Cissampelos laxiflora Moldenke, Phytologia

Sousa, Julio dos Santos de & Gurgel, Ely Simone Cajueiro, 2022, Cissampelos (Menispermaceae) in the state of Pará, Brazil, Iheringia, Série Botânica (e 2022004) 77, pp. 1-9 : 6-8

Cissampelos laxiflora Moldenke, Phytologia 2:215. 1947.

( Fig. 1 J-L.)

Liana, 1.1–2.4 m tall; stem voluble, glabrous; rhytidome brown or greyish, fissured. Petiole 2.3–7.6 × 0.5–1 mm, cylindrical, not canaliculate, basifixed, glabrous or sparsely strigose; pulvinus twisted only in the proximal region. Leaf blade 2.5–6.9 × 1.8–4.6 cm, basifixed, subcordiform or oval, membranous to chartaceous, flat, glabrous on both surfaces; apex acute, attenuate or mucronate; base entire or bilobed, rounded, subcordate to truncate; margin rectilinear, not revolute, strigose. Venation basal actinodromous, primary veins 5, palmatinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins reticulate. Staminate inflorescences thyrsiform, axillary. Pistillate inflorescences racemose, axillary. Staminate bracts 0.3–0.5 × 0.4–0.5 cm, lanceolate or elliptic, pubescent or tomentose. Pistillate bracts 0.3–0.8 × 0.5–0.9 cm, reniform or suborbicular, glabrous or pubescent. Staminate flowers with cream perianth; sepals 4, 0.7–1 × 0.4–1 mm, elliptic or obovate, glabrous to sparsely strigose; corolla 0.3–0.9 × 0.5–0.8 mm, patelliform or cupuliform, glabrous; stamens connate, forming a claviform synandrium (0.2–0.4 mm long), anthers 4–6. Pistillate flowers with greenish perianth; sepal 1.4–1.6 × 0.7–0.8 mm, obovate, dorsally pubescent; petal 0.5–0.9 × 0.6–1 mm, deltoid or suborbicular, glabrous; ovary 0.6–0.9 × 0.4–0.7 mm, gibbous-turbinate, pubescent; stigma deltoid. Drupes 0.4–0.8 × 0.4–0.7 cm, obovoid, red, pubescent; endocarp with lateral and dorsoventral, tuberculate projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, Barcarena, 05.II.2017, fl ., J. S. Sousa 736 ( MG); Canaã dos Carajás,

road that connects S11 D to Serra Norte , 2. XII .2015, fl., K. C. J. Rocha et al. 59 ( MG) .

Additional examined material: BRAZIL, AMAZONAS, Camatian, 24. I .1949, fr., R. L . Fróes 23992 ( IAN, NY); São Paulo de Olivença, basin of creek Belém , 26.X.1936, fl., B . A . Krukoff 9038 ( NY); São Paulo de Olivença, IV.1945, fl., R . L . Fróes 20737 ( IAN); Tabatinga , 30.XI.1945, fl., J . M . Pires & G . A . Black 939 ( IAN, NY); Tabatinga , 30.XI.1945, fl., J . M . Pires & G . A . Black 947 ( IAN, NY); Tabatinga , 30.XI.1945, fr., J . M . Pires & G . A . Black 949 ( NY); Tefé , 07.XI.1948, fl., J . M . Pires 1377 ( IAN, NY) .

Distribution: Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Paraguay, Peru and Uruguay (MBG 2019, Rhodes 1975). In Brazil, this species occurs in Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia and Goiás, in the Amazonia and Cerrado phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015, Lima & Teixeira 2018).

Among the Cissampelos species in Pará, C. laxiflora is mainly distinguished by its thyrsiform staminate inflorescence and gibbous-turbinate ovary.

Cissampelos ovalifolia DC., Syst. Nat. 1:537. 1817. ( Fig. 2 A-C)

Xylopodial herb, 27–90 cm tall; stem erect, velutinous; rhytidome greenish, not fissured. Petiole 0.4–1.2 × 1–2 mm, cylindrical, not canaliculate, basifixed, velutinous; pulvinus twisted only in the distal region. Leaf blade 2.4–9.8 × 2.2–7.3 cm, basifixed, oval or suborbicular, subcoriaceous, flat, adaxial surface pubescent or velutinous, abaxial surface velutinous; apex mucronate, obtuse or retuse; base entire, obtuse; margin entire, repand, not revolute, velutinous. Venation basal actinodromous, primary veins 5, palmatinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins reticulate. Staminate inflorescences paniculiform, axillary or terminal. Pistillate inflorescences in simple racemes, axillary. Staminate bracts 0.5–1.5 × 0.2–0.5 cm, elliptic, velutinous. Pistillate bracts 0.3–1.6 × 0.3–1.7 cm, oval, reniform or cordiform, velutinous. Staminate flowers with greenish-yellow perianth; sepals 4–5, 0.9–2 × 0.7–1.6 mm, elliptic or obovate, sparsely sericeous; corolla 0.5–1.8 × 0.8–1.8 mm, ciatiform or patelliform, papillose; stamens connate, forming a claviform synandrium (0.2–0.6 mm long), anthers 4. Pistillate flowers with greenish-yellow perianth; sepal 0.9–2 × 0.7–1.6 mm, elliptic or trullate, sericeous; petal 0.7–1.8 × 0.9–1.8 mm, flabelliform or reniform, glabrous; ovary 0.4–1.3 × 0.4 –0.9 mm, gibbous, velutinous; stigma narrow-triangular. Drupes 0.6–0.9 × 0.4–0.8 cm, obovoid, orangish to red, pubescent; endocarp with slightly denticulate, dorsal and lateral projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, Alenquer , Cerrado vegetation, 07. I.2009, fl., L. C. B. Lobato et al. 3717 ( MG) ; Altamira , Rio Fresco, 27.VII.1962 , N. T. Silva 661 ( IAN);

Moju , 23.III.2017, fl., J . S . Sousa 745 ( MG); Monte Alegre, 15. XII .1908, fl., A. Ducke 9973 ( MG); Monte Alegre, Serra do Ereré , 15. V .1953, D. A. Lima 53-1596 ( IAN); Óbidos, firm field of Cicandatuba, São José farm, 26.VII.1912, fl., A . Ducke 12060 ( MG); Santarém, 30. I .1945, fl., R. L . Fróes 20458 ( IAN); Santarém, X.2012, fl., F . C . A. Lucas 263 ( MFS); Santarém, Alter do Chão , Serra do Giz , 11.III.1909, fl. & fr., A . Ducke 10322 ( MG); Santarém, Alter do Chão , 15. XII .1978, fl. & fr., U. N . Maciel & M . R . Cordeiro 369 ( MG); Serra do Cachimbo , 17. XII .1956, fl., J. M . Pires et al. 6431 ( IAN) .

Distribution: Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Guyana, Paraguay, Suriname and Venezuela (MBG 2019, Rhodes 1975). In Brazil, this species occurs in Amazonas, Pará, Roraima, Tocantins, Bahia, Ceará, Maranhão, Paraíba, Piauí, the Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná and Santa Catarina, in the Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest and Pantanal phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015).

Even when sterile, Cissampelos ovalifolia can be easily identified because it is the only xylopodial, herbaceous species of Cissampelos . In addition to this vegetative feature, the species is also distinguished by its velutinous petiole and abaxial leaf blade surface. According to Rhodes (1975), the staminate flowers have four sepals. However, in the analyzed samples, 3–4 sepals were found, which corroborates analyses made by Costa & Sano (2007) and Teixeira & Amorim (2012).

Cissampelos pareira L., Sp. Pl. 2:1031. 1753. ( Fig. 2 D-F)

Liana, 3.5–6 m tall; stem voluble, puberulent; rhytidome brown, fissured. Petiole 1.4–4.6 × 1–2 mm, cylindrical, not canaliculate, basifixed, tomentose; pulvinus erect in the distal and proximal regions. Leaf blade 4–8.4 × 4.6–8.5 cm, basifixed, cordiform or suborbicular, membranous, flat, adaxial surface strigose or sericeous, abaxial surface sericeous or tomentose; apex mucronate or retuse; base bilobed, cordate; margin rectilinear, not revolute, pubescent. Venation basal actinodromous, primary veins 5–9, palmatinerved; secondary veins diverging from the lower third of the blade; tertiary veins reticulate. Staminate inflorescences paniculiform, axillary. Pistillate inflorescences in simple racemes, axillary. Staminate bracts 0.2–1.6 × 0.15–1.1 cm, deltoid or subcordiform, sericeous or tomentose. Pistillate bracts 0.2–0.8 × 0.3–1 cm, cordiform or reniform, velutinous. Staminate flowers with greenish-yellow perianth; sepals 4, 0.6–1.7 × 0.4–1.2 mm, elliptic or obovate, sericeous; corolla 0.7–1.2 × 0.6–1.2 mm, patelliform or cupuliform, puberulent; stamens connate, forming a claviform synandrium (0.1–0.7 mm long), anthers 4–6. Pistillate flowers with greenish-yellow perianth; sepal 0.7–1.8 × 0.4–1.2 mm, flabelliform or trullate, sericeous; petal 0.4–1.2 × 0.4–1.5 mm, flabelliform or reniform, sericeous; ovary 0.5–1 × 0.4–1 mm, globose, tomentose; stigma falciform. Drupes 0.3–0.7 × 0.3–0.5 cm, obovoid, red, pubescent; endocarp with lateral and dorsoventral, tuberculate projections.

Examined material: BRAZIL, PARÁ, Altamira, left bank of the Rio Iriri , 19.VIII.1986, fl ., S. A. M. Souza et al. 13 ( MG); Aveiro, Fordlândia , 31.X.1962, fl ., E. Oliveira 2357 ( IAN); Belém, adjacency of the Instituto Agronômico do Norte , 17. XII.1944, fl., R. L. Fróes & G. A. Black 24664 ( IAN) .

Additional examined material: BRAZIL, MINAS GERAIS, Province of Minas Gerais , 12.II.1905, fl., J . E . B. Warming ( NY); Serra do Espinhaço, ca. 12 km of Diamantina, road to Mendanha , 28. I .1969, fl., H. S . Irwin et al. 22756 ( NY); 11. I .1905, fl., P. Clausen s.n. ( NY) ; PARANÁ, Curitiba, Rio Atuba , 30. I .1974, fl. & fr., R. Kummrow 213 ( NY) .

Distribution: The species is widely distributed from Mexico to Argentina ( Costa & Sano 2007) and also occurs in Asia and Africa ( Rhodes 1975, Teixeira & Amorim 2012). In Brazil, it occurs in Acre, Amazonas, Pará, Rondônia, Roraima, Tocantins, Bahia, Maranhão, Pernambuco, Piauí, the Distrito Federal, Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Minas Gerais, São Paulo, Paraná, Rio Grande do Sul and Santa Catarina, in the Amazonia, Caatinga, Cerrado, Atlantic Forest, Pampa and Pantanal phytogeographic domains ( BFG 2015).

Cissampelos pareira is well defined and easily distinguished from congeners by the tomentose petiole, erect pulvinus in the distal and proximal regions, synandrium with up to 6 anthers, globose ovary and falciform stigma.

Figures

Figura 1. Species of Cissampelos in Pará state, Brazil. A-C. Cissampelos andromorpha. A. branch with pistillate flowers and drupes; B. staminate flower:C. pistillate flower. D-F. Cissampelos fasciculata; D. habit; E. staminate flower; F.pistillate flower.G-I. Cissampelos glaberrima; G. branch with drupe; H. staminate flower; I. pistillate flower. J-L. Cissampelos laxiflora; J. branch detail; K. staminate flower; L. pistillate flower.

Figura 2. Species of Cissampelos in Pará state, Brazil. A-C. Cissampelos ovalifolia: A. branch with staminate flowers; B. staminate flower; C. pistillate flower. D-F. Cissampelos parreira: D. branch with pistillate inflorescences; E. staminate flower; F. pistillate flower. G-I. Cissampelos tropaeolifolia: G. branch with pistillate inflorescences; H. staminate flower; I. pistillate flower.