), 13. Jalisco : Jocotepec , July 24, 1965 ( Conant , AMNH), 13; shore of Lago de Chapala at Jocotepec , July 13, 1965 ( Conant , AMNH), 13; S side, Lago de Chapala , July 28, 1954 ( W. Gertsch , AMNH), 1♀ ; W side, Laguna de Sayula , July 30, 1964 ( W. Gertsch , J. Woods , AMNH), 13 ; 5 km SW Tecalitlán , Jan. 2, 1989 , elev. 1200 m (E. Ross , R. Stecker , CAS), 1♀ . México : 4– 5 km from Atlacomulco , Oct. 13, 2001 , elev. 2600 m ( O. Francke , E. González , UNAM), 13; Malinalco , ruin, Oct. 25, 1973 ( S. Williams , C. Mullinex , CAS), 23; Tenancingo , Sept. 27–Oct. 7, 1946 , elev. 2050 m (H. Wagner , AMNH), 1♀ , Oct. 1946 (H. Wagner, AMNH), 1♀ . Michoacán : Cojumatlán , June 23, 1941 ( A. Davis , AMNH), 1♀ ; 5 mi E Cojumatlán , Aug. 2, 1954 (W. Gertsch , AMNH), 2♀ ; Tancítaro , July–Aug. 1940 , rotting Agave stumps, rocks in dry area, elev. 6500 ft ( H. Hoogstraal , MCZ 56226, 56229– 56231), 13, 13♀ . Nuevo León : 3 mi S Galeana , May 22, 1973 ( D. Rossman , AMNH), 1♀ . Oaxaca: NE slope, Cerro San Felipe, Aug. 6, 1961 , elev. 8200–9000 ft ( M. Bogert , AMNH), 13 ; 1–5 mi NE El Punto , road to Ixtlán de Juárez , Sept. 3, 1961 , elev. 7500 ft ( C., M. Bogert , Miller , AMNH), 23 ; 4 mi SW San Martín Huamelulpan , Tlaxiaco district , Aug. 26, 1966 , elev. 7100 ft ( C. Bogert , AMNH), 1♀ . San Luis Potosı´ : Cerritos , Buenavista , 1942 ( Ekhomb , AMNH), 1♀ . Sonora : unnamed locality, ca. 28 ° 55 9 N , 109 ° 45 9 W , Sept. 18, 1982 , pine forest ( V. Roth , AMNH), 13; Sierra Manzanal , Aug. 1976 ( V. Roth , CAS), 13, 1♀ . Tabasco : Teapa ( H. Smith , BMNH 1905.4.28.1319-1323), 63, 4♀ . Tamaulipas : km 14, Highway 101, Feb. 22, 1973 ( C. Soileau , AMNH), 13 ; 12 mi SW Mante , 22 ° 36 9 N , 99 ° 03 9 W , Apr. 18, 1963 (W. Gertsch , W. Ivie , AMNH), 2♀ . DISTRIBUTION: Southern United States south to southern Mexico (map 2). SYNONYMY: The redescription by Gertsch and Davis was presumably due to Banks’ misplacement of the species in the Clubionidae . Zorocrates guerrerensis Gertsch and Davis figures 11–15 ; map 1 Zorocrates guerrerensis Gertsch and Davis, 1940: 2 , figs. 9–11 (male holotype and female allotype from 12 miles north of Acapulco , Guerrero , Mexico , in AMNH, examined). DIAGNOSIS: This species resembles Z. gnaphosoides in having very wide lateral pockets on the female epigynum; males differ in having a ledge on the retrolateral tibial apophysis and a short median apophysis ( figs. 12, 13 ), females in having tightly coiled spermathecal lobes and prominent anterolateral blind ducts ( fig. 15 ). MALE: Total length 11. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: II p1-1-2; III p0-2-1; IV p1-2-1; patellae IV r0-1-0; tibiae: I p1-1-1, r1-0-1; II v4-2-2; III, IV d1-1-1; metatarsi: I p1-1-0; II p1-1-2, v2-2-1r, r1-1-2; III r1-1-2; IV r0-2-2. Cribellum present. Retrolateral tibial apophysis wide, with proximal ledge; median apophysis very short, hook-shaped; tegular apophysis wide, sharply pointed ( figs. 11–13 ). FEMALE: Total length 13. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r1- 1-0; II p0-1-2, r0-0-0; III p0-1-2, r0-2-1; IV p1- 1-1, r0-0-1; tibiae: I, II d0-0-0, p0-0-0, r0-0-0; III d1-0-0, r1-0-1; IV d1-1-1; metatarsi: I, II p0-0-0, v2-2-2, r0-0-0. Cribellum present. Epigynal midpiece broadly triangular, lateral pockets very widely separated; spermathecae forming tight mass of lobes ( figs. 14, 15 ). MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO : Chiapas : San Cristóbal de las Casas ( H. Smith , BMNH 1905.4.28.1309–1318), 2♀ , Sept. 2, 1972 , elev. 2164 m (C. Mullinex, CAS), 1♀ . Guerrero : 12 mi N Acapulco , June 18, 1936 ( L. Davis , AMNH), 13, 2♀ (including types ) . Oaxaca : 5.8 mi W Teotitlán , July 31, 1993 (AMNH), 13. Puebla : 0.5 mi W Cacaloapan on Highway 50, July 25, 1965 , arid tropical scrub ( R. Schick , D. Schroeder , AMNH), 1♀ ; Tehuacán , Nov. 8, 1939 ( C. Bogert , H. Vokes , AMNH), 1♀ , Oct. 17–24, 1944 (H. Wagner, AMNH), 13, 1♀ , July 24, 1956 (W. Gertsch, V. Roth, AMNH), 3♀ ; 5 mi N Tehuacán , June 29, 1944 (A. Davis , AMNH), 1♀ . CENTRAL AMERICA: no specific locality (Godman, Salvin, BMNH), 1♀ . PANAMA : Chiriquı´ : Bugaba ( Champion , BMNH 1905.4.28.1337–1340), 3♀ . DISTRIBUTION: Central and southern Mexico (map 1); possibly also south to Panama , but we regard the Panama record as suspect (other specimens supposedly from that site belong to species that are otherwise known only from Chiapas). Zorocrates gnaphosoides (O. P.-Cambridge) figures 16–20 ; map 1 Satricum gnaphosoides O. P. - Cambridge, 1892: 99 , pl. 13, figs. 4a–e, 5a ( one female and three male syntypes from Tactic , Guatemala , in BMNH, examined) . Zorocrates petersi Kraus, 1955: 79 , fig. 226 (female holotype from El Salvador , in NMS, examined). NEW SYNONYMY. DIAGNOSIS: This species resembles Z. guerrerensis in having very wide lateral pockets on the female epigynum; males differ in lacking a ledge on the retrolateral tibial apophysis and have a longer median apophysis ( figs. 17, 18 ), females in having enlarged, loosely coiled lateral spermathecal ducts ( fig. 20 ). MALE: Total length 14. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I, II p0-1-2, r1- 1-2; III p1-1-2, r1-1-2; IV p1-1-2, r0-0-1; patellae IV r0-1-0; tibiae: I d0-0-0, r1-0-1; II r1-0-1; III r1-0-1; metatarsi: I p1-1-1; II r1-1-0; III r1-1-2. Cribellum present. Retrolateral tibial apophysis relatively long, narrow, without ledge on proximal lobe; median apophysis hook-shaped, distally rounded, with large, prolaterally directed denticle; tegular apophysis narrow proximally ( figs. 16–18 ). Figs. 11–15. Zorocrates guerrerensis Gertsch and Davis. 11. Left male palp, prolateral view. 12. Same, ventral view. 13. Same, retrolateral view. 14. Epigynum, ventral view. 15. Same, dorsal view. FEMALE: Total length 16. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I d1-1-0, p0- 0-2, r0-0-0; II d1-1-0, p0-0-1, r0-0-0; III r1-1-1; IV p0-0-1, r0-0-1; patellae IV p0-0-0, r0-1-0; tibiae: I d0-0-0, p0-0-0, r0-0-0; II d0-0-0, p0-0- 0, v3-3-2, r0-0-0; III r1-0-1; IV d1-1-1; metatarsi: I p0-0-1, r0-0-1; II p0-0-1, v2-2-1r, r0-0-1; III r1-1-2. Cribellum present. Epigynal midpiece broadly triangular, short, lateral pockets very widely separated; spermathecae with large, loosely coiled lateral ducts ( figs. 19, 20 ). MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO : Chiapas : 12 km NW Comitán , Aug. 30, 1976 , elev. 1707 m ( E. Ross , CAS), 1♀ ; Los Llanos , Aug. 29, 1972 ( R. Mitchell , Russell , AMNH), 1♀ (identified from scanning electron micrographs by M. Ramírez ) ; Ruina Chincultic , Lagunas de Montebello , 28 mi SE Comitán , Jan. 21, 1980 ( B., V. Roth , AMNH), 1♀ ; 4 mi SE San Cristóbal , 16 ° 42 9 N , 92 ° 36 9 S , Aug. 23, 1966 ( J., W. Ivie , AMNH), 1♀ ; San Cristóbal de las Casas (H. Smith , BMNH 1905.4.28.1309– 1318), 13, Sept. 2, 1972 , elev. 2164 m ( C. Mullinex , CAS), 13, 2♀ ; 38 mi SE San Cristóbal de las Casas , near Palmira , Jan. 21, 1980 ( V., B. Roth , CAS), 1♀ ; Sumidero del Camino , 10 mi NE Comitán , Aug. 22, 1967 ( T. Evans , J. Reddell , J. Fish , AMNH), 1♀ . Puebla : 5 km W Nicolás Bravo , Aug. 20, 1988 ( S. Stockwell , AMNH), 1♀ . Veracruz : Jalapa (BMNH 1905.4.28.1341-1346), 1♀ . CEN- TRAL AMERICA: no specific locality ( Godman , Salvin , BMNH), 23. GUATE- MALA: Alta Verapaz : Tactic ( Sarg , BMNH 1905.4.28.1329–1336), 33, 1♀ ( syntypes ). Chimaltenango : Yepocapa , Oct. 8, 1944 , elev. 1380 m ( H. Elishewitz , AMNH), 33. Jalapa : Mataquesquintla , La Sierra , Sept. 5, 1982 , in house ( S. Fend , S. Renkes , CDU), 13 ; Mataquesquintla , El Carrizal , Oct. 1982 ( S. Fend , S. Renkes , CDU), 13, 1♀ . Sacatepéquez : Antigua , Oct. 1965 ( N. Krauss , AMNH), 1♀ ; Figs. 16–20. Zorocrates gnaphosoides (O. P.-Cambridge). 16. Left male palp, prolateral view. 17. Same, ventral view. 18. Same, retrolateral view. 19. Epigynum, ventral view. 20. Same, dorsal view. 2007 PLATNICK AND UBICK: SPIDER GENUS ZOROCRATES 15 Figs. 21–26. 21, 22. Zorocrates ocampo , new species . 23, 24. Z. mordax (O. P.-Cambridge). 25, 26. Z. blas , new species . 21, 23, 25. Epigynum, ventral view. 22, 24, 26. Same, dorsal view. Volcán de Agua , near Santa María de Jesús, Dec. 1982 , under rock ( S. Fend , CDU), 1♀ . EL SALVADOR : Santa Ana : Hacienda Las Brumas , Dec. 26, 1951 , elev. 1830 m ( H. Peters , NMS 8666), 1♀ ( holotype ); Hacienda Los Planes, Aug. 25, 1951 , elev. 1800 m ( A. Zilch , NMS 8230), 1♀ ( paratype ) . DISTRIBUTION: Central Mexico south to El Salvador (map 1). SYNONYMY: Kraus (1955) provided no character to distinguish Z. petersi from Z. gnaphosoides , and there appear to be none. Zorocrates ocampo , new species figures 21, 22; map 1 TYPE: Female holotype from Rancho de Corrales , Municipio de Ocampo , Tamaulipas , Mexico ( Dec. 5, 1964 ; T. Raines ), deposited in AMNH . ETYMOLOGY: The specific name is a noun in apposition taken from the type locality. DIAGNOSIS: Females can easily be recognized by the projecting anteromedian lobe on the epigynum (fig. 21). MALE: Unknown. FEMALE: Total length 11. Coloration lighter than in Z. fuscus , most of abdominal dorsum with chevrons. Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0-0-0; II p0-0-1, r0-0-0; III r1-0-1; IV p2-0-1, r0-0-1; patellae: III p0-0-0; IV r0-1-0; tibiae: I, II d0-0-0, p0-0-0, r0-0-0; III r1-0-1; IV d1-1-1; metatarsi: I p0-0-0, v2-2-2, r0-0-0; II p0-0-0, v2-2-3, r0-0-0; III r1-1-2; IV p1-2-2. Cribellum present. Epigynum with distinctive, tongue-shaped anteromedian lobe; spermathecae bent laterally (figs. 21, 22). OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO : Querétaro : 5 km NNW Laguna Colorada , July 21, 1973 ( J. Reddell , J. Rowland , AMNH), 1♀ . DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Tamaulipas and Querétaro in northeastern Mexico (map 1). Zorocrates mordax (O. P.-Cambridge) figures 23, 24; map 1 Rubrius mordax O. P. - Cambridge, 1898: 279 , p. 37 , fig. 1, 1a–e (female holotype from Omiltemi , Guerrero , Mexico , in BMNH, examined) . Zorocrates mistus F. O. P.- Cambridge, 1902: 354 (synonymy, here rejected). DIAGNOSIS: Females of this distinctive species can easily be recognized by the posterolateral epigynal projections (fig. 23). MALE: Unknown. FEMALE: Total length 12. Coloration as in Z. fuscus . Leg spination: femora: I p0-0-2, r0- 0-0; II d1-0-1, p0-0-1, r0-0-0; III r1-1-1; IV d1- 1-0, p1-1-1, r0-0-1; patellae IV p0-0-0, r0-1-0; tibiae: I d0-0-0, p0-0-0, r0-0-0; II p0-0-0, p0-0- 1, v2-1r-2, r0-0-0; III r1-0-1; IV d1-1-1; metatarsi: I p0-0-1, r0-0-1; II p0-0-1, r0-0-0; III r1-2-2. Cribellum small but present. Lateral edges of epigynum produced into distinct projections; spermathecae compact (figs. 23, 24). MATERIAL EXAMINED: MEXICO : Guerrero : Omiltemi , elev. 7000–9000 ft ( H. Smith , BMNH 1895.4.28.1341–1346), 1♀ ( holotype ) . DISTRIBUTION: Known only from Guerrero , Mexico (map 1). THE BADIUS GROUP The six species assigned to this group are united by the presence of a narrow epigynal septum surrounded posteriorly by a pair of elevated lateral margins. Males are known for only four of the species, but they share a median apophysis that is elongated and obliquely oriented.