World reclassification of the Gonatocerus group of genera (Hymenoptera: Mymaridae) Author Huber, John T. text Zootaxa 2015 3967 1 1 184 journal article 40912 10.11646/zootaxa.3967.1.1 17446e98-b166-4d8d-aa19-c2da27aa7b3d 1175-5326 288712 809A05D1-3BAD-4A32-8D56-C91A6B609D00 Cosmocomoidea Howard , stat. rev. ( = ater species group, of authors) ( Figs 3–5 , 9–38 , 41–60 ) Cosmocomoidea Howard, 1908 : 69 ; Girault, 1929 [428]: 21 (implied synonymy under Ooctonus ); Ogloblin, 1959a : 44 (subgenus under Lymaenon ); De Santis, 1979 : 367 (subgenus under Gonatocerus ); Matthews, 1986 : 220 (species group [the ater group] within Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 94 (subgenus under Gonatocerus ), 95 (key to Neotropical species); Triapitsyn, 2013a : 117 (subgenus under Gonatocerus ), 118 (key to Palaearctic species), Triapitsyn, 2013b : 213 (key to Nearctic species). Type species . Cosmocomoidea morrilli Howard , by monotypy. Diagnosis . Within Gonatocerini, the species of Cosmocomoidea are distinguished by the following combination of features: subantennal sulci strongly converging and close together at mouth margin ( Fig. 43 ); ocellar triangle with 2 setae ( Fig. 43 ); pronutm with lobes abutting ( Fig. 49 ); dorsellum rhomboidal, with anterior and posterior margins not parallel ( Fig. 49 ); fore wing with microtrichia behind venation usually absent ( Fig. 19 ) but, if present, only on one surface ( Fig. 20 ) or less dense than beyond venation; propodeum with two submedian carinae ( Figs 17 , 49 ). Description . FEMALE . Face with subantennal sulci present, strongly converging and close together, almost touching ventrally at mouth margin, the distance between them at mouth margin much less than their distance from preorbital sulcus ( Figs 10 , 14 a, 43, 48). Vertex with 2 setae between lateral ocelli ( Figs 9 , 43, 46 ). Occiput entire, without a transverse suture dividing it into upper and lower portions ( Figs 11 , 14 e, 45) but in the bucculentus subgroup of Huber (1988: 49) and Triapitsyn et al . (2010: 95) with a circular or oval sulcus constricting the gena behind and below eye ( Figs 5 c, 46, 48). Funicle 8-segmented ( Figs 3 , 12, 13 , 15 a, b, 41, 42), the basal four segments often as long as apical four and at least one of the basal four with mps (apical four segments always have mps on some segments). Pronotum longitudinally divided, the lobes abutting medially ( Figs 5 , 9 , 17 , 49, 53 ). Dorsellum rhomboidal, slightly to considerably longer medially than laterally, with anterior and posterior margins clearly not parallel ( Figs 5 , 17, 18 , 49 ), rarely narrow and almost parallel. Pronotal spiracle about the same diameter as propodeal spiracle ( Figs 50, 52 ). Propodeum with one pair of submedian carinae varying considerably in shape, thickness, length, and distance apart ( Figs 5 , 17 , 49, 54 ), the carinae sometimes very short and/or faint and sometimes ( morrilli subgroup of Triapitsyn et al. 2010) with transverse wrinkles or carinae lateral to the submedian carinae ( Figs 49, 50 ). Fore wing relatively wide, usually without microtrichia behind parastigma ( Figs 3 , 19 , 38 ) but, if present, the microtrichia usually not as dense or as uniformly distributed as beyond venation ( Fig. 41 ), except on dorsal surface in the chusqueicolus subgroup (Triapitsyn et al . 2010: 94) ( Figs 20 a, 42). Stigmal vein with apex oblique ( Figs 3 , 38 , 41 , 42 ). MALE . Radicle short to very short, not or barely separated from scape by a faint line or sulcus. Scape short, at most about 3× as long as often small pedicel. Flagellum usually with relatively wide flagellomeres, sometimes with fl1 almost wide as long. Genitalia with apodeme of genital sternum longer than aedeagus; aedeagal apodemes not fused at junction with aedeagus and almost as long as apodeme of genital sternum; genitalia with fairly wide scooplike lateral projections (volsellae?) lateral to base of aedeagal apodemes (see examples in Triapitsyn 2010). Discussion . With almost 100 nominal species, Cosmocomoidea is the second most speciose genus in Gonatocerini. Specimens of most species are relatively large and often have the fore wing with faint to pronounced colour band or bands but some are small and superficially resemble some Lymaenon species. Triapitsyn et al . (2010) divided the Neotropical Cosmocomoidea (treated as a subgenus of Gonatocerus ) into two species groups, the ater and masneri groups. They subdivided the ater group into the ater , bucculentus , chusqueicolus , and morrilli subgroups. The two species they placed in the masneri group are transferred to Yoshimotoana , described below. It was unfortunate that Matthews (1986) and Huber (1988) named the species here placed in Cosmocomoidea as the ater -group of Gonatocerus . As Triapitsyn (2013a) explained, the type series of C . ater (Förster) consists of four specimens representing at least three species belonging, in his classification, to two different subgenera, G . ( Cosmocomoidea ) and G . ( Lymaenon ). Triapitsyn upheld the type fixation by Matthews (1986) but noted it is a lectotype , not a holotype ; this female definitely belongs to Cosmocomoidea . One male has a strap-like dorsellum and two rows of microtrichia behind the parastigma and definitely belongs to Lymaenon . A third specimen, a female, belongs to a second species of Cosmocomoidea . Förster’s fourth specimen is a male of uncertain identity. All four specimens are part of Förster’s original material, upon which he based his description and redescription of ater ( Förster 1841 ; Foerster 1847 —Foerster stated the number of specimens in this paper). The gender of Cosmocomoidea is feminine ( Huber 2002 ). Because almost all the included species were originally described in Gonatocerus or Lymaenon , which are masculine, the names of the species listed under Cosmocomoidea have been changed to agree in gender, where necessary. In some cases it was difficult to determine if the name is an adjective or a noun in apposition. When in doubt I assumed, in the absence of other evidence, that the name was a noun in apposition and therefore the ending remains unchanged from the original spelling. Distribution . Cosmocomoidea species occur in the Nearctic, Neotropical, Palaearctic and Oriental regions. In the latter region Cosmocomoidea species occur as far east as the Philippines . The genus is absent from the Ethiopian and Australian regions except for one Nearctic species deliberately introduced for biological control into French Polynesia ( Grandgirard et al. 2008 ), two other species accidentally introduced into the Hawaiian Islands ( Huber & Beardsley 2000 ), and C . novifasciatus (Girault) accidentally introduced into both the Hawaiian Islands and Guam (new records). The greatest number and diversity of species occur in the Neotropical region. The Old World has relatively few species. In the Palaearctic region most species are dark brown or black and, especially in Europe, similar to each other but in the Oriental region they are usually more colourful and diverse. Hosts and habitat . Cicadellidae (Proconini) . A few species have been studied in detail because of their importance in biological control of the glassy-winged sharpshooter, Homalodisca vitripennis (Germar) (Cicadellidae) (Triapitsyn 2006, Grandgirard et al . 2008 ). The greatest diversity of species is in forested habitats. Included species: Cosmocomoidea abbreviata (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon abbreviatus Ogloblin 1953 : 7 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis in De Santis & Esquivel, 1967 : 50 [transferred to Gonatocerus ( Gonatocerus ) ]; Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 99 [(transferred to Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea annulicornis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon annulicornis Ogloblin, 1936 : 41 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). Lymaenon ( Cosmocomoidea ) annulicornis Ogloblin, 1959a : 50 (assigned to subgenus); De Santis, 1967: 10, 106 [(transferred to Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea ashmeadi (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon dolichocerus ashmeadi Girault, 1915 [261]: 8; lectotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Girault, 1929 [428]: 25 (given species status); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 103 [(placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Texas, no locality given. Cosmocomoidea atra (Förster) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ater Förster, 1841 : 45 ; lectotype ♀ in NHMW (examined) (fixed by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 119 [incorrectly designated as holotype by Matthews 1986 : 221 ]). Foerster, 1847 : 206 (transferred to Rachistus ); Dalla Torre, 1898 : 429 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 103 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Germany , Aachen. Cosmocomoidea empoascae (Subba Rao) . Lymaenon empoascae Subba Rao, 1966 : 195 ; holotype ♀ in IARI. Subba Rao, 1983: 135 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: India , Punjab, Jullundur. Synonymy under G . ater by Zeya & Hayat, 1995 : 70 . Cosmocomoidea indica (Subba Rao & Kaur) . Lymaenon indicus Subba Rao & Kaur, 1959 : 229 ; holotype ♀ in IARI. Subba Rao 1983: 135 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: India , New Delhi. Synonymy under G . ater by Zeya & Hayat, 1995 : 70 . Cosmocomoidea intermedia (Boţoc) . Lymaenon intermedius Boţoc, 1962 : 108 ; holotype ♀ in Boţoc collection (lost). TL: Romania , Cluj-Napoca, Someş river floodplain. Synonymy under G . ater by Matthews, 1986 : 222 ; treated as valid species by Pricop, 2010 : 113 . Synonymy under G . ater s. l . by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 119 , but see his discussion on p. 129. Cosmocomoidea nigroides (Narayanan & Subba Rao) . Lymaenon nigroides Narayanan & Subba Rao, 1961 : 656 ; holotype ♀ in IARI. Subba Rao, 1983: 136 (as nigriodes [sic], transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: India , Delhi. Synonymy under G . ater by Zeya & Hayat, 1995 : 70 . Cosmocomoidea pannonica (Soyka) . Gonatocerus pannonicus Soyka, 1946 : 39 ; holotype ♀ in NHMW. TL: Austria , Hundsheim. Synonymy under G . ater by Matthews, 1986 : 221 and under G . ater , s . l . by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 119 . Cosmocomoidea populi (Viggiani) . Lymaenon populi Viggiani, 1969 : 40 ; holotype ♀ in DEZA, but see Triapitsyn, 2013a : 122 . Graham, 1973 : 48 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: Italy , Rome. Synonymy under G . ater by Matthews, 1986 : 222 ; synonymy accepted by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 119 , but see his discussion on p. 133. Cosmocomoidea schmitzi (Debauche) . Lymaenon schmitzi Debauche, 1948 : 86 ; holotype ♀ in IRSNB. Matthews, 1986 : 221 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: Belgium , Héverlé. Synonymy under G . ater by Matthews, 1986 : 221 . Cosmocomoidea atriclava (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus triguttatus atriclavus Girault, 1917 [316]: 19; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2002 : 35 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) and given species status)]. TL: Trinidad and Tobago , Trinidad , Mitan. Cosmocomoidea barbos (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) barbos Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 111; holotype ♀ in UCRC. TL: Mexico , Veracruz, Tuxpan. Cosmocomoidea blefuscu (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) blefuscu Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 114; holotype ♀ in UCRC. TL: Costa Rica , Cartago, Parque Nacional Tapantí. Cosmocomoidea blesticus (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon blesticus Ogloblin, 1957 : 39 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis, 1967: 10, 103 (as biesticus [ sic ], transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 116 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Puerto Blest, Lago Nahuel Huapí, Río Negro. Cosmocomoidea bonariensis (Brèthes) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Foersterella bonariensis Brèthes, 1922 : 129 ; lectotype ♀ in MACN. De Santis, 1967: 10, 103 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 118 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Buenos Aires, General Urquiza. Cosmocomoidea enicmophila (Huber) . Gonatocerus enicmophilus Huber, 1988 : 79 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , California, Riverside Co., Riverside, UCR Campus. Synonymy under G . bonariensis by Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 118. Cosmocomoidea necator (Ogloblin) . Lymaenon necator Ogloblin, 1939 : 241 ; De Santis in De Santis & Esquivel, 1967 : 50 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). TL: Argentina , Buenos Aires, José C. Paz. Synonymy under G . bonariensis by Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 118. Cosmocomoidea brachyura (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon brachyurus Ogloblin, 1938a : 32 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 103 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 122 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Buenos Aires, Tigre. Cosmocomoidea bucculenta (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus bucculentus Huber, 1988 : 76 ; holotype ♀ in CNC (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 125 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Arizona, Cochise Co., 5 mi . W. Portal, Southwestern Research Station. Cosmocomoidea capitata (Gahan) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatoceros [ sic ] capitatus Gahan, 1932 : 754 ; lectotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Utah, Centerville. Cosmocomoidea carahuensis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon carahuensis Ogloblin, 1957 : 36 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 127 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Neuquén, Pucará, Lago Lacar. Cosmocomoidea caudata (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus caudatus Ogloblin 1935 : 74 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 131 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea chusqueicola (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon chusqueicolus Ogloblin, 1957 : 33 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 135 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Neuquén, Pucará, Lago Lacar. Cosmocomoidea concinna (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon concinnus Ogloblin, 1936 : 46 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 11, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 137 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea coxalis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon ( Cosmocomoidea ) coxalis Ogloblin, 1959a : 51 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1979 : 368 (transferred to Gonatocerus [ Cosmocomoidea ]). TL: Ecuador , Esmeraldas, San Mateo. Cosmocomoidea crassicornis (Viggiani) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon crassicornis Viggiani, 1969 : 44 ; holotype ♂ in DEZA. Triapitsyn, 2013a : 137 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Russia , Adzarskoj RSSA, Sosna (but see Triapitsyn, 2013a : 137 for correct locality). Cosmocomoidea cuscus (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) cuscus Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 141; holotype ♀ in UCRC (examined). TL: Peru , Cuzco, Picol, 3728 m . Cosmocomoidea deleoni (Triapitsyn, Logarzo & Virla) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus deleoni Triapitsyn, Logarzo & Virla , in Triapitsyn et al ., 2008 : 5; holotype ♀ in MPLA. TL: Argentina , Buenos Aires. Cosmocomoidea dolichocerus (Ashmead) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatoceru s dolichocerus Ashmead, 1887 : 192 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn, 2013a : 145 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Florida, Duval Co., Jacksonville. Cosmocomoidea elizavetae (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Cosmocomoidea elizavetae Triapitsyn, 2013b : 214 ; holotype ♀ in USNM. TL: USA , Illinois, Elizabethtown. Cosmocomoidea ermi (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Cosmocomoidea ermi Triapitsyn, 2013b : 215 ; holotype ♀ in UCRC. TL: USA , California, Riverside Co., near Temecula, Sandia Creek near De Luz road. Cosmocomoidea fasciata (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus fasciatus Girault, 1911 [96]: 265; lectotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Virginia, Arlington. Cosmocomoidea flagellaris (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon flagellaris Ogloblin, 1959a : 61 ; holotype ♂ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1979 : 12, 365 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 147 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Ecuador , Pichincha, vicinity of Quito. Cosmocomoidea flagellata (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus flagellatus Huber, 1988 : 78 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 148 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Texas, Weslaco. Cosmocomoidea garchamp (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) garchamp Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 150; holotype ♀ in MPLA (examined). TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea garyi (Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus garyi Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013a : 89 ; holotype ♀ in EDAU. TL: India , Karnataka, Bengaluru, IWST campus. Cosmocomoidea gerasim (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) gerasim Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 153; holotype ♀ in UCRC (examined). TL: Mexico , Tamaulipas, Gómez Farías, Estación Los Cedros, 340 m . Cosmocomoidea gracilicornis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon gracilicornis Ogloblin, 1936 : 50 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 154 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea grandis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon grandis Ogloblin, 1936 : 38 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 157 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea greenwalti (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus greenwalti Huber in Huber & Greenwalt, 2011 : 486 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Montana, Flathead River, Kishenehn Formation. Cosmocomoidea gunathilagaraji (Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus gunathilagaraji Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013a : 92 ; holotype ♀ in EDAU. TL: India , Karnataka, Bengaluru, IWST campus. Cosmocomoidea hayati (Zeya & Khan) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus hayati Zeya & Khan, 2012 : 59 ; holotype ♀ in NPC. TL: India , West Bengal, Islampur, Sibdargipara. Cosmocomoidea helavai (Yoshimoto) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus helavai Yoshimoto, 1990 : 87 ; holotype ♂ in CNC (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 160 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Panama , Cerro Campana, 850m [ 8.333ºN 81.967ºW ]. Cosmocomoidea heratyi (Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus heratyi Manickavasagam & Rameshkumar, 2013a : 97 ; holotype ♀ in EDAU. TL: India , Karnataka, Bengaluru, IWST campus. Cosmocomoidea impar (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus impar Huber, 1988 : 69 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , CA, Menifee Valley, hills on W. end, 1800'. Cosmocomoidea inaudita (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon inauditus Ogloblin, 1936 : 36 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA, (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 166 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Loreto, Misiones. Cosmocomoidea incompta (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus incomptus Huber, 1988 : 67 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , California, Riverside Co., Riverside. Cosmocomoidea inexpectata (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus inexpectatus Huber, 1988 : 75 ; holotype ♀ in CNC (examined). TL: Canada , Ontario, Constance Bay. Cosmocomoidea inflatiscapus (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus inflatiscapus Huber 1988 : 70 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 170 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , California, Barton Flats, hwy. 38, Hathaway Creek. Cosmocomoidea kashipurensis (Zeya & Khan) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus kashipurensis Zeya & Khan, 2012 : 58 ; holotype ♀ in NPC. TL : India , Uttarakhand, Kashipur, Pipalia. Cosmocomoidea kikimora (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) Triapitsyn, 2013a : 141 ; holotype ♀ in ZIN. TL : Russia , Primorskiy Kray, Ussuriyskiy rayon, Gornotayozhnoye. Cosmocomoidea kiskis (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 172; holotype ♀ in MPLA (examined). TL: Argentina , Tucumán, Tafí Viejo. Cosmocomoidea kodaiana (Mani & Saraswat) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Ooctonus kodaianus Mani & Saraswat, 1973 : 78 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Zeya & Hayat, 1995 : 66 (transferred to Gonatocerus ) TL: India , Tamil Nadu, Anamalai-Kodaikanal Hills, Berijam. Cosmocomoidea kootenai (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus kootenai Huber in Huber & Greenwalt, 2011 : 481 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Montana, Flathead River, Kishenehn Formation. Cosmocomoidea latipennis (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus latipennis Girault, 1911 [96]: 268; holotype ♂ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn, 2013a : 145 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: North America , no locality given. Cosmocomoidea maxima (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus maximus Girault, 1911 [96]: 264; holotype ♀ in INHS (lost). TL: USA , Illinois, Pulaski. Synonymy under G . latipennis by Huber, 1988 : 60. Cosmocomoidea logarzoi (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 174; holotype ♀ in MPLA (examined). TL: Argentina , Corrientes, 20 km E. Corrientes, Centro Nacional de Actividades Agrícolas. Cosmocomoidea lucida (Dodd) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus lucidus Dodd, 1919 : 161 ; holotype ♀ in BMNH (examined). TL: Indonesia , Java, Tjibodas. Cosmocomoidea maculipennis (Ashmead) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Litus maculipennis Ashmead 1900 : 265 ; holotype ♂ in BMNH (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 176 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: St. Vincent and the Grenadines , St. Vincent Island . Cosmocomoidea marilandica (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus marilandicus Girault, 1917 [301]: 115; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Maryland, Glenn Dale. Cosmocomoidea metanotalis (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon metanotalis Ogloblin, 1938a : 35 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 179 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Puerto Rico . Cosmocomoidea monticola (Zeya) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus monticolus Zeya in Zeya & Hayat, 1995 : 68 ; holotype ♀ in BMNH (examined). TL: India , Uttar Pradesh, Mussoorie. Cosmocomoidea morgani (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus morgani S. Triapitsyn, 2006: 9 ; holotype ♀ in UCRC. TL: USA , California, Orange Co., Irvine, Irvine Ranch. Cosmocomoidea morrilli Howard , comb. rev. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Cosmocomoidea morrilli Howard, 1908 : 69 ; lectotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Girault, 1929 [428]: 21 (transferred to Ooctonus ); Ogloblin, 1959a : 50 [(transferred to Lymaenon ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]; Bouček & Graham, 1972 : 127 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); De Santis, 1979 : 12 , 367 [(placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Florida, Orlando. Cosmocomoidea mumu (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus (Cosmocomoidea) mumu Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 185; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto, Ruinas Jesuíticas. Cosmocomoidea nasuta (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon nasutus Ogloblin, 1939 : 244 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 187 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Loreto. Cosmocomoidea nigriflagellum (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Ooctonus nigriflagellum Girault, 1914 [195]: 150; holotype ♀ in ZMHB. Mendonça Filho, 1972 : 39 (transferred to Lymaenon ); De Santis, 1979 : 12, 366 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 189 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Paraguay , San Bernardino. Cosmocomoidea h-lutea (Ogloblin). Lymaenon h-luteum Ogloblin, 1938a : 29 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 104 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: Argentina : Buenos Aires, Villa Ballester. Synonymy under nigriflagellum by Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 189. Cosmocomoidea nigrithorax (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon nigrithorax Ogloblin, 1953 : 2 ; lectotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis, 1967: 104 [transferred to Gonatocerus ( Gonatocerus ) ]; Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 194 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Misiones, Monte Carlo. Cosmocomoidea novifasciata (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus novifasciatus Girault, 1911 [96]: 266; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 200 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , Tennessee, no locality given. Cosmocomoidea oxypygus (Foerster) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus oxypygus Foerster, 1856 : 118 ; neotype ♀ in MHNG, designated by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 150 . Triapitsyn, 2013a : 150 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Europe, possibly Germany , Aachen (see Triapitsyn, 2013a : 150 , for discussion of locality). Cosmocomoidea megalura Mathot. Lymaenon megalura Mathot, 1969 : 8 ; holotype ♀ in IRSNB. TL: Belgium , Louvain. Synonymy under G . oxypygus by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 150 . Cosmocomoidea ovicenatus (Leonard & Crosby) . Gonatocerus ovicenatus Leonard & Crosby, 1915 : 545 ; lectotype ♀ in CUIC (examined). TL: USA , New York, Ithaca. Synonymy under G . oxypygus by Triapitsyn, 2013a : 150 . Cosmocomoidea parcepilosa (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon parcepilosus Ogloblin, 1957 : 35 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis, 1967: 10, 105 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 202 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Neuquén, Pucará, Lago Lacar. Cosmocomoidea portoricensis (Dozier) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus portoricensis Dozier, 1937 : 131 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 205 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . TL: Puerto Rico , Isabela. Cosmocomoidea quadrivittata (Dozier) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus quadrivittatus Dozier, 1932 : 81 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 207 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Haiti , Port-au-Prince. Cosmocomoidea quirogai (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon quirogai Ogloblin, 1936 : 44 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). TL: Argentina , Misiones, Tedyú Cuaré, opposite San Ignacio. Ogloblin, 1959a : 50 [placed in Lymaenon ( Cosmocomoide a)]; De Santis, 1967: 10, 106 [(transferred to Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. Cosmocomoidea rakitovi (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) rakitovi Triapitsyn , in Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 212; holotype ♀ in UCRC (examined). TL: Costa Rica , Cartago, Parque Nacional Tapantí, 1290 m . Cosmocomoidea rasnitsyni (Huber) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus rasnitsyni Huber in Huber & Greenwalt, 2011 : 483 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: USA , Montana, Flathead River, Kishenehn Formation. Cosmocomoidea rogersi (Matthews) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus rogersi Matthews, 1986 : 222 ; holotype ♀ in BMNH. Triapitsyn, 2013a : 161 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: England , Hampshire, Awbridge. Cosmocomoidea rufescens (Ashmead) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Polynema rufescens Ashmead, 1904 : 521 ; holotype ♂ in USNM (examined). Ogloblin, 1946 : 286 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 213 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Brazil , Pernambuco. Cosmocomoidea sahadevani (Subba Rao & Kaur) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Lymaenon sahadevani Subba Rao & Kaur, 1959 : 231 ; holotype ♀ in IARI. Subba Rao & Hayat, 1983 : 136 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). TL: India , New Delhi. Cosmocomoidea schajovskoii (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon schajovskoii ( Ogloblin, 1957: 37 ) ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 105 (transferred to Gonatocerus ). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 215 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Neuquén, Pucará, Lago Lacar. Cosmocomoidea seminigra (Ogloblin) , comb n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon ( Cosmocomoidea ) Ogloblin, 1959a : 53 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA. De Santis, 1979 : 12, 368 [transferred to Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Ecuador , Esmeraldas, San Mateo. Cosmocomoidea tremulae (Bakkendorf) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon tremulae Bakkendorf, 1934: 30 ; lectotype ♀ in ZMUC (lost). Bakkendorf did not specify a holotype or state the number of specimens he examined so the holotype designation by Matthews (1986) is deemed a lectotype under ICZN Rule 74.6. Bouček & Graham, 1978a : 109 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn, 2013a : 163 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) , and lectotype fixation]. TL: Denmark , Copenhagen, Fortunen Indelukke. Synonymy under G . ovicenatus by Baquero & Jordana, 2002 : 16; treated as separate species by Pricop, 2010 : 117. Cosmocomoidea trialbifuniculatus (Subba Rao) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus trialbifuniculatus Subba Rao 1989 : 147 ; holotype ♀ in BMNH (examined). TL: India , Karnataka, 25 km W. Mudigere. Cosmocomoidea triangulifera (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon triangulifer Ogloblin, 1959a : 56 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1979 : 367 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 221 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Ecuador , Esmeraldas, San Mateo Cosmocomoidea triguttata (Girault) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus triguttatus Girault, 1916 [287]: 297; lectotype ♀ in USNM (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 222 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Trinidad , Caroni. Cosmocomoidea tuberculifemur (Ogloblin) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Lymaenon tuberculifemur Ogloblin, 1957 : 38 ; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). De Santis, 1967: 10, 105 (transferred to Gonatocerus ); Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 225 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina : Neuquén, Pucará, Lago Lacar. Cosmocomoidea uat (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus uat S. Triapitsyn in Triapitsyn et al ., 2006: 58, holotype ♀ in UCRC (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 227 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Mexico , San Luis Potosí, Ciudad Valles. Cosmocomoidea udakamanda (Mani & Saraswat) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus . Gonatocerus udakamandus Mani & Saraswat, 1973 : 96 ; holotype ♀ in USNM (examined). TL: India , Ootacamund, Doddabetta. Cosmocomoidea virlai (Triapitsyn, Logarzo & de León), comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus virlai S. Triapitsyn, Logarzo & de León in Triapitsyn et al ., 2007 : 62; holotype ♀ in MLPA (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 229 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: Argentina , Tucumán, Tafí Viejo. Cosmocomoidea walkerjonesi (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus walkerjonesi S. Triapitsyn, 2006: 15 ; holotype ♀ in UCRC (examined). Triapitsyn et al ., 2010: 231 [placed in Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) ]. TL: USA , California, Ventura Co., Fillmore. Cosmocomoidea woohoo (Triapitsyn) , comb. n. from Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) . Gonatocerus ( Cosmocomoidea ) Triapitsyn, 2013a : 168 ; holotype ♀ in CAS. TL: Russia , Sakhalinskaya Oblast’, Sakhalin Island , ~ 6 km E. Sokol.