HALIOMMOIDEA Ehrenberg, 1846

Suzuki, Noritoshi, Caulet, Jean-Pierre & Dumitrica, Paulian, 2021, A new integrated morpho- and molecular systematic classification of Cenozoic radiolarians (Class Polycystinea) - suprageneric taxonomy and logical nomenclatorial acts, Geodiversitas 43 (15), pp. 405-573 : 436

Superfamily HALIOMMOIDEA Ehrenberg, 1846

Haliommatina Ehrenberg, 1846: 385 [as a family]; 1847: 54 [as a family]; 1876: 156.

Sphaeropylidea – Lankester et al. 1909: 145 [as a suborder].

Haliommoidea – Petrushevskaya 1975: 568; 1979: 105. — Dumitrica 1979: 19.

Actinommacea [sic] – Kozur & Mostler 1979: 2-7 (= Actinommoidea) ( sensu emend. ) [as a superfamily]. — Dumitrica 1984: 95 [as a superfamily]. — De Wever et al. 2001: 107-108 ( sensu emend. ) [as a superfamily].

Actinommilae – Dumitrica 1984: 96 [as a subsuperfamily].

Actinommoidea – Petrushevskaya 1984: 130; 1986: 125-127. — Bragin 2007: 971; 2011: 742. — Matsuzaki et al. 2015: 6-7.

Actinommaceae [sic] – O’Dogherty 1994: 277 (= Actinommoidea) [as a superfamily].

Actinommoida – Amon 2000: 29 [as an order].

Actinommata – Afanasieva et al. 2005: S274 [as an order]. — Afanasieva & Amon 2006: 111 [as an order].

DIAGNOSIS. — Double medullary shell and one or more spherical or flattened concentric shells with many radial beams.

REMARKS

Some authors placed this taxonomic category at the order level but this placement is unacceptable with regard to rank consistency in Eukaryotes (Cavalier-Smith et al. 2018; Adl et al. 2019). “Actinommoidea” has been a very large group that has included all spherical Polycystinea having many radial spines in traced history (11 families in Kozur & Mostler 1979; 14 family groups in Dumitrica 1984; 7 family groups in Petrushevskaya 1984; 18 family groups in De Wever et al. 2001). In the catalogue, the Haliommoidea include the Actinommidae , Haliommidae and Heliodiscidae , but molecular phylogenetic information is only available for Actinomma ( Sandin et al. 2021) . Thus, it is uncertain whether or not the Heliodiscidae belong to the Haliommoidea considering the Heliodiscidae are marked by the presence of a microsphere that is eccentrically located in the second shell. As for the Cenozoic families of “Actinommoidea” sensu De Wever et al. (2001) are here excluded from the Haliommoidea . The exclusion encompasses the Cladococcidae (originally Astrosphaeridae ), Stylatractidae and Stylosphaeridae , Entapiidae , Phacodiscidae (originally Coccodiscinae ), Panartidae (originally Artiscinae ), Suttoniidae and Conocaryommidae . Additionally, Cladococcidae and Panartidae are separated from Haliommoidea due to the strong molecular phylogenetic information presented by Sandin et al. (2021). Several spherical genera have not been formally described yet, as their probable taxonomic position at family or superfamily level is still difficult to determine (e.g., Nishimura 1982: pl. 1, figs 12, 13).