Stevardiidae, Gill, 1858

Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J & Oliveira, Claudio, 2024, Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1), pp. 1-37 : 8

Stevardiidae Gill, 1858, new usage

Type genus: Steroardia Gill, 1858, junior synonym of Corynopoma Gill, 1858 .

Included subfamilies: Argopleurinae, Creagrutinae, Diapominae , Glandulocaudinae , Hemibryconinae, Landoninae, Planaltininae, and Xenurobryconinae.

Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Landonia latidens Eigenmann and Henn, 1914 , Corynopoma riisei Gill, 1858 , and Xenurobrycon macropus Myers and Miranda Ribeiro, 1945. This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Stevardiidae .

Etymology: Steroardia Gill, 1858 is a patronym of D. Jackson Steward (1816-1898).

Remarks: Synapomorphies for Stevardiidae include a short frontal fontanel, up to two-thirds the length of the parietal fontanel, ventral margin of anguloarticular crossing perpendicularly to the dentary laterosensory canal, four teeth in the inner premaxillary row, and ectopterygoid expanded laterally to the blade of the lateral ethmoid ( Mirande 2019); reversals in all characters are observed in several species ( Mirande 2019).

Eigenmann(1914) proposedthesubfamilyGlandulocaudinae for characids with a gland in caudal fins of mature males (e.g. Corynopoma ). Weitzman et al. (2005) delimited Stevardiinae as a lineage distinct from Eigenmann’s Glandulocaudinae , and Mirande (2010) on the basis of three synapomorphies merged the two groups under the name Stevardiinae . Malabarba and Weitzman (2003) identified a monophyletic group they named Clade A, which contained the Glandulocaudinae , Stevardiinae (sensu Weitzman et al. 2005) , and 18 additional genera considered incertae sedis within Characidae . The monophyly of Clade A has been supported in phylogenetic analyses using morphological (Mirande 2010, Baicere-Silva et al. 2011, Ferreira et al. 2011, Mirande et al. 2011), multilocus (Calcagnotto et al. 2005, Javonillo et al. 2010, Oliveira et al. 2011, Mariguela et al. 2013, Thomaz et al. 2015), combined multilocus and morphology ( Mirande 2019, Ferreira et al. 2021), and phylogenomic data ( Arcila et al. 2017, Betancur-R. et al. 2019, Melo et al. 2022a). We have elevated Stevardiidae to a family level with nine subfamilies: Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae , Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae , Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae ( Fig. 3 ).

Figures

Figure 3. Phylogeny of Spintherobolidae and Stevardiidae and subfamilies Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements