Landoninae Weitzman and Menezes, 1998

Melo, Bruno F, Ota, Rafaela P, Benine, Ricardo C, Carvalho, Fernando R, Lima, Flavio C T, Mattox, George M T, Souza, Camila S, Faria, Tiago C, Reia, Lais, Roxo, Fabio F, Valdez-Moreno, Martha, Near, Thomas J & Oliveira, Claudio, 2024, Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes), Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society (Zool. J. Linn. Soc.) 202 (1), pp. 1-37 : 8

Landoninae Weitzman and Menezes, 1998 , new usage

Type genus: Landonia Eigenmann and Henn, 1914 .

Included genera: Eretmobrycon Fink, 1976 , Landonia , Markiana Eigenmann, 1903 , and Phenacobrycon Eigenmann, 1922 .

Definition: The least inclusive crown clade that contains Landonia latidens , Eretmobrycon emperador (Eigenmann and Ogle, 1907) , and Markiana nigripinnis (Perugia, 1891) . This is a minimum-crown-clade definition. See Figure 3 for a reference phylogeny of Landoninae.

Etymology: Landonia is a patronym of Hugh McKennan Landon (1867–1947).

Remarks: Roberts (1973) suggested that Iotabrycon Roberts, 1973 , Landonia , and Phenacobrycon were a monophyletic group derived from a putative ancestor related to Bryconamericus from the western Andes. Oliveira et al. (2011) identified a monophyletic group including Markiana and Eretmobrycon emperador (formerly Bryconamericus emperador ). Thomaz et al. (2015) found the trans-Andean Bryconamericus more related to Markiana than to B. exodon Eigenmann 1907 (type species), and that they should be included in Eretmobrycon in the tribe Eretmobryconini . Ferreira et al. (2021) resolved Landonia inside this clade and renamed the group as Landoniini (= Landonini) based on 19 synapomorphies. Eretmobryconini Thomaz et al., 2015 (Eretmobryconinae; type genus: Eretmobrycon ) is a junior synonym of Landonini Weitzman and Menezes, 1998 (Landoninae; type genus: Landonia ). Vanegas-Ríos (2018) found that Landonia was the sister-group of Phenacobrycon , but this relationship was not corroborated by Ferreira et al. (2021), who resurrected the monotypic tribe Phenacobryconini proposed by Weitzman and Menezes (1998). Melo et al. (2022a) similarly resolved the clade containing Markiana , Phenacobrycon , and E. emperador in a phylogeny inferred from UCE loci.

In the UCE phylogeny, Landoninae are monophyletic and composed of Markiana , Eretmobrycon , Landonia , and Phenacobrycon ( Fig. 3). Our phylogenetic analyses revealed that Eretmobrycon festae (Boulenger, 1898) (former Astyanax festae ) is more closely related to Phenacobrycon and Landonia than to other Eretmobrycon ( Fig. 3). The former Astyanax festae (Boulenger, 1898) has been hypothesized to be more related to Markiana and Bryconamericus emperador ( Rossini et al. 2016) and was recently transferred to Eretmobrycon ( Terán et al. 2020) . Additional analyses within the group are necessary to evaluate the present hypothesis that E. festae may belong to a distinct genus.

Biogeographically, Landoninae are a group with two lineages: (i) species of Markiana occurring in Amazon–Orinoco–Guianas and La Plata [ M. geayi (Pellegrin, 1909) in Orinoco and M. nigripinnis (Perugia, 1891) in the Paraguay and Amazon basins], and (ii) species of Eretmobrycon , Phenacobrycon , and Landonia that diversified in the trans-Andean northern South America and lower Central America ( Fig. 3).