Cissococcus species

Hodgson, C. J., Millar, I. M. & Gullan, P. J., 2011, Cissococcus Cockerell (Hemiptera: Coccoidea: Coccidae), a unique gall-inducing soft scale genus on Vitaceae from South Africa, with description of a new species, Zootaxa 2996 (1), pp. 1-32 : 6-7

Key for the separation of instars of Cissococcus species

1. Wings or wing buds present............................................................................. 2

- Wings or wing buds absent.............................................................................. 4

2. Wings present; body clearly divided into head, thorax and abdomen; head with 2 pairs of simple eyes; abdomen with glandular pouches and glandular pouch setae................................................................ adult male

- Wings absent, only represented by wing buds; division of body into head, thorax and abdomen not clear; head without simple pores; abdomen without glandular pouches or glandular pouch setae............................................. 3

3. Antennae long, extending posterior to mesocoxae; prothoracic legs long, extending anterior to head................. pupa

- Antennae short, barely reaching anterior spiracle; prothoracic legs short, barely reaching scape.................. prepupa

4. Each anal plate with a very long apical seta; with only about 20 marginal setae on each side, each seta bluntly spinose............................................................................................. first-instar nymph

- Each anal plate with only a short apical seta; margins with 30+ sharply spinose setae on each side..................... 5

5. Tubular ducts absent from both dorsum and venter; loculate pores present in a submarginal band; antennae 6 segmented... 6

- Tubular ducts present on both dorsum and venter; loculate pores absent from submargin; antennae 7 segmented.................................................................................................. second-instar male

6. Dorsum with enlarged, sunken cone-shaped secretory spines, membranous to lightly sclerotised, and in younger specimens of equal size to venter (latter expanded in mature female nymphs only)............................. second-instar female

- Dorsum without large, sunken cone-shaped secretory spines and represented by an oval sclerotised area much smaller than expanded venter (latter recognised by presence of legs and antenna)............................................ 7

7. Dorsum about half as long as total body length or less; ventral loculate pores relatively few, in sparse segmental bands; setae on lower venter sparse and short; dorsum with fewer than about 10 spinose setae on dorsal surface.......third-instar female

- Dorsum much less than half total body length; ventral loculate pores abundant throughout most of venter; setae on lower venter abundant and long; dorsum with 15 or more spinose setae on dorsal surface............................ adult female