Twenty-two new species in the genus Hyphantrophaga Townsend (Diptera: Tachinidae) from Area de Conservacion Guanacaste, with a key to the species of Mesoamerica
Author
Fleming, AJ
Author
Wood, D. Monty
Author
Smith, M. Alex
Author
Dapkey, Tanya
Author
Hallwachs, Winnie
Author
Janzen, Daniel
text
Biodiversity Data Journal
2019
7
29553
29553
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e29553
journal article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/BDJ.7.e29553
1314-2828-7-e29553
Hyphantrophaga Townsend, 1892
Hyphantrophaga
Townsend, 1892: 247. Type species:
Meigenia hyphantriae
Townsend, 1891, by original designation.
Eusisyropa
Townsend, 1908: 97. Type species:
Tachina blanda
Osten Sacken, 1887, by monotypy. Synonymy by
O'Hara
and Wood 1998
Brachymasicera
Townsend, 1911: 133. Type species:
Brachymasicera polita
Townsend, 1911, by original designation. Syn. n.
Ommasicera
Townsend, 1911: 145. Type species:
Ommasicera chaetosa
Townsend, 1911, by monotypy. Syn. n. [Original description of genus based on female reproductive system, full description of the adult was not provided until
Townsend 1912
: 337.]
Oomasicera
. Incorrect subsequent spelling of
Ommasicera
Townsend, 1911 (
Guimaraes 1971
: 204).
Ophirosturmia
Townsend, 1911: 133. Type species:
Ophirosturmia cincta
Townsend, 1911, by original designation. Syn. n.
Patillalia
Curran, 1934: 459. Type species:
Patillalia fasciata
Curran, 1934, by original designation. Syn. n.
Ypophaemyiops
Townsend, 1935: 233. Type species:
Prophryno myersi
Aldrich, 1933, by original designation. Syn. n.
Hyphantrophaga
Other species included in
Hyphantrophaga
Townsend, 1892
adamsoni
Thompson, 1963: 293 (
Zenillia
). Holotype female (CNC). Type locality: Trinidad, St. Augustine. Comb. n.
angustata
van der Wulp, 1890: 70 (
Exorista
). Holotype male (NHMUK). Type locality: Mexico, Guerrero, Chilpancingo, 4600 ft.
coquilletti
Aldrich & Webber, 1924: 18 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Texas, Belfrage.
auratofrontalis
Brethes
, 1908: 475 (
Exorista
). Syntypes male and female (MACN). Type locality: Argentina, Buenos Aires.
autographae
Sellers, 1943: 23 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: Cuba,
Baragua
.
blanda
Osten Sacken, 1887: 162 (
Tachina (Exorista)
). Holotype female (MCZ). Type locality: unknown (Massachusetts according to
Townsend 1941
:266.
boarmiae
Coquillett, 1897: 95 (
Exorista
). Lectotype female (USNM), by designation of
Aldrich and Webber 1924
: 39. Type locality: USA, Massachusetts, Cotuit.
hypenae
Coquillett in Howard 1897: 47 (
Exorista
). Nomen nudum
proserpina
Williston, 1889: 1919 (
Exorista
, as subspecies of
blanda
). Holotype male (depository unknown). Type locality: unknown.
blandita
Coquillett, 1897: 96 (
Exorista
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: USA, New Hampshire, Franconia.
blandoides
Thompson, 1963: 297 (
Eusisyropa
). Holotype female (CNC). Type locality: Trinidad, Sta. Cruz Valley.
brasiliensis
Moreira, 1915: 227 (
Masicera
). Type status unclear, depository unknown. Type locality: Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Nomen dubium
chaetosa
Townsend, 1911: 145 [description based on female reproductive system; full description of adult in
Townsend 1912
: 337] (
Ommasicera
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura, Valle del
Rio
Chira, Sullana. Comb. n.
collina
Reinhard, 1944: 68 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (SEMK). Type locality: USA, Arizona, Chiricahua Mountains.
euchaetiae
Sellers, 1943: 13 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, New York, Clayton.
fasciata
Curran, 1934: 469 (
Patillalia
). Holotype female (AMNH). Type locality: Panama, Canal Zone, Patilla Point. Comb. n.
glauca
Giglio-Tos, 1893: 6 (
Masicera
). Holotype female (MZUT). Type locality: Mexico.
gowdeyi
Curran, 1926: 112 (
Zenillia
). Holotype female (AMNH). Type locality: Jamaica, St. Andrew Parish, Cinchona Botanical Gardens (as Hill Gardens). Comb. n.
hyphantriae
Townsend, 1891: 176 (
Meigenia
). Lectotype male (USNM), by present designation of Wood. Type locality: USA, New Mexico, Las Cruces.
ceratomiae
Coquillett, 1897: 101 (
Exorista
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Texas, Fort Worth.
desmiae
Sellers, 1943: 16 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, California, Exeter.
myersi
Aldrich, 1933: 173 (
Prophryno
). Holotype male (NHMUK). Type locality: Guyana (as British Guiana), Pakeraima Mts., Upper Ireng River. Comb. n.
nigripes
Townsend, 1928: 159 (
Brachymasicera
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Chiclayo, Pomalca. Comb. n.
niveifacies
Macquart, 1851a: 162 [also Macquart, 1851b: 189] (
Exorista
). 2 syntypes: 1 male, 1 female (MNHN). Type locality: Brazil, Bahia, Salvador (as
"Bahia"
).
optica
Schiner, 1868: 327 (
Exorista
). Holotype female (NHMW). Type locality: Brazil. Comb. n.
polita
Townsend, 1911: 143 (
Brachymasicera
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura. Comb. n.
scolex
Reinhard, 1953: 56 (
Zenillia
) Holotype female (CAS). Type locality: USA, California, Los Angeles County, Tanbark Flat.
sellersi
Sabrosky, 1983: 254 (
Eusisyropa
). 12 syntypes: 6 males, 6 females (USNM). Type locality: USA, Mississippi, Oxford; [new name for boarmiae of authors, not Coquillett, 1897 (
Sabrosky 1983
); name made available by
Sabrosky (1983)
in a bibliographic reference to the diagnosis of boarmiae in the Sellers' key (
Sellers 1943
: 6-7) to the species of
Zenillia
].
subpolita
Townsend, 1912: 341 (
Brachymasicera
). Holotype female (USNM). Type locality: Peru, Piura. Comb. n.
tucumanensis
Sellers, 1943: 21 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: Argentina, Tucuman.
virilis
Aldrich & Webber, 1924: 40 (
Zenillia
). Holotype male (USNM). Type locality: USA, Illinois, Chicago [as New York, Rye, in error - see
Arnaud 1963
: 116.
Hyphantrophaga
Meigenia hyphantriae
Townsend, 1891
Townsend 1891
: 176.
Description
Male. Head (Fig. 1a): vertex 1/4-1/3 of head width; 1-3 reclinate upper orbital setae; ocellar setae proclinate, well-developed, long and arising either beside or behind anterior ocellus; eye haired in all species; parafacial bare; fronto-orbital plate ranging from shiny silver or gold to brownish with a silver sheen and displaying varying degrees of hirsuteness, with setulae not extending below lowest frontal seta; lower margin of face level with vibrissa, thus not visible in profile; facial ridge bare in most species with two notable exceptions,
H. hazelcambroneroae
sp. n. and
H. myersi
, in which the facial ridge is setulose; arista ranging from bare to minutely pubescent, usually distinctly thickened on basal 1/4 or 1/5, ranging in colour from orange to dark brown/black. Thorax: ranging from bright gold tomentose to dull grey; 2-4 prominent dorsal vittae, which can be thick and unbroken or thin and only scarcely visible under certain angles of light; prosternum setose; proepisternum with 1-5 main setae surrounded by a brush of shorter, weaker, hairlike setulae; postpronotum with 3-6 setae arranged in a triangle; chaetotaxy: acrostichal setae 3-4:3; dorsocentral setae 3
-4:3-
4 (only three exceptions displaying three postsutural dorsocentral setae:
H. calva
sp. n.,
H. fasciata
,
H. hazelcambroneroae
sp. n.); intra-alar setae 2-4:3; supra-alar setae 2:3; 2-3 katepisternal setae; scutellum with four pairs of marginal setae (basal, lateral, subapical and apical); basal scutellar setae often longer than or subequal to lateral scutellar setae; subapical setae typically the strongest of the scutellar marginal setae, ranging from slightly curved and medially convergent to parallel, straight or divergent; ranging in length from equal to or longer than basal scutellar setae; apical setae crossed and short, usually 1/4 length of subapical setae, slightly upturned, at a slight upward angle compared to the plane of the rest of the marginal scutellar setae. Legs: ranging in ground colour from yellow to black; hind coxa bare or setose, with a single seta along dorsal margin (Fig. 1b) (this character is sexually dimorphic within
H. calva
sp. n. and variable in both sexes of
H. proxima
sp. n. and
H. vicina
sp. n.). Wings: pale translucent, not strongly infuscate; vein R4+5 setose, with only 2-3 setulae at base. Abdomen (Fig. 1c, d): ground colour ranging from black to different tonalities of brown to orange; mid-dorsal depression on ST1+2 ranging from reaching halfway across the syntergite to almost reaching the hind margin; median marginal setae present on T3 and T4 and often on ST1+2; median discal setae most often confined to T5, but this varies amongst species, with some species displaying median discal setae on T3, T4 and T5; the presence of a sex patch is variable amongst species, ranging from absent to present anywhere between T3-T5. Terminalia (Fig. 1e, f): sternite 5 with a deeply excavated median cleft along posterior edge, smoothly U-shaped, with margins covered in dense tomentum; posterior lobes rounded apically, either bare with multiple fine hairlike setulae or with 2-3 strong setae surrounded by many shorter, weaker setulae. Anterior plate of sternite 5 subequal to or longer than posterior lobes; unsclerotised "window" on anterior plate of sternite 5 ranging from absent to almost entirely transparent, directly basal to posterior lobes; the shape of the window, as well as its presence, varies between species. Cerci in posterior view variable between species, ranging from rectangular, digitiform, to triangular; either longer than or only slightly shorter than surstyli; blunt and rounded at apex to apically pointed, either completely separate medially to fused along most of their length; in lateral view often with a strong downward curve at apex, giving it a clubbed appearance; densely setulose along basal 2/3, ventrally setose along entire length. Surstylus in lateral view almost parallel sided along its length, sometimes ending in a slightly downcurved apex, making the structure appear bladelike; when viewed dorsally, the surstyli range from being slightly divergent to slightly convergent or with inward-curved apices, but never strongly convergent. Pregonite usually broad, well-developed, apically squared off or rounded, usually blunt, typically devoid of setulae. Postgonite slightly narrowed, up to 1/3 as wide as pregonite, sharply pointed and curved at apex, typically short and scythelike, with few exceptions in which the postgonite is subequal in length to the pregonite. Epiphallus well-developed and apically hooked. Distiphallus broadly cone-shaped (in some species this cone or flare is much more pronounced, in others it is square or barrel-shaped), with a slender median longitudinal sclerotised reinforcement on its posterior surface and a broad, anterolateral sclerotised acrophallus on anterior surface near apex.
Female. As male except in the following traits: head with two pairs of proclinate orbital setae. Abdomen slightly more globose than in male; T5 folded over into a narrow slit, a trait stereotypical of the tribe
Goniini
. In cases where sexual dimorphism was observed, the differing character states are mentioned in the species descriptions.
Diagnosis
Hyphantrophaga
, as all other
Goniini
, is difficult to characterise to tribe based on morphological character states and can only be reliably ascribed to this tribe (sensu Herting 1984) based on its microtype ovipary. However,
Hyphantrophaga
does possess a combination of traits that can be considered stereotypical of the group: prosternum setose; males of all species with two pairs of well-developed reclinate upper orbital setae, proclinate orbital setae only present in females (a character state that distinguishes them from males of
Houghia
Coquillet and
Carcelia
Robineau-Desvoidy, in which orbital setae are absent or proclinate); the ocellar setae are always proclinate and in most species arise beside the anterior ocellus; the parafacial, katepimeron and the upper half or more of the facial ridge, are bare; 3-4 well-developed and evenly-spaced postsutural supra-alar setae, the anteriormost being stouter than the first postsutural dorsocentral seta; median discal setae present only on abdominal T5 (in most species); the three major setae of the postpronotum are arranged in a triangle; wings lacking costal spine; hind coxa can be setose or bare (in some cases this character state can be sexually variable within species). The height of the gena is about 1/5 to 1/10 the height of the head, which approaches the condition found in some
Houghia
and differentiates
Hyphantrophaga
from the members of
Carcelia
. The eyes of all species of
Hyphantrophaga
are haired; however, in a few species, the ommatrichia can be short and sparse. The 22 species of
Hyphantrophaga
described herein can be identified to genus using the keys in both
Wood 1987
and
Wood and Zumbado 2010
.
Distribution
Ubiquitous throughout the New World, inhabiting a wide variety of ecosystems from south-eastern Canada and the north-eastern USA, west to California and south to Argentina and Brazil.
Ecology
Within the ACG inventory,
Hyphantrophaga
has been reared from a wide variety of
Lepidoptera
hosts throughout the diverse ecosystems of the research area, including:
Bombycidae
,
Crambidae
,
Depressariidae
,
Doidae
,
Erebidae
,
Euteliidae
,
Gelechiidae
,
Geometridae
,
Hedylidae
,
Hesperiidae
,
Immidae
,
Lasiocampidae
,
Limacodidae
,
Megalopygidae
,
Mimaloniidae
,
Noctuidae
,
Nolidae
,
Notodontidae
,
Nymphalidae
,
Papilionidae
,
Pieridae
,
Pterophoridae
,
Pyralidae
,
Riodinidae
,
Saturniidae
,
Sphingidae
,
Thyrididae
,
Tortricidae
and
Zygaenidae
.
Taxon discussion
Hyphantrophaga brasiliensis
(Moreira, 1915) is treated as a nomen dubium within
Hyphantrophaga
, as it has proven impossible to ascertain the repository or even the existence of the type material.