Dissochaeta divaricata (Willd.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 783. 1832.

Kartonegoro, Abdulrokhman, Veldkamp, Jan Frits, Hovenkamp, Peter & Welzen, Peter van, 2018, A revision of Dissochaeta (Melastomataceae, Dissochaeteae), PhytoKeys 107, pp. 1-178 : 1

17. Dissochaeta divaricata (Willd.) G.Don, Gen. Hist. 2: 783. 1832. Fig. 12 , Map 11

Melastoma divaricatum Willd., Sp. Pl., ed. 4, 2(1): 596. 1799 (" divaricata ").

Melastoma glaucum Jack, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 14: 15. 1823 (" glauca "). Type: Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia, Penang, 1819, W. Jack 49 (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417: E [E00288100]!; isolectotypes: BM [BM000944473]!, G [G00353714, image seen]!, L [L0008857]!).

Melastoma cyanocarpum Blume, Bijdr. Fl. Ned. Ind. 17: 1073. 1826. Type: Indonesia. West Java: G. Salak, C.L. Blume 616 (lectotype, designated by Veldkmap et al. 1979, pg. 417: L [L0008862]!; isolectotypes: K [K000859552]!, L [L0008861, L0008863, L0008864, L0008865]!).

Dissochaeta glauca (Jack) Blume, Flora 14: 501. 1831.

Dissochaeta cyanocarpa (Blume) Blume, Flora 14: 501. 1831.

Osbeckia tetrandra Roxb., Fl. Ind. 2: 224. 1832. Type: Malaysia. Pulo Pinang, W. Roxburgh s.n. (lectotype, designated here: G [G00353906, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta anceps Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 15: 69. 1851. Type: Indonesia. Lampung: Gunung Batin, 20 Sep 1845, H. Zollinger 3044 (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417: P [P05259330, image seen]!; isolectotypes: BM [BM000944474]!, BO [BO1752509]!, BR [BR5188239, image seen]!, G [G00353563, G00353564, images seen]!, MPU [MPU-013527, image seen]!, P [P05283594, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta spoliata Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 15: 69. 1851. Type: Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia, Pulo Pinang, Mar 1837, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 95 (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417: P [P05259341, image seen]!; isolectotype: G [G00353567, image seen]!, P [P05259342, image seen]!).

Dissochaeta pepericarpa Naudin, Ann. Sci. Nat., Bot. sér. 3, 15: 71. 1851. Type: Malaysia. Peninsular Malaysia, Malacca, 1821, H. Cuming 2259 (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417]: P [P05259335, image seen]!; isolectotypes: BR [BR5187911, BR5188567, images seen]!, G [G00353565, G00353566, images seen]!, K [K000859566]!, L [L.2537846, L0008858, L0008859, L0008860]!).

Dissochaeta palembanica Miq., Fl. Ned. Ind., Eerste Bijv. 2: 317. 1861. Type: Indonesia. South Sumatra: Res. Palembang, Enim, Pandan Oeloe, J.E. Teijsmann HB 3634 (lectotype, designated by Bakhuizen van den Brink f. 1943, pg. 202: U [U0004003]!; isolectotype: BO [BO1752507, BO1426869]!).

Anplectrum divaricatum (Willd.) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 84. 1872.

Anplectrum glaucum (Jack) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 84. 1872.

Anplectrum cyanocarpum (Blume) Triana, Trans. Linn. Soc. London 28: 84. 1872.

Anplectrum divaricatum (Willd.) Triana var. anceps (Naudin) Cogn. in Boerl., Handl. Fl. Ned. Ind. 2: 534. 1890.

Diplectria divaricata (Willd.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 246. 1891.

Diplectria cyanocarpa (Blume) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 246. 1891.

Diplectria tetrandra (Roxb.) Kuntze, Revis. Gen. Pl. 1: 246. 1891.

Dissochaeta furfurascens Elmer, Leafl. Philipp. Bot. 8: 2754. 1915. Type: Philippines. Mindanao: Agusan Province, Cabadbaran (Mt. Urdaneta), Jul 1912, A.D.E. Elmer 13352 (lectotype, designated here: BO [BO1752508]!; isolectotypes: BISH [BISH-1003259, image seen], BM [BM000944475]!, E [E00288099]!, GH [GH00072244, GH00072245, images seen]!, HBG [HBG514872, image seen]!, K [K000859549]!, L [L0008868]!, MO [MO313698, image seen]!, NY [NY00228563, image seen]!, P [P05259310, image seen]!, PNH [PNH198551, image seen]!, U [U0004004]!).

Anplectrum suluense Merr., Philipp. J. Sci., C 30: 417. 1926. Type: Philippines. Sulu Archipelago: Jolo, Sep 1924, M. Ramos & G.E. Edano BS 44461 (lectotype, designated here: K [K000859548]!; isolectotypes: L [L0008866]!, NY [NY00221310, image seen]!).

Anplectrum patens Geddes, Bull. Misc. Inform. Kew: 72. 1928. Type: Thailand. Pattani: Bachaw, 50 m, 16 Jul 1923, A.F.G. Kerr 7215 (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417: K [K000859554]!; isolectotypes: BK [BK216091, image seen]!, BM!, TCD [TCD-0016998, image seen]!).

Backeria divaricata (Willd.) Raizada, Indian Forester 94: 435. 1968.

Backeria glauca (Jack) Raizada, Indian Forester 94: 435. 1968.

Diplectria furfurascens (Elmer) M.P.Nayar in Veldkamp et al., Blumea 24: 413, fig. 2A. 1979.

Type.

India Orientali, Klein 2 ”8218” in Herb. Rottler (lectotype, designated by Veldkamp et al. 1979, pg. 417: B-W [81218-010, image seen]!; isolectotype: C [C10014562, C10014563, images seen]!, K [K000859557]!, L [L0008867, fragm.]!).

Description.

Climbing up to 20 m in height. Branchlets terete, 3-5 mm in diameter, glabrous or sparsely to densely covered with brown minute stellate hairs, rarely with dense 2-4 mm long bristle hairs; nodes swollen, with interpetiolar ridge; internodes 3-6 cm long. Leaves: petioles terete, 5-8 mm long, sparsely to densely covered with stellate hairs and often with dense bristle hairs; blades ovate-elliptic, elliptic-oblong to oblong, 6-11 × 2.5-4 cm, chartaceous, base rounded to shallowly cordate, margin entire, apex acuminate, tip 0.5-1 cm long; nervation with 1 pair of lateral nerves and 1 pair of intramarginal nerves; adaxially glabrous, abaxially glabrous or with sparse, stellate hairs, more dense at the midrib. Inflorescences terminal, 9-20 cm long, many-flowered; main axis angular, glabrous or sparsely to densely covered with stellate hairs, often with bristle hairs; primary axes up to 18 cm long with 3-5 nodes, secondary axes up to 4 cm long with 2 or 3 nodes, tertiary axes up to 0.5 cm long with 1 node; bracts ovate or lanceolate, leaf-like, 4-10 × 1-4 mm, covered with stellate hairs, margin ciliate; bracteoles lanceolate or subulate, 2-4 mm long, densely covered with stellate hairs, apex bristly; pedicels glabrous or dorsally covered with stellate hairs, 4-5 mm long in central flowers, 2-3 mm long in lateral flowers. Hypanthium campanulate-angular to suburceolate, 6-7 × 2-3 mm, slightly 8-ridged, sparsely to densely covered with stellate hairs, often with scattered capitate bristles; calyx lobes truncate, ca. 0.5 mm long, apex with 4 minute points, purplish; petal bud conical, 5-9 mm long, acuminate at tip; mature petals ovate, 5-9 × 3-4 mm, reflexed, base clawed, apex acuminate, white or white purplish to purple. stamens 8, unequal, filaments straight; alternipetalous stamens staminodial, with 3-4 mm long filaments, thecae rudimentary, slender, curved, flat, 3-4 mm long, basal crest triangular or hastate, ca. 1 mm long, thin, lateral appendages absent or prolonged from the basal crest, up 2 mm long; oppositipetalous stamens with 4-5 mm long filaments, anthers thick, curved, hook-shaped or S-shaped, thecae 6-10 mm long, yellow, basal appendages bifid, 0.5-1 mm long, connective crest spur-like, triangular, erose, ca. 0.5 mm long. Ovary half as long as hypanthium, apex glabrous; style glabrous, 13-15 mm long, curved at the end, slender, purplish; stigma minute, pappilose; extra-ovarial chambers 4, oppositipetalous, extending almost to the base of the ovary. Fruits urceolate, 4-8 × 2-4 mm, glabrous to puberulous, slightly 8-lined; calyx lobes remnant persistent. Seeds ca. 0.75 mm long.

Distribution.

Myanmar, Indochina, Thailand, throughout Malesia (Peninsular Malaysia, Sumatra, Java, Borneo, Philippines, Sulawesi, Moluccas and New Guinea, absent in Lesser Sunda Islands).

Ecology and habitat.

Primary and secondary forests, along rivers, roads, on waste lands; usually in the lowlands, rarely up to 1460 m elevation ( Veldkamp et al. 1979).

Vernacular names.

Peninsular Malaysia: tuniong utan (Penang); sesendok (Perak). Sumatra: kedudu akar (Riau); kadudu (Jambi); sidodo akar (Palembang). Java: caluncung areuy (Sunda). Borneo: buah apetaah (Kutai, Kenyah); akar kemunting (Iban); uduk-uduk hutan (Brunei); kauelan (Bagobo).

Notes.

1. Dissochaeta divaricata is one of the species with the most widespread distribution in the region and it has a wide variation in the indumentum. The specimens vary from glabrous to densely pubescent on the branchlets, abaxially surfaces of the leaf blades, inflorescences axes and the hypanthium. Sometimes they also have scattered bristle hairs on these parts. The variation in bracts and bracteoles ranges from linear to lanceolate, leaf-like. The acuminate tip of the petal bud is a good character for recognising the species and for distinguishing it from other species, e.g. D. barbata and D. conica .

2. Melastoma divaricatum Willd. was reported by Willdenow (1799) from "India Orientali", although the type is labelled only “Ind.”. At that time, "India Orientali" did not refer to what is now India, but to the entire region now known as South and South-East Asia, the former British East Indies. Veldkamp et al. (1979) and Maxwell (1980a) presumed that the actual source of the type specimen might have been from southern Thailand or further south on the Malay Peninsula.

Selected specimens examined.

MYANMAR. Lamby Kyum, Jun 1909, C. dÁlleizette 2445 (L). LAOS. Vientiane: Vang Vieng, Pu Yang, 250 m, 20 May 2011, J.F. Maxwell 11-25 (L). THAILAND. Nakhon Nayok: Khao Yai, 800 m, 24 May 1970, T. Smitinand BKF 46194 (L). Nakhon Si Thammarat: Wat Kiri Wang, 100 m, 2 May 1918, A.F.G. Kerr 15580 (BM, K). Narathiwat: Khao Tae Saton, 20 Nov 1961, B. Sangkhachand BKF 36947 (K, L, P). Phang Ngha: Nai Chong, 100 m, 11 May 1973, R. Geesink & T. Santisuk 5336 (K, L, P). Pattani: Bachaw, 50 m, 16 Jul 1923, A.F.G. Kerr 7215 (BK, BM, K, TCD); Betong, 500 m, 11 Mar 1925, A.F.G. Kerr 10075 (BM, K). Ranong: 4 Jan 1929, A.F.G. Kerr 16529 (BM, K). Surat Thani: Kao Samui, 50 m, 1 Jan 1930, A.F.G. Kerr 17904 (BM, K). Trang: Khao Libong, 300 m, 23 Apr 1930, A.F.G. Kerr 19087 (BM, K). Trat: Koh Kut Island, 5 Apr 1959, S. Sorensen, K. Larsen & B. Hansen 7175 (L); Koh Chang Island, 3 Aug 1973, R. Geesink & C. Phengkhlai 6262 (L). Uttaradit: Ban Phra, 400 m, 18 Apr 1970, T. Smitinand & M. Cheke BKF 46605 (K, L). Yala: Ban Rang, 100 m, 24 Apr 1974, R. Geesink & T. Hattink 6394 (K, L); Bannang Sata, Bahng Lahng, 150 m, 12 Nov 1986, J.F. Maxwell 86-905 (L). MALAYSIA. Johor: Bukit Bonang, 1900, H.N. Ridley 11103 (K); Pulau Pemanggil, Bukit Durian, 8 Jul 1966, M. Noor & Samsuri 66 (K, L). Kedah: Baling, G. Inas, Bukit Iboi, 2 Nov 2007, K. Imin, L.H. Kueh & S.N. Phoon FRI 58596 (K, L). Malacca: W. Griffith KD 2288 (BM, K, L, P); 1821, H. Cuming 2259 (BR, G, K, L, P); Tampin, 21 Nov 1916, I.H. Burkill SFN 2297 (K). Negri Sembilan: Bukit Tangga, 19 Dec 1920, H.N. Ridley s.n. (BM, K); Jinderam Estate, 90 m, 22 Sep 1957, M. Shah 133 (K, L). Pahang: Cameron Highlands, 1210 m, 10 Apr 1937, M. Nur SFN 32600 (L, P); Fraser’s Hill, 19 Jun 1967, J.C. Carrick 1575 (K, L), Richmond, 1280 m, 16 Apr 1955, J.W. Purseglove 4114 (K, L). Penang: 1819, Jack 49 (BM, L); Mar 1837, C. Gaudichaud-Beaupré 95 (G, P); Government Hill, A.C. Maingay KD 793 (K, L). Perak: Goping, Aug 1880, King’s collector 369 (BM, L, P); Maxwell’s Hill, 42 m, 19 Sep 1949, J. Sinclair & Kiah SFN 38817 (BM, K, L); Sungai Siput, 180 m, 5 Oct 1967, F.S.P. Ng FRI 5739 (K). Selangor: Genting-Simpah road, 5 Feb 1965, F.S.P. Ng KEP 99079 (K, L); Kepong, 31 Jan 1968, K. Ogata 10040a (L); Ulu Gombak, 2 Dec 1965, J.C. Carrick 1428 (K, L). Terengganu: Kemaman, Bukit Kajang, 152 m, 4 Nov 1935, E.J.H. Corner SFN 30207 (K, L). Sabah: Beaufort, Halogilat, Saliwangan, 8 May 1973, Dewol & Karim SAN 77566 (K, L); Keningau, Sepulut, Labang, 18 Oct 1988, Fidilis SAN 125669 (K, L); Ibid., Witti Range, 600 m, 22 Sep 1983, J.H. Beaman 7030 (K, L); Kalabakan, 15 Apr 1982, Fidilis SAN 94758 (K, L); Ranau, Kota Belud, Kelawat, 10 Apr 1950, Kiah SFN 38984 (K, L, P); Lahad Datu, Danum Valley, 7 May 1989, C.E. Ridsdale 1981 (K); Sosopodon, 1066 m, 25 Jun 1963, J. Sinanggul SAN 38278 (K, L); Sandakan, Dec 1921, A.D.E. Elmer 20333 (BM, BO, K, L, P, U); Ibid., M. Ramos BS 1292 (P); Ibid., Kalatuan, 6 Jul 1948, Abdul Rahim A 418 (K, L); Tawau, A.D.E. Elmer 21187 (BM, BO, K, L, P, U). Sarawak: O. Beccari PB 2186 (K); Bakelalan, W.M.A. Brooke 10391 (BM, L); Balleh, Ulu Mujong, 250 m, 20 Mar 1964, P.S. Ashton S.13984 (K, L); Baram, C. Hose 181 (BM, K, L, P); Kapit, Bukit Raya, 457 m, 16 Oct 1965, Jugah ak Kudi S.23880 (K, L); Miri, Kelabit Highlands, 950 m, 1 Mar 1995, Christensen & Apu 717 (K); Gat, Upper Rejang River, 2 Jul 1929, J. Clemens & M.S. Clemens 21568 (BM, K, L, P); Sibu, Rejang, Aug 1893, G.D. Haviland 3143 (BM, K); Sarikei, 6 Jul 1954, W.M.A. Brooke 8757 (BM, L). SINGAPORE. W. Jack s.n. (L). INDONESIA. Aceh: Gayoland, Gajah-Blangkajeren, 1400 m, 27 Feb 1937, C.G.G.J. van Steenis 9411 (BO, K, L); Leuser Mts., Lau Ketambe, 400 m, 4 Jun 1972, W.J.J.O. de Wilde & B.E.E. de Wilde-Duyfjes 12568 (BO, K, L). Bengkulu: Enggano Island, Malakoni, Kuala Besar, 50 m, 22 Apr 2015, M. Ardiyani et al. E167 (BO). Jambi: Batang Sungai, 200 m, Sep 1925, O. Posthumus 937 (BO, L). Lampung: Gunung Basin, 20 Sep 1845, H. Zollinger 3044 (BM, BO, BR, G, MPU, P). Mentawai Islands: Siberut, 11 Sep 1924, C. Boden-Kloss SFN 13082 (BO, K). North Sumatra: Brastagi, 1250 m, 21 Feb 1932, W.N. Bangham & C.N. Bangham 1140 (K); Sibolangit, 500 m, 18 Dec 1927, J.A. Lörzing 12317 (BO, K, L); Tapanuli, Between Sidikalang and Pongkolan, 1200 m, 27 Mar 1954, A.H.G. Alston 14816 (BM, L). Riau: Tigapuluh Mts., Talanglakat, 100 m, 4 Nov 1988, J.S. Burley & Tukirin 1084 (BO, K, L). South Sumatra: Enim, Pandan Ulu, J.E. Teijsmann HB 3634 (BO). West Sumatra: Lima Puluh Kota, Harau Valley, Sarasah Bonta, 500 m, 11 Sep 2017, A. Kartonegoro 1069 (BO, L). West Java: Bogor, Mount Paniisan, 700 m, 9 Dec 1923, R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink 6165 (BM, BO, K, L); Mount Salak, C.L. Blume s.n. (K, L). Central Kalimantan: Sampit River, Kuala Kwayan, Permantang, 50 m, 25 Jan 1954, A.H.G. Alston 13234 (BM, BO); Barito Ulu, 8 Jun 1990, C.E. Ridsdale PBU 456 (BO, L); Nanga Buli, Sungai Buluh, 250 m, 26 Feb 1984, C. Hansen 1212 (L). East Kalimantan: East Kutai, Sg. Menubar, 5 Jun 1951, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 4961 (BO, K, L); Ibid., Muara Ancalong, Long Lees, 100 m, 6 Mar 1978, H. Wiriadinata 1151 (BO, K, L); West Kutai, Hikam Batu Beng, 80 m, 28 Jul 1925, F.H. Endert 2270 (BO, K, L); Tanjung Redeb, Birang River, 23 Oct 1963, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 21644 (BO, K, L); Berau, Mt. Menyapa, Kelai River, 19 Oct 1963, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 21364 (BO, K, L); Gunung Gadut, 31 Mar 1908, H.J.P. Winkler 1752 (BM, K); Samarinda, Loa Haur, 40 m, 16 May 1952, A.J.G.H. Kostermans 6965 (BO, K, L). North Kalimantan: Krayan, Long Bawan, 1000 m, 16 Jul 1981, K. Ueda & D. Darnaedy B-8515 (BO, L). South Kalimantan: Salimohi, Simpokok, 15 Jul 1908, H.J.P. Winkler 2970 (BM); Pulau Laut, 100 m, 6 Nov 1928, D.F. van Slooten 2282 (BO, K, L). West Kalimantan: Danau Sentarum, Semujan Hill, 4 Jul 1986, W. Giesen 69 (K, L). North Sulawesi: Gurupahi, 600 m, 19 Mar 1917, J. Kaudern 6 (L). Moluccas: Ceram, Piru, 400 m, 16 Nov 1918, L.M.R. Rutten 1904 (BO, L, U); Sula, Mount Berberi, Atje 318 (BO, L). PHILIPPINES. Mindanao: Agusan, Cabadbaran (Mt. Urdaneta), Jul 1912, A.D.E. Elmer 13352 (BISH, BM, BO, E, GH, K, L, MO, NY, P, PNH, U); Davao, Mt. McKinley, 640 m, 1 Oct 1946, G.E. Edano PNH 1008 (PNH). Palawan: Pagdanan, Ibangley, 40 m, 21 Apr 1984, A. Podzorski SMHI 906 (K, L). Sulu: Jolo, Sep 1924, M. Ramos & G.E. Edano BS 44461 (K, L). PAPUA NEW GUINEA. Sepik: C.L. Ledermann 6654 (L). Western District: Kiunga, 30 m, 6 Aug 1971, H. Streimann LAE 51727 (L).

Figures

Map 11. Distribution of D. divaricata (●).

Figure 12. Dissochaeta divaricata a habit b branchlet c hypanthium d flower e fruits. Photographs by D. Penneys; voucher: Penneys 2472 (WNC).