Aulacocyclinae Kaup, 1868

Fonseca, Claudio Ruy Vasconcelos Da, Barbosa, Márcio Luís Leitão & Fernandez, Maria Fernanda Souza, 2011, A hypothetical evolutionary history of passalid beetles narrated by the comparative anatomy of the hindgut (Coleoptera: Passalidae), Zootaxa 3012, pp. 1-20 : 5-6

publication ID

https://doi.org/ 10.5281/zenodo.200834

DOI

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5658203

persistent identifier

https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E922B809-FFFD-FF94-66CB-CAA8FB06F937

treatment provided by

Plazi

scientific name

Aulacocyclinae Kaup, 1868
status

 

Subfamily Aulacocyclinae Kaup, 1868 View in CoL

( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 )

The genera Aulacocyclus Kaup ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 A), Comacupes Kaup ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 B), Taeniocerus Kaup ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 C), Cylindrocaulus Fairmaire ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 D) and Ceracupes Kaup ( Fig. 1 View FIGURE 1 E) are included in this subfamily. The ileum in these genera is similar to Scarabaeidae ( Umeya 1960; López-Guerrero 2002), where the diverticula are assembled around the proximal edge and vary in shape and number. There are about six diverticula in Comacupes and none in Cylindrocaulus , but the average is three to four for the subfamily. As to segmentation, there is variation from broad ( Comacupes ) to close clustering, which makes the ileum look bellow-shaped ( Cylindrocaulus ).

Branch Solenocyclinae+ Figs 2–8 View FIGURE 2 View FIGURE 3 View FIGURE 4 View FIGURE 5 View FIGURE 6 View FIGURE 7 View FIGURE 8

This branch embodies all genera that are part of Passalinae in Reyes-Castillo’s (1970) classification. The features of the ileum confirm this observation, as it is obvious that Solenocyclinae+ is the sister group of Aulacocyclinae . Concerning the ileum architecture, Solenocyclinae+ show transformations that start to become noticeable on the African genera Stephanocephalus Kaup ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 C), Didimus Kaup ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 D), Pentalobus Kaup ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 E), Semicyclus Kaup ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 F) and Flaminius Kuwert ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 E), possessing a collection of protuberances in the distal half. In Solenocyclus Kaup ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 A), Vitellinus Kuwert ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 B), Ciceronius Kaup ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 C) and Erionomus Kaup ( Fig. 3 View FIGURE 3 D), such protuberances extend their range to cover the whole surface of the ileum. The number and size of the protuberances are not constant, as sometimes they can be dense in Leptaulax Kaup ( Fig. 2 View FIGURE 2 B), giving a very striking differentiation to the ileum. In addition to the protuberances, the long diverticula, which arise from the proximal region in Aulacocyclinae , undergo shortening in the Solenocyclinae+, and in some instances turning into just one diverticulum. Protuberance clustering increases in taxa from Indo-Australian Pleurarius Kaup ( Fig. 7 View FIGURE 7 A) to Neotro- The Neotropical taxa are included in two tribes: Passalini and Proculini ( Boucher 2006) . The ileum in most genera of Proculini (exposed clypeus); Odontotaenius Kuwert ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 A), Spurius Kaup ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 B), Popilius Kaup ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 C), Pseudacanthus Kaup ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 D), Vindex Kaup ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 E), Petrejoides Kuwert ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 F), Heliscus Zang ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 G), Chondrocephalus Kuwert ( Fig. 4 View FIGURE 4 H), Verres Kaup ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 A), Veturius Kaup ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 B) and Proculejus Kaup ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 C); has the long diverticulum facing down. The long diverticulum faces up for Proculus Kaup ( Fig. 5 View FIGURE 5 G), in which the ileum is formed by large diverticula on the proximal region that becomes smaller towards the distal apex. On the other hand, the large, closely clustered protuberances distinguish Proculus from all other Proculini . In the Passalini (hidden clypeus); Ptichopus Kaup ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 A), Passalus ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 B), Spasalus Kaup ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 C), Paxillus MacLeay ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 D) and Passipassalus Fonseca & Reyes-Castillo ( Fig. 6 View FIGURE 6 E); the ileum becomes flattened and the protuberances increase from four to six rows, becoming noticeably denser in Macrolininae.

Kingdom

Animalia

Phylum

Arthropoda

Class

Insecta

Order

Coleoptera

Family

Passalidae

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