World Cynipoidea (Hymenoptera): A Key to Higher- Level Groups
Author
Buffington, Matthew L.
Systematic EntomologyLaboratory, ARS-USDAc / oNational Museumof NaturalHistory, SmithsonianInstitution, 10 th & Constitution Ave NW, Washington, DC 20013, USA,
matt.buffington@usda.gov
Author
Forshage, Mattias
Department of Zoology, Naturhistoriska Riksmuseet, Box 50007, SE- 104 05 Stockholm, Sweden,
Author
Liljeblad, Johan
Swedish Species Information Centre, PO Box 7007, SE- 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden,
Author
Tang, Chang-Ti
Department of Biological Sciences, The George Washington University, SEH, Suite 6300, 800 22 nd Street, NW, Washington, DC 20052, USA,
Author
Noort, Simon van
Research and Exhibitions Department, South African Museum, Iziko Museums of South Africa, P. O. Box 61, Cape Town 8000, South Africa,
text
Insect Systematics and Diversity
2020
2020-07-01
4
2020
1
1
69
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isd/ixaa003
journal article
10.1093/isd/ixaa003
2399-3421
4552110
Cynipidae
:
Cynipinae
Note: Most commonly in recent years, authorship of family-group names based on
Cynips
has been quoted from
Latreille (1802)
. However,
Alonso-Zarazaga and Nieves-Aldrey (2002)
corrected the authorship of the family since Latreille did not include any actual cynipids in his family, and the name was not made available until later, making ‘Billberg, 1820’ the correct authorship.
The current classification of the
Cynipidae
places all extant forms in a single subfamily, with the majority of species falling into one of four tribes: the oak gallers (
Cynipini
), the herb gallers (
Aylacini
), the
rose gallers (
Diplolepidini
), and the inquilines (
Synergini
).
Ceroptres
, previously classified within
Synergini
, have recently been placed into their own tribe, the
Ceroptresini
.
Diastrophus
, gallers on rosaceous herbs, were previously classified within
Aylacini
, are now in their own tribe,
Diastrophini
, which includes some inquiline genera. Many herb galling genera, previously classified within
Aylacini
, have been moved to
Aulacideini
and
Phanacidini
. Rarer tribes include the
Pediaspidini
(maple gallers), and the
Eschatocerini
(gallers of
Acacia
and
Prosopis
in the
Fabaceae
). Lastly, two additional rare tribes have been recently described based on morphologically divergent forms from the Southern Hemisphere:
Qwaqwaiini
, including a single gall inducer on
Scolopia
(Salicaceae)
in
South Africa
, and
Paraulacini
, including two genera (
Paraulax
and
Cecinothofagus
) of inquilines (or possibly parasitoids) in chalcidoid galls on
Nothofagus
(Nothofagaceae)
in southern South America (
Chile
).
Nieves-Aldrey (2001)
provides an overview of the Iberian fauna and provides keys to tribes.
Ronquist et al. (2015)
established several new tribes and provided an illustrated key.
Pujade-Villar (2019)
follows the same classification of
Ronquist et al. (2015)
and provides an alternative identification key. Unlike many other insect groups, cynipids can also be readily identified by the gall left behind after the adult wasp has emerged.
Weld (1957
,
1959
,
1960a
) pioneered this form of identification, and summarized what was known about gall morphology and host plant records in series of privately printed pamphlets. In addition, Weld’s own collection of galls are located at the USNM and have undergone recuration recently. More recently,
Russo (2006)
has updated much of Weld’s work, and includes not only color images of galls, but also covers other galling insects of North America. Further,
Coulianos and Holmåsen (1991)
provide an overview of galls in Scandavia.