Anacroneuria flintorum Froehlich 2002 (Plecoptera: Perlidae): Notes, distribution, and life stages association using molecular tools
Author
Almeida, Lucas Henrique De
Author
Gonçalves, Maísa De Carvalho
Author
Novaes, Marcos Carneiro
Author
Paresqui, Rayner Constantino
Author
Bispo, Pitágoras Da Conceição
text
Zootaxa
2018
2018-01-12
4370
4
409
420
journal article
31007
10.11646/zootaxa.4370.4.6
bad9bbf8-31b1-4d4e-938f-12186d5eda96
1175-5326
1146515
5945C2DE-5B4E-496A-B576-50428EAAB90C
Anacroneuria flintorum
Froehlich, 2002
Anacroneuria flintorum
Froehlich, 2002
: 93
;
Bispo & Froehlich, 2004
: 99;
De Ribeiro & Froehlich, 2007
: 55;
Froehlich, 2010
: 56;
Baldin
et al
., 2013
: 394;
Gonçalves
et al
., 2017
: 146.
Material
examined. BR, SP
: Iporanga, Gruta da Tapagem,
15.xi.1991
,
1 male
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
,
19.ii.1992
,
1 male
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
,
16.ii.1993
,
2 males
;
PEI
,
Rio Poços Altos
,
10.xi.1993
, CGF & HP col.,
2 males
;
PETAR
, Rio Betari, Bairro da Serra,
20.viii.1996
,
light trap
,
ASM
col.,
1 male
;
PEI
,
Córrego Lajeado
,
24.ii.1999
,
2 males
;
PEI
, Córrego Lajeado,
17.ix.1999
,
1 male
;
PEI
, Ribeirão Água Comprida,
27.x.1999
,
3 males
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
,
28.x.1999
,
1 male
;
PEI
, Ribeirão Água Comprida,
23.xi.1999
,
7 males
;
PEI
, Ribeirão Água Comprida,
06.i.2000
,
8 males
;
PEI
,
Rio Poços Altos
,
01.ii.2000
,
2 males
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
,
25.iii.2000
,
1 male
;
PEI
,
Ribeirão Água Comprida
, 24°17’38”S, 48°25’04”W,
30.x.2002
,
ASM
col.,
1 male
;
PECB
,
Rio Taquaral
,
09.ix.2006
,
1 male
;
PEI
,
Córrego Roda D’Água
,
13.xii.2014
,
light trap
, PCB col.,
1 female
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
, bridge,
24°18’15”S
,
48°24’31”W
,
14.xii.2014
,
light trap
, PCB col.,
1 male
and
1 female
;
PEI
,
Córrego do Mirante
,
15.xii.2014
,
light trap
, PCB col.,
1 female
;
PEI
,
Rio do Carmo
, bridge, 24°18’15”S, 48°24’31”W,
08.ii.2017
,
light trap
, LHA
et al
. col., 1 male; PEI, Ribeirão Bocaina, bridge, 24°16’13”S, 48°27’09”W,
12.ii.2017
,
light trap
, LHA
et al
. col., 1 male; PETAR Núcleo Santana, Riacho Furnas,
24°32’03”S
,
48°42’02”W
,
14.ii.2017
,
light trap
, LHA
et al
. col.,
2 males
;
PETAR
Núcleo Santana
,
Rio Roncador
,
24°32’00”S
,
48°42’06”W
,
15.ii.2017
,
light pan trap
, LHA
et al
. col.,
1 male
;
PECB
,
Braço do Rio Taquaral
, 24°03’31”S, 47°59’41”W,
05.ii.2017
, D-net, LHA
et al
. col., 1 nymph; PECB, Ribeirão de Pedras,
24°03’40”S
,
47°59’51”W
,
06.ii.2017
, D-net, LHA
et al
. col., 1 nymph;
PECJ
,
Córrego Campo do Meio
22°41’28”S
,
45°28’26”W
,
28.i.2009
,
light trap
,
2 males
.
BR, ES:
Caparaó
,
Rio Santa Marta
,
18.ii.2016
, FFST col., 3 females and 7 nymph; Caparaó, Pedra Menina, Base,
14-15.ii.2016
, FFST col., 2 females; Caparaó, Pedra Menina, Base,
15-16.ii.2016
,
FFST
col.,
6 females
and
1 male
.
BR, MG:
Araponga
,
Serra do Brigadeiro
,
Vale
das
Luas
,
14.i.2014
,
FFST
col. 1 nymph.
BR, SC:
Chapadão
, 28#12’09”S, 49#23’14”W,
15.ii.2013
,
light trap
,
L.C. Pinho
,
A.P. Amaral
,
M.C. Novaes
col.,
1 male
;
Orleans
,
Rio da Serra
, 28°12’43”S, 49#27’28”W,
16.ii.2013
,
light trap
, L.C. Pinho, A.P. Amaral, M.C. Novaes col., 1 male.
Description and association of nymph
.
Molecular association.
We associated adults with nymphs of
A. flintorum
(including teneral adults) from the states of
Espírito Santo
and
São Paulo
. The COI divergences ranged from 0–0.9% for specimens from the
São Paulo
State and from 0–0.7% from
Espírito Santo
State. Intraspecific divergences ranged from 0–3.9%, probably due the geographic variation. For all species studied, interspecific divergences ranged from 12.4%, between
A. flintorum
(PLE481a) and
A.
sp. 2 (PPI15) to 20.6% between
A. flintorum
(PLE479a) and
A. debilis
(
Pictet, 1841
)
(PLE480b). A dendrogram and the matrix with pair divergence between specimens based on COI sequences are presented in
Fig. 1
and
Table 2
.
FIGURE 1.
Neighbor-joining tree for cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences (433 bp) from
Anacroneuria flintorum
Froehlich
and related stoneflies from Espírito Santo and São Paulo States, Brazil, modeled by Kimura-2-parameter (K2P).
Description of nymph.
General color dark brown in dorsal view and light yellow in ventral view. Head dark brown with light yellow areas near post-frontal suture, occiput and frontoclypeal region; M-line complete, with well-defined limits; eyes and ocelli black; ocelli with a translucent layer (
Fig. 2A
); clypeus dark brown; labrum light yellow; maxillae light yellow with lacinia light brown and galea brown; mandible black with median region dark brown with f5 pointed teeth on distal margin, decreasing in size toward base, but teeth 3 and 4 similar in size (
Figs. 3A, 3B and 3C
). Pronotum dark brown with thin median line and scattered rugosities light yellow (
Fig. 2A
). Wing pad light with contour partially dark brown (
Fig. 2C
). Leg brown, forefemur with a central pale line without setae and with lateral surface covered by sparse bristles, in dorsal view; forefemur anteriorly and posteriorly with higher density of thick bristles, and posteriorly with fringe of hairs; tibia anteriorly with sparse thick bristles, and posteriorly with a row of thick bristles and a well-developed band of hairs (
Figure 3D
). Abdomen dark brown, almost black, with a drop-shaped light spot in the last segment (
Fig. 2B
). Cerci brown with thick bristles; segments differ in shape and size from base to apex (
Fig. 3E
). Thoracic gills (
Fig. 2D
): ASC1, AT2, AT3 and PT3.
Measurements
(n=4): head width
3-5 mm
; head length
2-3 mm
; antennae length
7-8 mm
; pronotum width
3-3.5 mm
; pronotum length
1.5-
2 mm
; cercal length
9-12 mm
; total length
10-15mm
.
FIGURE 2.
Nymph of
Anacroneuria flintorum
: head and pronotum (A), abdominal segments and cercus (B), mesonotum and metanotum in dorsal view (C) and ventral view (D). Scale: 1 mm.
Adult morphological variation.
Examination of specimens from different regions of Atlantic Forest (states of
Espírito Santo
,
Minas Gerais
,
Santa Catarina
, and
São Paulo
) indicated morphological variation. Forewing length of male adults of
A. flintorum
range from
10 to 15.2 mm
(specimens studied herein and
Bispo & Froehlich, 2004
;
Froehlich, 2010
, and
Baldin
et al
., 2013
). The dorsal color pattern of head of adult of
A. flintorum
can be variable, even within the same population (
Bispo & Froehlich, 2004
). In addition, it is possible to observe that the dark brown color of recently collected specimens can become ochraceous when preserved in 80% and 100% ethanol for an extended period of time (
Fig. 4
). Therefore, it is difficult to identify the species by color pattern alone. For identification, it is essential to study the male penial armature, which in
A. flintorum
is elongated, tapering progressively from base to the apex and has hooks well separated from distal vesicles (
Froehlich, 2002
;
Bispo & Froehlich, 2004
). However, the keel of penial armature may diverge in specimens from the same population and in different populations. In dorsal view, the keel varies from rounded (male specimens from
Rio de Janeiro
State), pointed (male specimens from PECJ), to convergent or parallel lines (male specimens from PEI). The specimens collected farther north of the species distribution (e. g. ES, RJ and North of SP) have penial armature more robust than specimens from further south (e.g. South of SP and SC).
FIGURE 3.
Nymph of
Anacroneuria flintorum
: labium (A), right mandible (B), right maxilla (C), pronotum left leg, dorsal view (D); cerci in proximal, medial and distal view (E). Scales: 0.5 mm for A, B and C; 0.5 mm for D; 0.5 mm and 0.25 mm for E, respectively.
FIGURE 4.
Males from ES (A), SC (B), PECJ (C) and Paranapiacaba mountains (D and E). Male collected in 2014 (D) and male collected in 1999 (E) not preserved in alcohol.
Teneral adult specimens.
Teneral specimens of
A. flintorum
studied are generally brown in color with pale areas along the body; head and pronotum brown with a pale outline. In these specimens, the pronotum does not have lateral folds at the edges, wings are totally pale and the thoracic segments present remnants of gills (
Figure 5D, 5E and 5F
). A similar pattern to
A. flintorum
is also present in
A. debilis
(
Almeida & Duarte, 2017
)
suggesting that several species may be similar when teneral. Therefore, species described as having pale areas on the head and pronotum and milky wings (e.g.
A. petersi
Froehlich, 2002
) may have been based on teneral specimens, requiring caution for use in identifications.
Remarks.
The nymph of
A. flintorum
has a different pattern than the other known
Anacroneuria
nymphs described from
Brazil
(
Righi-Cavallaro & Lecci, 2010
;
Avelino-Capistrano
et al
., 2011a
;
Novaes
et al
., 2012
;
Righi-Cavallaro & Froehlich, 2013
;
Ribeiro & Gorayeb, 2014
;
Gonçalves
et al
., 2017
). The color pattern of the head and the drop-shaped light spot in the last abdominal segment are apparently characteristic for this species. In addition to description of the nymph, we present new species records from the states of
Minas Gerais
and
Santa Catarina
.
Anacroneuria flintorum
has been collected from streams from protected areas of the Atlantic Forest (
Fig. 6
). In general, these streams are pristine and have fast currents and rocky substrates, and undisturbed channels and banks. This suggests that
A. flintorum
may be a sensitive taxon to environmental disturbances.