Beetles (Coleoptera) in cones of cycads (Cycadales) of the northern hemisphere: diversity and evolution Author Tang, William P. O. Box 266823, Weston, FL 33326, USA Author Xu, Guang Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003, USA Author Marler, Thomas Tropical Research Center, College of Natural and Applied Sciences, Mangilao, Guam 96923, USA Author Khuraijam, Jibankumar Singh Botanic Garden, CSIR-National Botanical Research Institute Rana Pratap Marg, Lucknow - 226001, Uttar Pradesh, India Author Singh, Rita School of Environment Management, G. G. S. Indraprastha Dwarka 16 C, New Delhi - 110 075, India Author Lindström, Anders J. Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden 34 / 1 Moo 7 Na Jomtien, Sattahip, Chonburi 20250, Thailand Author Radha, P. Siddha Clinical Research Unit (SCRU) Council for Research in Siddha- CCRS, Ministry of Ayush, Govt of Medical College, Palayamkottai, Tirunelveli Dt, Tamil Nadu- 627002 Author Rich, Stephen Department of Microbiology, University of Massachusetts Amherst MA 01003, USA Author Nguyen, Khang Sinh Ecology and Biological Resources, Vietnam Academy of Science and 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Cau Giay, Ha Noi, Vietnam Author Skelley, Paul Florida State Collection of Arthropods Department of Agriculture - DPI, P. O. Box 147100, Gainesville, FL 32614 text Insecta Mundi 2020 2020-07-31 2020 781 1 19 journal article 10.5281/zenodo.5757989 1942-1354 5757989 F1B6BDED-9CCF-4356-945B-02662C461E1D Pharaxonothinae The maximum likelihood tree for Pharaxonothinae associated with northern hemisphere cycads is shown in Figure 3 . This tree exhibits the same general clades produced in previous, smaller trees for Asian ( Xu et al. 2015 ; Skelley et al. 2017 ) and New World species ( Tang et al. 2018b ), but with some differences in the branching of the clades relative to one another. Three genera, Ceratophila , Cycadophila , and Pharaxonotha , form the three main branches. The Asian genus, Cycadophila , is subdivided into subgenera Cycadophila Xu, Tang and Skelley and Strobilophila Skelley, Xu and Tang and subgenus Cycadophila is further subdivided into four species groups: lata, fupingensis, nigra, and papua (see Skelley et al. 2017 ). As in a previous DNA analysis of the New World forms ( Tang et al. 2018b ) the genus Pharaxonotha can be divided into three groups: A) Early-diverging lineages from an older radiation that are distributed from Mexico to Colombia ; B) A Caribbean radiation; C) A second, more recent, radiation from Mexico to Colombia and Bolivia . Bootstrap support for the position of some of these clades in the tree is weak and further analysis with a greater sampling of genes will help to improve their phylogenetic placement.