Review of Australian species of Plectranthias Bleeker and Selenanthias Tanaka (Teleostei: Serranidae: Anthiadinae), with descriptions of four new species Author Gill, Anthony C. 0000-0002-8990-3657 anthony.c.gill@sydney.edu.au Author Pogonoski, John J. 0000-0002-4878-3919 john.pogonoski@csiro.au Author Moore, Glenn I. 0000-0003-2413-5260 moore@museum.wa.gov.au Author Johnson, Jeffrey W. 0000-0002-8990-3657 anthony.c.gill@sydney.edu.au text Zootaxa 2021 2021-01-26 4918 1 1 116 journal article 8638 10.11646/zootaxa.4918.1.1 1e6b9c6c-c1ae-43ed-8417-70324a727566 1175-5326 4471922 3FEF9EA2-B755-4B22-8B6A-FAFC5C0FFCDF Plectranthias lasti Randall & Hoese Figures 29–30 ; Tables 1–16 , 25 Common name: Trawl Perchlet Plectranthias megalophthalmus [non Fourmanoir & Randall 1979 ].— Allen 1985: 2508 (checklist, Western Australia ).— Paxton et al. 1989: 507 (checklist, North West Shelf, Australia ).— Hutchins 2001: 30 (checklist).— Allen et al. 2006: 990 (checklist, North West Shelf). Plectranthias lasti Randall & Hoese 1995: 332 , fig. 3 ( type locality: 175 kilometers north of Port Hedland, 18°32′S , 118°17′E , North West Shelf, Western Australia ).— Allen et al. 2006: 990 (checklist).— Last et al. 2014: 217 (list).— Anderson 2018: 30 (checklist).— Parenti & Randall 2020: 27 (checklist). ? Plectranthias xanthomaculatus Wu, Randall & Chen 2011: 250 , fig. 2 ( type locality: Hsing-Ta Harbor, Kaohsiung, SW Taiwan) .— Okamoto & Motomura 2017: 48 , fig. 1 (west of Amami Islands, East China Sea). Diagnosis . The following combination of characters distinguishes P. lasti from congeners: dorsal rays X,14; pectoral rays 15–16, usually 15, with all but upper 1–4 rays branched; preopercle edge smooth; scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9–10; and pelvic fin length 20.9–23.3 % SL. Remarks. Plectranthias megalophthalmus was described by Fourmanoir & Randall (1979) from the 61 mm SL holotype collected from south of the Isle of Pines, New Caledonia . Allen (1985) and Paxton et al. (1989) later recorded the species from the North West Shelf of Australia based on three specimens in the Australian Museum. The species has since been recorded in Australian faunal lists (see synonymy above). Randall & Hoese (1995) subsequently described P. lasti on the basis of the holotype from the North West Shelf and a paratype from south of Marion Reef, off Queensland . They noted that P. lasti was close to P. megalophthalmus and P. fijiensis Raj & Seeto, 1983 , sharing similar meristic values with those species, as well as unusual smooth preopercles. However, they did not mention the three North West Shelf specimens of P. megalophthalmus . We examined the three specimens, compared them with the holotype of P. lasti , and have concluded that they are conspecific. We are unaware of any additional specimens of P. megalopthalmus from the North West Shelf. However, we tentatively identify a specimen from the Marion Plateau off Queensland as this species (see account for P. megalophthalmus ). An additional two specimens of P. lasti were examined from the National Museum of Victoria , the larger of which had been photographed when freshly dead ( Figure 29 ). Both were collected southwest of Barrow Island, Western Australia . We regard the specific identity of the paratype of P. lasti from south of Marion Reef, Queensland (CSIRO H 651-2), as tentative. Although it agrees with the holotype and non-type specimens from the North West Shelf in most details, it differs in having scales on the posterior part of the mandibles overlying the anguloarticular bone. In this it agrees with P. fijiensis , from which it differs, however, in having fewer segmented dorsal rays (14 versus 15), all but the uppermost pectoral ray branched (versus first and ninth through 12 th unbranched), and a shallower body (greatest body depth 32.2 % SL versus 37.2 % SL). Determination of whether the P. lasti paratype represents a new species must await the discovery of additional specimens. Among other characters, Randall & Hoese (1995) used the number of lateral-line scales to differentiate P. lasti from P. megalophthalmus and P. fijiensis ( 30 in P. lasti , 31 in P. megalophthalmus and 32 P. fijiensis). However, the holotype of P. lasti has 30 tubed scales on the left side, and 32 on the right, and the non-type specimens of P. lasti extend variation in this character to 28–32. Moreover, the Queensland specimen of P. megalophthalmus has 32/33 lateral line scales. The new specimens also extend known variation in several other characters that were proposed to differentiate the three species. Not-withstanding the small sample sizes, two characters appear to differentiate P. lasti from P. megalophthalmus : number of segmented dorsal rays ( 14 in P. lasti versus 15 in P. megalophthalmus ); and number of scales below the lateral line to the anal origin (9–10 versus 12–13). Disregarding the Queensland paratype (discussed above), P. lasti is distinguished from P. fijiensis in pectoral ray branching (only upper 1–4 rays unbranched in P. lasti versus first and ninth through 12 th unbranched in P. fijiensis ), the absence of scales on the mandible (versus posterior part of mandible scaled), and having a shallower body (greatest body depth 29.0–34.2 versus 37.2 % SL). FIGURE 29. Plectranthias lasti , NMV A 29655-001, 47.1 mm SL, freshly dead, west of Barrow Island, Western Australia, Australia. Photo by M.F. Gomon. Aside from the characters noted above, the new specimens of P. lasti extend known variation in the following characters (previous data from types in parentheses): pectoral rays 15–16 (15); upper and lower procurrent caudal rays 5–6 and 4–5, respectively (6 and 5, respectively; note that we adjusted Randall & Hoese’s counts in order to account for methodological differences); scales above lateral line to dorsal-fin origin 2–3 (2); scales below lateral line to origin of anal fin 9–10 (9); lower gill rakers 11–13 (12); pseudobranchial filaments 12–17 (15–17). Unfortunately, only four of the five new specimens are undistorted and suitable for morphometrics. Morphometric data for the four specimens are given in Table 25 , along with our independent measurements of the holotype . Plectranthias lasti appears to be very similar to P. xanthomaculatus Wu, Randall & Chen, 2011 . The latter species was originally described from the holotype from Taiwan , but a second specimen has since been recorded from Amami Islands, Ryukyu Islands, by Okamoto & Motomura (2017) . The two species share a range of characters, for example: segmented dorsal rays 14; predorsal formula 0/0/2/1+1; usually 15 pectoral rays, with all but the uppermost 1–4 rays branched; posterior margin of preopercle smooth, with no antrorse serrations ventrally; lateral line complete, with 28–32 tubed scales; scales present on the maxilla; relatively low number of scale rows below the lateral line to the anal origin, lack of greatly enlarged canines in the lower jaw, as well as broad overlap in most morphometric values. The two species appear very similar in live coloration, being more-or-less red with a pale belly, bright yellow blotches and yellow fins. The yellow blotches are indistinct in the photo of P. lasti but are in essentially the same positions to those in photos of P. xanthomaculatus (e.g., Wu et al. 2011 : fig. 2; Okamoto & Motomura 2017 : fig. 1). Wu et al. suggested the two species differed in body depth, relative lengths of the fourth and fifth dorsal spines, lengths of pectoral and pelvic fins, numbers of pseudobranch filaments, numbers of gill rakers, and relative sizes of the nostrils. Considering new data for P. xanthomaculatus from Okamoto & Motomura (2017) and for P. lasti from the present study, of these characters, only pelvic-fin length differs (17.0–19.3 % SL in P. xanthomaculatus versus 20.9–23.3 % SL in P. lasti ). The two species possibly differ in several other morphometric values not considered by Wu et al. (2011) : snout length (9.8–10.1 % SL in P. xanthomaculatus versus 6.8–8.0 % SL in P. lasti ), length of the last dorsal spine (4.1–5.2 versus 5.5–7.0 % SL), and length of longest segmented anal ray (17.0–17.9 versus 19.0–21.5 % SL). However, the measurements are based on few specimens (five of P. lasti and two of P. xanthomaculatus ), and it is likely the study of further specimens will show these characters to be more variable. More detailed comparison of additional specimens is needed to test whether the two nominal species are synonymous. FIGURE 30. Distribution records for Plectranthias lasti (open circles) and Australian P. megalophthalmus (closed circle). We add the following new observations on P. lasti : at least some head and anterior body scales with basal cteni (remaining scales with peripheral cteni only); vertebrae 10+16; supraneurals 2; predorsal formula 0/0/2/1+1; dorsal pterygiophores in interneural spaces 9–13 1/1/1+1/1/1+1, 1/1/1+1/1+1/1 or 1/1/1+1/1+1/1+1; 7–10 trisegmental pterygiophores associated with dorsal fin; terminal dorsal pterygiophore in interneural space 17; 3–4 trisegmental pterygiophores associated with anal fin; terminal anal pterygiophore in interhaemal space 4–5; ribs present on vertebrae 3 through 10; epineurals present on vertebrae 1 through 11–13; parhypural and hypurals autogenous; well-developed hypurapophysis on parhypural; epurals 3; single uroneural (posterior uroneural absent); ventral tip of cleithrum with well-developed posteroventral process; proximal tip of first anal-fin pterygiophore near distal tips of parapophyses on vertebra 10. TABLE 25. Morphometric values for examined specimens of Plectranthias lasti and P. megalophthalmus expressed as percentages of SL. * indicates where a measurement could not be made, owing to damage.

P. lasti	P. megalophthalmus
AMS I.22807-056 Holotype	NMV A 29655-001 Non-type	NMV A 29655-001 Non-type	AMS I.22828-020 Non-type	AMS I.22828-020 Non-type	CSIRO H 643-4
SL (mm)	48.4	32.7	47.1	59.6	62.6	53.2
Greatest body depth	31.8	31.2	34.2	29.0	29.2	27.8
Body depth at anal-fin origin	27.9	26.0	27.6	28.0	26.2	26.7
Body width	20.7	21.7	21.0	18.6	19.6	17.9
Head length	41.1	39.8	41.2	40.9	40.9	38.7
Snout length	7.9	7.3	6.8	7.4	8.0	7.9
Orbit diameter	12.8	14.1	13.6	12.9	12.8	12.6
Bony interorbital width	3.3	3.1	2.3	3.5	3.2	3.6
Upper jaw length	20.0	19.3	18.9	20.8	20.3	19.5
Maxilla width	6.2	6.1	6.8	6.4	6.4	6.2
Caudal peduncle length	22.3	22.6	21.4	20.8	22.2	21.8
Caudal peduncle depth	14.0	12.2	11.7	12.8	11.3	13.7
Predorsal length	39.5	37.6	39.5	38.1	38.3	41.4
Preanal length	66.3	64.2	66.2	68.5	68.4	70.5
Prepelvic length	33.3	31.5	33.1	35.2	35.3	41.4
Dorsal fin base length	50.6	48.9	48.8	49.3	45.7	46.8
First dorsal spine	4.8	5.5	5.1	3.0	4.8	*
Third dorsal spine	12.4	12.2	12.5	12.1	11.0	11.8

......continued on the next page TABLE 25. (Continued)

P. lasti	P. megalophthalmus
AMS I.22807-056 Holotype	NMV A 29655-001 Non-type	NMV A 29655-001 Non-type	AMS I.22828-020 Non-type	AMS I.22828-020 Non-type	CSIRO H 643-4
Fourth dorsal spine	13.8	14.8	14.4	13.3	12.8	*
Fifth dorsal spine	14.0	15.6	14.2	12.9	14.1	15.2
10th dorsal spine	7.0	6.7	5.5	5.5	5.9	5.8
First segmented dorsal ray	13.2	12.8	*	12.9	12.9	*
Longest segmented dorsal ray (number)	18.8 (8)	15.9 (11)	16.8 (3)	16.8 (11)	17.6 (9)	*
Anal fin base length	14.7	15.6	13.6	14.3	14.2	16.5
First anal spine	6.4	7.3	6.6	6.5	7.0	8.3
Second anal spine	12.8	13.8	13.2	12.8	12.1	15.4
Third anal spine	9.7	11.6	10.0	10.4	10.1	13.0
First segmented anal ray	15.5	15.6	15.3	14.1	14.5	*
Longest segmented anal ray (number)	21.5 (4)	20.2 (4)	20.2 (4)	19.8 (4)	19.0 (4)	19.5 (3)
Caudal fin length	*	*	29.5	28.7	*	*
Caudal concavity	*	*	6.4	4.9	*	*
Longest pectoral-fin ray (number)	33.5 (9)	33.3 (10)	31.8 (9)	31.5 (10)	29.4 (9)	30.5 (10)
Pelvic fin spine	11.8	14.1	13.6	12.1	11.5	13.5
Pelvic fin length	23.3	22.3	22.5	22.7	20.9	22.0

Material examined. Western Australia , Australia . AMS I.22807-056, 48.4 mm SL ( holotype ), North West Shelf , 175 km north of Port Hedland , 18°32′S , 118°17′E , 200–204 m , Engel trawl, J. R . Paxton , RV Soela , 2 Apr 1982 ; AMS I.22828-020, 3: 59.6–62.6 mm SL, North West Shelf , 190 km northwest of Port Hedland , 19°01′S , 117°12′E , 200–202 m , Engel trawl, J. R . Paxton & M. McGrouther , RV Soela , 14 Apr 1982 ; NMV A 29655-001 , 2 : 32.7–47.1 mm SL, Western Australia , Barrow L1 transect, 21°00.82′S , 114°39.15′E to 21°00.78′S, 114°38.90′E, 258–271 m , RV Southern Surveyor , 10 Jun 2007 . Queensland , Australia . CSIRO H 651-02 , 68.0 mm SL ( paratype ), south of Marion Reef , 19°43.7′S , 152°06.4′E to 19°46.3′S, 152°04.5′E, 368–370 m , trawl, P. R . Last , RV Soela , 23 Nov 1985 (field station SO06-85/32)