A taxonomic revision of the genus Dolomiaea (Asteraceae: Cardueae) in India Author S., Kasana Author P. L., Uniyal Author Pandey, A. K. text Rheedea 2021 2021-03-31 31 1 1 10 https://doi.org/10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.01.01 journal article 10.22244/rheedea.2021.31.01.01 2582-2438 16896967 Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K.Pandey, Phytotaxa 450(2): 184. 2020 . Aucklandia costus Falc., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 6: 475. 1841 . Theodorea costus Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 368. 1891 . Saussurea costus (Falc.) Lipsch., Bot. Zhurn. (Moscow & Leningrad) 49: 131. 1964. Lectotype (designated by Lipschitz, 1979 ): INDIA , Kashmir , Falconer s.n. (K [K000372736 digital image!]). Aplotaxis lappa Decne., Voy. Inde [Jacquemont] 4 (Bot.): 96, t. 104. 1844. Saussurea lappa (Decne.) Sch.Bip., Linnaea 19(3): 331. 1846 . Saussurea lappa (Decne.) C.B.Clarke, Compos. Ind. 233. 1876, isonym. Aucklandia lappa (Decne.) Decne., Iconogr. Cormophyt. Sin. 4: 643, f. 6700. 1875. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA , Kashmir, V. Jacquemont 727 (P [P00602864 digital image!]). Fig. 3 Perennial herbs, erect, 1–3 m tall. Stem simple, pubescent above, 0.8–2 cm in diam. Basal leaves membranous, 10–12 × 7–9 cm , irregularly toothed; petiole 4–30 cm , lobately winged. Cauline leaves sessile or shortly petiolate, 14–16 × 9–11 cm . Leaves gland dotted or pubescent abaxially, hirsute adaxially, margin dentate or mucronate, apex acute. Capitula homogamous, sessile, solitary or in cluster of 3–5, usually terminal, 2.5–3.5 × 1.5–2 cm . Involucral bracts acuminate, ovate-lanceolate, sparsely arachnoid, purple. Corolla dark violetpurple, tubular, 1.5–1.8 cm long. Anther tails lacerate. Cypsela cylindrical, brown, curved, compressed, 0.6–1 cm long. Pappus brown, feathery, plumose, 1.3–1.9 mm . Fig. 3. Dolomiaea costus (Falc.) Kasana & A.K.Pandey : A. Habit; b. Pubescent stem; c. Cluster of capitula (images by S. Kasana). Flowering & fruiting : Flowering and fruiting from July to October. Habitat : Grows on rocky slopes and is widely cultivated due to its immense medicinal properties. It is found at elevations from 2100 to 4500 m . Distribution : China (cultivated), India and Pakistan . Specimens examined : INDIA , Himachal Pradesh , Chamba district , Pangi Valley , Sural , 3200 m , 18.07.2010 , Pawan K . Rana 30612 ( PUN ); Kinnaur district , Chitkul , 17.08.1973 , K . P . Janardhanan 52774 ( BSD ); Nichar , 2300 m , 28.05.1962 , N . C . Nair 22065 ( BSD ); Upper Bashahr Forest Division , MFP Branch 01.09.1951 , s.coll. ( DD ); Kullu district , Kullu , Jalori pass, 3300 m , 10.06.1990 , Daya Singh 16422 ( PUN ); Lahul Spiti district , 3000 m , 01.09.1961 , N . C . Nair 16669 ( DUH ); Lahul , Koksar , 05.09.1985 , P . K . Hajra 76995 ( BSD ); Koksar (cult.), 3200 m , 02.08.1971 , U . C . Bhattacharyya 44987 ( BSD ); Sissu , 3500 m , 26.06.1958 , M . A . Rau 5919 ( BSD ); Sissu , 3079 m , 05.07.1938 , N . L . Bor 12320 ( DD ); Jahlma , Nalda – Jasrath reserve , Pattan valley , 2896 m , 10.06.1958 , S . P . Sethi & R . S . Negi 304 ( DD ); Kyelong , 3139 m , 14.07.1941 , N . L . Bor 9934 ( DD ); Mandi district , Chhatru , 3375 m , 05.09.1961 , N . C . Nair 16669 ( BSD ) ; Jammu and Kashmir , Thajwas mountains , 3800 m , 18.06.1959 , T . A . Rau 9563 ( BSD ); Kunpathri in Tilal , 3048 m , 13.08.1909 , Keshavanand 1515 ( DD ); Kashmir , 01.08.1891 , J . C . McDonell s.n. ( DD ); Badzulkod nullah, Liddar valley , 3962 m , 01.08.1893 , J . F . Duthie s.n. ( DD ); Liddar valley , 3353 m , 21.07.1993 , J . F . Duthie 13106 ( DD ); Jaju Basa to Guric , 26.09.1838 , Falconer’s collectors s.n. ( DD ); Kamri pass, 3962 m , 01.08.1892 , s.coll . 12582 ( DD ); Ramban, 27.06.1925 , Shor Singh s.n. ( DD ); Sind valley , 3048 m , 13.08.1883 , J . F . Duthie 13584 ( DD ); Keyan forest , Kawnah basin, Kishanganga valley , 2743 m , 12.07.1906 , Keshavanand 207 ( DD ); Kilshai Bala in Tilai , 3353 m , 25.08.1909 , Keshavanand 1576 ( DD ); Kishanganga valley , Shakhara stream, Jagram forest , 3353 m , 05.08.1906 , Keshavanand 355 ( DD ); Baltistan, Dras valley , 3353 m , 22.08.1893 , J . F . Duthie s.n. ( DD ); Sonmarg , Sind valley, 2743 m , 05.08.1891 , G . A . Gamma s.n. ( DD ); Srinagar , Dhara Mahadev , 2944 m , 16.06.2015 , Sumeet Kour 2317 ( KASH ); Sonmarg , 2700 m , 10.09.1975 , A . R . Azad 1136 ( KASH ); Kashmir , Simthan quarter, 3700 m , 26.07.1974 , Gurcharan Singh 2914 ( KASH ); Pir Panjal range, 3010 m , 12.07.1975 , s.coll . 1356 ( KASH ); Kashmir , Diison nala, 3100 m , 12.09.1988 , Shoukat Ara 21 ( KASH ) ; Uttarakhand , Chamoli district , Dronagiri , P . K . Hajra & Bipin Badoli 87551 ( BSD ); Chamoli , North of Bumpa , 3800 m , 06.09.1975 , B . D. Naithani 56102 ( BSD ); Gharwal district , Buhna , 3500 m , 15.06.1959 , M . A . Rau 10209 ( BSD ); Rudraprayag district , Triyuginarayan , GB Pant NIHE , Rural Technology Centre , 2000 m , 05.10.2017 , Shruti Kasana 1743, 1744 ( DUH ) . Conservation status : The species is in high demand due to the presence of bioactive compounds such as Costunolide and Cynaropicrin ( Pandey et al ., 2007 ) and is listed in Appendix I of CITES. It is overharvested for its aromatic roots and it has been reported that the natural population is decreasing rapidly ( Anonymous, 2011 ; Sharma et al ., 2019 ). This species is assessed as Critically Endangered [CR A2(c,d)] in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Taxa. In our field explorations also, we came across only one population in the wild (near Lahaul-Spiti, Himachal Pradesh ) but found the species in cultivation at various locations. Notes : Victor Jacquemont made extensive collections for the Museum d’ Histoire Naturelle to the East for Voyage dans l’Inde and his specimen from Kashmir, India , is the original material for Aplotaxis lappa . In the protologue, only the collection locality is mentioned and no type was designated. A thorough search for the original material at BR , P , PC and G , where Jacquemont’s collections are reportedly located revealed one of the original material agreeing well with the protologue ( Jacquemont 727 at P [ P00602864 digital image!]) and is hence designated here as the lectotype following Art. 9.3 of the Shenzhen code (Turland et al. , 2018) . Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] pt. 5: t.57. 1835. Carduus macrocephalus Desf., Fl. Atlant. 2: 245. 1799. Carduus macrocephalus Wall., Numer. List [Wallich] n. 2904. 1831. nom. nud . Saussurea religiosa Royle, Ill. Bot. Himal. Mts. [Royle] pt. 8: 251. 1835; Carduus nepalensis Spreng. ex DC., Prodr. [A.P. de Candolle] 6: 542. 1838: Jurinea macrocephala (DC. ex Royle) Benth. ex C.B.Clarke, Compos. Ind. 237. 1876, nom. illeg . Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. Fl. Orient. (Boisser) 311. 1888. Jurinea himalaica R.R.Stewart, Fl. W. Pakistan Annot. Cat. 757. 1972, nom. illeg. Jurinella macrocephala (DC. ex Royle) Aswal & Goel, Indian J. Forest. 11(4): 339. 1989. Lectotype (designated here): INDIA , Gosain Than , Kumaon, Wallich 2904 (E [E00394933 digital image!]). Isolectotypes : (G [G00474692, G00474688 digital images!], P [P00705232 digital image!]). Jurinea himalaica var. tibetica R.R.Stewart, Fl. W. Pakistan 757. 1972. Jurinea dolomiaea var. tibetica (R.R.Stewart) H.B.Naithani, Fl. Pl. India , Nepal & Bhutan 230. 1990. Jurinella macrocephala var. tibetica (R.R.Stewart) Karthik. & Moorthy, Fl. Pl. India 242. 2009. Type : Baltistan , Burji La, 12000 ft , Clarke 29887A ( Holo K [not seen]). FigS. 4 & 5 Perennial herbs, acaulescent. Leaves petiolate, oblong-obovate, 20–30 cm long, lobes pinnatifid, denticulate, adaxial surface hirsute, abaxial densely woolly. Capitula numerous, 3–15 in number, sessile to shortly peduncled, 4–5 × 2.5–3.2 cm , tomentose. Involucral bracts multiseriate, ovate to ellipticlanceolate, scabrid, scarious. Corolla tubular, linear, 2–3.5 cm long, purple. Filaments glabrous. Anther base caudate; tails lacerate. Cypsela obovate, compressed, curved, glabrous, with black wavy fringes, apex truncate. Pappus plumose, brown, deciduous as a whole. Fig. 4. Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle : A. Habit; b. Enlarged portion of leaf with densely woolly abaxial surface; c. Enlarged portion of leaf with hirsute adaxial surface; d. Floret; e. Pappus; f. Cypsela; g. Involucral bracts. [scale = 1mm (b-g); 2 cm (a)] (from S. Kasana 1713; drawn by S. Kasana). Flowering & fruiting : Flowering and fruiting from July to October. Habitat : Grows in alpine meadows, on rocky slopes and in rock crevices, at elevations from 3500 to 4600 m . Distribution : India , Nepal and Pakistan . Specimens examined : INDIA , Uttarakhand , Rudraprayag district , Tungnath , 3650 m , 03.10.2017 , Shruti Kasana 1713, 1714 ( DUH ) ; Fig. 5. Dolomiaea macrocephala DC. ex Royle : A & b. Habit; c. Habitat (images by S. Kasana). Garhwal, near Chandrashila peak, 4090 m , 03.10.2017 , Shruti Kasana 1735 ( DUH ) . Conservation status : During our field visits (from 2017–2020), we observed the species to be of occasional distribution but the population size has decreased over these years possibly due to over exploitation for its medicinal properties. We have also observed that its natural habitat is under threat due to increased tourist influx, leading to a decline in its extent of occurrence and the number of populations. Therefore, as the species is facing high risk of extinction from the wild, it has been assessed here as Vulnerable [Criterion B1 a,b(i,ii,iv)] following the guidelines of IUCN (2019) . Notes : Candolle described Dolomiaea macrocephala based on Wallich’s collection ( Catalogue No. 2904) from India , Gosain Than, Kumaon. However, he did not designate the type or mention the herbarium where the specimen was kept. We traced four original materials at three different herbaria: E ( E00394933 digital image!), G ( G00474692 , G00474688 digital images!) and P ( P00705232 digital image!). As the specimen at E ( E00394933 ) agrees well with the protologue, we designate it as the lectotype following Art. 9.3 of the Shenzhen code (Turland et al. , 2018) . The placement of this species in genus Dolomiaea was unclear and many authors ( Hooker, 1881 ; Pusalkar & Singh, 2012; Singh & Pusalkar, 2020) accepted it under the genus Jurinea . This confusion arose due to the transfer of D. macrocephala to Jurinea by Pierre Edmond Boissier in 1888. When Boisser transferred the species, the epithet ‘ macrocephala’ was preoccupied within Jurinea and hence, a replacement name was given as Jurinea dolomiaea Boiss. By applying this taxonomic change, the type of genus Dolomiaea was implicitly excluded by Boissier and hence the genus Dolomiaea was left with no type . This increased the existing confusion within Saussurea s.l. (now known as subtribe Saussureinae ). However, recent molecular work ( Herrando-Moraira et al ., 2020 ) has clearly shown that this species lies in the Dolomiaea clade. Also, detailed morphological investigation shows that it should belong to Dolomiaea rather than Jurinea due to the absence of scales on the receptacle and yellowish pappus bristles that are not inserted on a conic cupule in Dolomiaea as compared to the presence of short scales on the receptacle and white pappus bristles that are inserted on a conic cupule in Jurinea .