Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan, 2023

Ge, Si-Xun, Jiang, Zhuo-Heng, Ren, Li-Li, van Achterberg, Cornelis & Tan, Jiang-Li, 2023, New insights into the phylogeny of Stephanidae (Hymenoptera: Apocrita), with a revision of the fossil species, Arthropod Systematics & amp; Phylogeny 81, pp. 819-844 : 819

Subfamily † Lagenostephaninae Ge and Tan subf. nov.

Type genus.

† Lagenostephanus Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih and Ren, 2017

Diagnosis (see also Table 1 ).

Pronotum elongated with neck differentiated. Pronotal fold present. Forewing with vein 1-M arched; vein r-rs as long as 1-Rs; vein Rs+M and 1Cu nonparallel; vein 2Rs + M differentiated, not connect with free abscissa of vein M and vein 2-Rs. Hind coxa largely smooth, without transverse rugose. Hind femur robust and coriaceous. Tergite I almost as long as tergite II. Ovipositor sheath about as long as metasoma.

Comments.

The phylogenetic results indicated that the new subfamily forms a monophyletic group that sister to Schlettereriinae . When the characters are mapped on the tree, the new subfamily does not possess any unique synapomorphy, while its sister relationship to Schlettereriinae is supported by a synapomorphy (character 34: 0). This is caused by the male † Neurastephanus neovenatus which is revealed as member of † Lagenostephaninae based on forewing with vein 1-M 1.4-1.7 × as long as vein 1m-cu (character 38: 1), the largely smooth hind coxa (character 45: 0),the forewing with vein 2Rs+M non-connecting to 2-Rs (character 34: 0), the apical abscissa of vein M (character 23: 1), and vein Rs+M of fore wing converging to vein 1Cu distally (character 36: 1). All above characters are homoplastic within Stephanidae . The length of ovipositor (characters 64), which is short in † Lagenostephaninae and represents the unique synapomorphy of the subfamily, cannot be coded for † Neurastephanus neovenatus and hence cannot be mapped in Fig. 6 . Intriguingly, based on the comparatively short ovipositor and small body sizes of † Lagenostephaninae , we speculate that these may reflect a unique ecological niche of the lineage (e.g. possible parasitism of bark beetles) different from Schlettereriinae that are parasitoids of xylem borers. We believe it is hence reasonable to establish this lineage as a new subfamily rather than combine it with Schlettereriinae .

Figures

Figure 6. A strict consensus tree was obtained by implied weighting (IW). Solid bullets (●) indicate non-homoplastic synapomorphies; open bullets (○) indicate homoplastic characters. Bootstrap values (BS, shown as ' - ' if absent) and Bremer support values (BR, shown as ' * ' if absent) are separated by a slash ' / ' and marked beside each node. A O. robusta Jouault, Rasnitsyn and Perrichot; B T. hui Engel; C L. lii Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih and Ren; D S. chundanae Tan and van Achterberg; E S. anijimensis Watanabe and van Achterberg; F P. notiochinensis Tan and van Achterberg; G F. achterbergi Gupta and Gawas.