Review of the sponge genus Penares (Demospongiae, Tetractinellida, Astrophorina) in the New Zealand EEZ, with descriptions of new species Author Sim-Smith, Carina Author Kelly, Michelle text Zootaxa 2019 2019-07-15 4638 1 1 56 journal article 26217 10.11646/zootaxa.4638.1.1 fb8c670e-e341-4236-9b05-402c7f92b8f1 1175-5326 3335260 E5A26EB4-1F98-4310-A8D7-A0F933E75D95 Penares deformis sp. nov. ( Fig. 24 –26 ; Table 8 ) Material examined. Holotype — NIWA 52648 , NIWA Stn TAN0803/33, Macquarie Ridge, 50.091° S , 163.482° E , 1077–1408 m , 1 Apr 2008 . Type locality. Macquarie Ridge , New Zealand . Distribution. Only known from type locality, Macquarie Ridge, New Zealand ; 1077–1408 m ( Figure 26 ). Description. Morphology of the holotype is a small, thinly encrusting sponge growing around the dead branches of a coral ( Figure 24A ); 30 mm long × 25 mm wide × 12 mm high. Texture is firm, slightly compressible. Surface is hispid and scratchy to the touch. Singular, uniporal openings, around 1.3 mm in diameter are very sparsely scattered over the surface of the sponge ( Figure 24B ). Colour in ethanol is medium brown, interior is slightly darker. Skeleton. Cortical skeleton is distinct from the choanosome and consists of a densely packed layer of disorganised microxeas. Triaenes are arranged with their cladome at the surface of the sponge ( Figure 24C & D ). Choanosomal skeleton is extremely densely packed with oxyasters. Oxeas are scattered through the choanosome with no distinct arrangement ( Figure 24E ). Spicules ( Figure 25 ; Table 8 ). Megascleres —stronglyoxeas ( Figure 25A & B ) are small and relatively slender; 1094 (656–1498) × 29 (21–40) µm (n = 20). Very short-shafted triaenes are a mixture of dichotriaenes ( Figure 25C ), plagiotriaenes ( Figure 25D ), triaenes with both single and bifurcate clads ( Figure 25E ), and deformed triaenes ( Figure 25F ). Triaenes have a cladome that is much wider than the rhabdome length; 332 (177–453) µm long × 691 (139–995) µm wide (n = 22). FIGURE 24. Penares deformis sp. nov. , holotype NIWA 52648: A. Holotype preserved in ethanol; B. Close view of a uniporal opening; C. Close up view of the surface of the sponge showing triaene cladomes; D. Cortical section showing the position of the triaenes just below the surface of the sponge; E. Choanosomal section showing the densely packed oxyasters. Microscleres —microxeas ( Figure 25H ) are slightly curved with sharply pointed tips; 128 (92–144) × 8 (7–10) µm (n = 20). Microrhabds ( Figure 25I ) are slightly curved with broadly rounded tips, and usually slightly centro- tylote. Microrhabds are typically shorter than microxeas but there is some size overlap; 62 (32–108) × 7 (5–9) µm (n = 20). Oxyasters ( Figure 25G ) are large with a varying number of rays that are faintly acanthose, ranging from plesiasters with few rays to oxyasters. Rays appear to be smooth under light microscopy (400×); 40 (22–78) µm in diameter (n = 20).