Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle, 1892

Yoshida 1, Takahiro, Karner, Michael & Hirowatari, Toshiya, 2018, A Revision of Taiwanese Species in the Genus Psammoecus Latreille (Coleoptera, Silvanidae), Zoological studies 57 (18), pp. 1-18 : 13-14

Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle, 1892

( Fig. 1H )

Psammoecus simonis Grouvelle, 1892: 287 . Type locality: Philippine.

Psammoecus stultus Grouvelle, 1912: 81 . Type locality: Taiwan: Akau (= Pingtung City, Pingtung County); type examined. syn. nov.

Psammoecus simoni [sic]: Grouvelle 1908: 476, 488. - Hetschko 1930: 81. (catalogue) - Pal 1985: 31, fig. 11. - Sen Gupta and Pal 1996: 179, fig. 248. - Hirano 2009: 63, 65, 82, fig. 5. - Hirano 2010: 11, 14. - Karner 2012: 25 , fig. 11. - Yoshida and Hirowatari 2014: 34 , figs 2C, 10, 14J-L. - Karner 2014: 15 . - Yoshida and Hirowatari 2015: 94-98 .

Type series: Lectotype of P. stultus syn. nov.: male, “H. | Sauter. | Akau | Formosa | 1-10.12.07” [round label]; “ Psammoechus [sic] | stultus, Grouv. | type.” [not Grouvelle’s hand]; “Museum Leiden. | Psammoecus | stultus | Det: Grouv.” [not Grouvelle’s hand]; “type” [blue label]; “Type” [red label] ( RMNH; studied by MK in 2017, here designated) . Paralectotypes of P. stultus syn. nov.: 1 male and 1 ex., same label data as the lectotype. ( MNHN; studied by TY in 2017, here designated)

Specimens examined: TAIWAN: [Taoyuan City] 1 ex., Upper Plain, Fuxing District, 600 m, N24°41'12.1" E121°23'39.3", 11-IV-1988, Miller, Stange & Wang leg. ( FSCA). [Taichung City] 6 exs, Wufeng, Wufeng Disctrict, 14-IV-1990, Smetana leg. ( MHNG; studied by MK); 1 ex., same locality, 24-IV-1992, Smetana leg. ( MHNG; studied by MK). [Penghu County] 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 3422-828), Makung (= Magong), 19-21-VI-2000, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., Sweeping Net. ( NMNS); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 3422- 523), same date & locality, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light. ( NMNS). [Taitung County] 2 exs, Pilam (= Taitung), II-1908, H. Sauter leg. ( HNHM; studied by MK); 1 ex., Doulan, Donghe Township, 9-IV-2012, J. Yamasako leg. ( ELKU); 4 exs, Nanlion, Green Island Township, alt. ca. 200 m, 4-IV-2004, T. Kurihara leg. ( ELKU); 1 ex., 4km SE Yeh-Ying Village, Lanyu Island (= Orchid Island), Lanyu Township, 22-V-2007, Martin & Quicke leg. ( BMNH; studied by MK); 8 exs, Yung Hsin Farm, Lanyu Island (= Orchid Island), Lanyu Township, 29-30-VII-2008, Mendel & Barclay leg. ( BMNH; studied by MK). [Kaohsiung City] 2 ex., Kosempo (= Jiaxian District), I-1908, H. Sauter leg. ( HNHM, ZMHB; studied by MK); 1 ex., Liu Kui (= Liouguei), 4-VI-1989, K. Baba leg. ( KUM); 1 ex., same locality, 30-III-1986, K. Baba leg. ( EUMJ); 1 ex., same locality, at light, 4-VIII-1978, T. Niisato leg. ( EUMJ); 1 ex., Minsheng Road, Liougui District, at light, 9-VI-1977, K. Ushijima leg. ( EUMJ); 1 ex., Tsai Tie Ku, near Liu Kui (= Liouguei), 6-X-1986, K. Baba leg. ( EUMJ); 1 ex., Kosempo (= Jiaxian District), I-1908, H. Sauter leg. ( SDEI); 4 exs, same locality, VIII-1909, H. Sauter leg. ( MNHN; studied by MK in 2017); 1 male, 2 females and 6 exs, same label data. ( SDEI). [Pingtung County] 2 exs, Akau (= Pingtung City), 1-10-XII-1907, H. Sauter leg. ( HNHM, ZMHB; studied by MK); 2 males and 5 exs, same locality, XII-1907, H. Sauter leg. ( SDEI); 1 ex., Haikou, N22°06'10.4" E120°42'15.4", 24- XI-2001, L, Stange & H. Wang leg. ( FSCA); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 7063-354), Nanjenshan, Manzhou Township, 11-25-X-2009, M. L. Jeng & T. R. Chen leg., Flight Interception Trap. ( NMNS); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 6824-375), Manchou (= Manzhou) Lite Chulaoshushan, 11-25-X-2009, M. L. Jeng & T. R. Chen leg., Flight Interception Trap. ( NMNS); 2 exs (Catalog No. 1566-192 & 262), Yingdar, 19-20-V-1993, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light. ( NMNS); 3 exs (Catalog No. 1565-202, 218 & 238), Kenting, 17-18-V-1993, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light. ( NMNS); 7 exs, same locality, 1-5-IX-1983, J. B. Happner leg. ( FSCA); 1 ex. (Catalog No. 2695-5), Kenting Park, 25-26-VIII-1997, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light. ( NMNS); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 4388-539), Hengchun, Kenting Park, 7-8-IV-2004, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light Trap. ( NMNS); 1 ex., Kenting Natural Reserve, 4-6-X-2000, Papp, Peregovits & Ronka leg. ( HNHM; studied by MK); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 6849-29), Sheting, Hengchun, 1-19-IV-2009, M. L. Jeng & T. R. Cheng leg., Flight Interception Trap. ( NMNS); 1 ex. (Catalog No. NMNS ENT 4810-445), same locality, 16-17-II-2005, C. S. Lin & W. T. Yang leg., UV Light Trap. ( NMNS).

Diagnosis: This species can be distinguished from other Taiwanese Psammoecus species by the short oval habitus and the black elytra with yellow maculae.

Distribution: Taiwan; Japan; Philippines; India; Sri Lanka; Malaysia; Indonesia; Madagascar; France (Réunion); Seychelles.

Remarks: Pal (1985) and Karner (2012) provided redescriptions of this species, and Yoshida and Hirowatari (2014) provided a detailed description of male genital structure of this species. In this study, we examined morphology-including male genitalia of P. stultus type specimens - and found P. stultus should be synonymized with P. simonis .

Grouvelle (1892) initially described this species as ‘simonis’, but later Grouvelle (1908) referred to it as ‘simoni’, and all subsequent authors have used the latter spelling ( Hetschko 1930; Pal 1985; Sen Gupta and Pal 1996; Hirano 2009 2010; Karner 2012 2014; Yoshida and Hirowatari 2014 2015). According to Article 33 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, if the original spelling was changed without demonstrably intentional emendation, the subsequent spelling should be regarded as incorrect and not an available name except in the case that the subsequent spelling is in prevailing usage. Otherwise, Article 23.9.1 of the code states that prevailing usage of the junior synonym must be maintained when the senior synonym has not been used as a valid name after 1899, and the junior synonym has been used for a particular taxon as its presumed valid name in at least 25 works, published by at least 10 authors in the immediately preceding 50 years and encompassing a span of not less than 10 years. In the case of this species, the subsequent spelling ‘simoni’ changed without demonstrably intentional emendation should be regarded as an incorrect spelling, and it has not been in prevailing usage like the requirement in the Article 23.9.1 of the code. Therefore, ‘simonis’ is deemed to be valid name of this species.

Figures

Fig. 1. Psammoecus species of Taiwan, habitus. (A) P. taiwanensis sp. nov. (B) P. delicatus Grouvelle (C) P. harmandi Grouvelle (D) P. dentatus Grouvelle (E) P. trimaculatus Motschulsky (F) P. triguttatus Reitter (G) P. labyrinthicus Yoshida and Hirowatari (H) P. simonis Grouvelle (I) P. hiranoi Yoshida and Hirowatari. Scale bar = 1.0 mm.