Review of the family Rivulidae (Cyprinodontiformes, Aplocheiloidei) and a molecular and morphological phylogeny of the annual fish genus Austrolebias Costa 1998
Author
Loureiro, Marcelo
Author
Sá, Rafael de
Author
Serra, Sebastián W.
Author
Alonso, Felipe
Author
Lanés, Luis Esteban Krause
Author
Volcan, Matheus Vieira
Author
Calviño, Pablo
Author
Nielsen, Dalton
Author
Duarte, Alejandro
Author
Garcia, Graciela
text
Neotropical Ichthyology
2018
2018-10-18
16
3
1
20
journal article
10.1590/1982-0224-20180007
b7b6ef8f-c8e6-43ad-8b21-5450b4090b75
1982-0224
3709839
Cynolebiasini
.
This tribe is diagnosed by twelve synapomorphies (
Costa, 1998
): a broad posteroventral process of dentary; concave anterodorsal margin of opercle; anterior position of anal-fin origin in males; elongated filamentous rays on dorsal and anal fins of males; sexual dimorphism in number of dorsal- and anal fin rays; numerous anal-fin rays in males (19–32); elongated dorsal portion of cleithrum (
Fig. 8c
); absence of posteroventral flange of cleithrum (
Fig. 8c
); ventral tip of cleithrum ventrally directed (
Fig. 8c
); broad anteroventral tip of coracoids; numerous supraorbital neuromasts (12–25); and spawning within substrate (
Costa, 1998
). Its monophyly is supported also by molecular analyses (
Costa
et al.,
2017a
;
Furness
et al
., 2015
).
The tribe is composed of eight genera, with small to large adult body sizes (
30 to 150 mm
SL):
Nematolebias
Costa
, with three medium-sized species (max.
80 mm
SL) distributed in coastal basin of southeastern
Brazil
;
Xenurolebias
Costa
, with four species with small sizes (max.
30 mm
SL) endemic to the Atlantic Forest in southeastern
Brazil
;
Ophthalmolebias
Costa
, with six species with small sizes (max.
65 mm
SL) distributed in eastern
Brazil
(Costa, 2010);
Simpsonichthys
, with nine small-sized species (max.
55 mm
SL) distributed in the central
Brazil
Plateau (Costa, 2010);
Spectrolebias
Costa & Nielsen
, with nine small-sized species (max.
32 mm
SL) distributed in the
Paraguay
, Guaporé, Xingu, Araguaia, and Tocantins river basins (Costa, 2010);
Hypsolebias
,
with fortynine medium-sized species (max.
80 mm
SL) distributed in Jequitinhonha, São Francisco, and Urucuia river basins (Costa, 2010);
Cynolebias
, with twenty two medium to large-sized species (
50–120 mm
SL) distributed in the São Francisco and Urucuia river basins (Costa, 2010);
Austrolebias
, with fortyeight small to large-sized species (
35–150 mm
SL) distributed in the La Plata, Patos-Merin, and southwestern Amazon basins (
Loureiro, de Sá, 2016
;
Costa
et al
., 2017a
;
Volcan
et al
., 2017
;
Alonso
et al
., 2018
).
According to a recent molecular phylogenetic analysis (
Costa
et al
., 2017a
),
Nematolebias
+
Xenurolebias
are the sister clade of the remaining genera, which relate to each other as follows:
Spectrolebias
, (((
Austrolebias
, ((
Simpsonichthys
,
Cynolebias
), (
Opthalmolebias
,
Hypsolebias
))). However,
Ponzetto
et al
. (2016)
, in a phylogenetic analysis based on one mitochondrial marker, had recently challenged the monophyly of
Hypsolebias
, with some species more closely related to
Ophtlamolebias
than to other
Hypsolebias
.