Acanthoceto riogrande, Ramirez, 1997: 189

RAMÍREZ, MARTÍN J., 2003, The Spider Subfamily Amaurobioidinae (Araneae, Anyphaenidae): A Phylogenetic Revision At The Generic Level, Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2003 (277), pp. 1-262 : 78-82

A. riogrande Ramírez, 1997: 189 .

DESCRIPTION AND DIAGNOSIS: See Ramírez (1997). Additional data are provided below.

Spines: Female: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v 2–2–2 long; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur = I; tibia v r1­ r1–2, p 0–1; metatarsus v 2bas, p 1–0. III, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; tibia v 0­ p1–2, r d1–1; metatarsus v 2–0–2, p and r 0–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1–1–1, r d1ap; tibia v p1–2–2, p 0–1 or 0, r d1–1; metatarsus v 2­ p1–2, p 0–1–1, r d1– 1–1, d 0­ p1–2.

FERRIERIA TULLGREN Table 12

Ferrieria Tullgren, 1901: 247 (type species by monotypy Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, 1901 ). Ramírez, 1995a: 381. Ramírez, 1997: 190 (revision of the genus).

Terupis Simon, 1904: 103 (type species by monotypy Terupis bicolor Simon, 1904 ). First synonymized by Ramírez, 1997: 190.

DIAGNOSIS: The single known species resembles some Aysenia and Acanthoceto in its small size and recurved posterior eye row, but it can be distinguished by the combination of large spines on the anterior legs, a short, acute RTA, and copulatory ducts coiled along a longitudinal axis. Immatures are very similar to those of Acanthoceto pichi Ramírez , but are distinguished by having larger spines on the anterior legs.

DESCRIPTION: Redescribed by Ramírez (1997). Palp (figs. 33A, 34): tibia short, as long as wide, RTA very short, acute. Cymbium with wide conductor, conspicuous translucent lamina opposed to RTA. Tegulum large, with rectangular basal notch. Sperm duct loops at base of secondary conductor, at anterior ventral margin of tegulum, just before entering embolus, and at embolar base. Embolus with basal process well developed, laminar. Paramedian apophysis well sclerotized, formed by two irregular protuberances, one approximately conic. Median apophysis small, slender, connected to primary conductor by sclerotized stripe. Primary conductor with wide canal where embolus fits. Secondary conductor small, with canal, apex acute. Epigyne with separate lateral lobes, bearing depressions at posterior margins. Copulatory openings close to epigastric furrow; copulatory ducts colied along longitudinal axes, spermathecae separate from each other.

COMPOSITION: Only the type species.

Ferrieria echinata Tullgren Figures 33A , 34 , 35C

Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, 1901: 247 . Redescribed by Ramírez, 1997: 191.

Terupis bicolor Simon, 1904: 103 . Synonymized by Ramírez, 1997: 191.

DIAGNOSIS AND DESCRIPTION: See Ramírez (1997). Additional data are provided below.

VARIABILITY: Female spines: III, tibia v 0­ p1­ r1. IV, tibia r 1ap; metatarsus v p1–0­ comb, p 1ap. Male spines: III, tibia v 0­ p1­ r1.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile and Argentina.

NEW RECORDS: Argentina: Neuquén: Puerto Blest, 7–20.I.2000, L. Lopardo and A. Quaglino, 6 immatures ( MACN­Ar). Chile: Región VII (Maule): Talca : Alto de Vilches , elev. 1180 m, 35°36̍S, 71°04̍W, 14– 15.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 1♀ ( AMNH). Región VIII (Biobío): Concepción: Hualpén, 7.VI.1996, T. Cekalovic, 1♀ ( AMNH). Malleco: Monumento Natural Contulmo, 19–21.XII.1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 1 immature ( MACN­Ar). Arauco: 10 km N Curanilahue, 21.XI.1992, T. Cekalovic, 2♀ ( AMNH) ; Los Morongos, E Los Niches, 600 m, 17–20.XI.1994, L. Peña, 13 ( AMNH). Biobío: W Ralco, Santa Bárbara , 400 m, 22–23.XI.1994, L. Peña, 13 ( AMNH). Región X (Los Lagos): Valdivia: Las Lajas, W La Unión, 13–15.I.1991, L. Peña, 13 ( AMNH), 19–20.XI.1990, L. Peña, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; 37 km SE Panguipulli , 39°45̍S, 72°20̍W, 300 m, beating vegetation, 14.XI.1994, R. Leschen and C. Carlton no. 097, 1♀ ( AMNH) ; Parque Oncol: intersection Tepual trail with Rio Cruces , 8.I.2001, T. Cekalovic, 13 1♀ ( AMNH), Quitaqui trail, 19.I.2001, T. Cekalovic, 13 1♀ ( AMNH), Punucapa trail, TC 642, 15.I.2001, T. Cekalovic ( AMNH). Osorno : Puyehue Natl. Park : Aguas Calientes , 700 m, 21.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 13 1♀ ( AMNH), 13– 17.XII.1998, M. Ramírez, L. Compagnucci, C. Grismado, L. Lopardo, 13 1♀ 12 immatures ( MACN­Ar), 13 1♀ ( MHNS). Llanquihue: Alerce Andino Natl. Park, elev. 100 m, 41°35̍S, 72°41̍S, 23.XI.1993, N. Platnick, K. Catley, M. Ramírez, T. Allen , 23 1♀ 1 immature ( AMNH) .

COPTOPREPES SIMON Table 13

Coptoprepes Simon, 1884: 130 , 136 (type species by monotypy Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon, 1884 ), 1887: E24, 1897 a: 93, 96, 102. Ramírez, 1995a: 369, 1997: 178.

DIAGNOSIS: Distinguished from other Amaurobioidinae by the combination of a greatly developed, often bifid median apophysis, and by the apical cymbial notch, retrolateral to the cymbial conductor, where the median apophysis fits (fig. 42A, B).

DESCRIPTION: Color generally dark, with pattern diffuse or absent. Carapace narrowed in front, posterior eye row procurved, ocular area not projecting. Chelicerae relatively small, unmodified, slightly smaller in males, three to five teeth on promargin, a series of small teeth (four to seven) on retromargin. Anterior legs with few spines, lacking prolateral spines on tibia II. Male palpal tibia short, RTA variable, even absent. Cymbium large, with retrolateral apical notch, contiguous to cymbial conductor, where median apophysis fits. Tegulum displaced basally, median apophysis large, apical, often bifid. Primary conductor with long canal. Secondary conductor of variable shape, separate or fused to anterior dorsal margin of tegulum. Paramedian apophysis small or absent. Embolus long, basal process flattened. Epigyne flattened, displaced posteriorly, copulatory openings in or very close to epigastric fold. Copulatory ducts long in species with long embolus, with tortuous course, not colied along any axis; fertilization duct generally separated from posterior epigynal margin.

DISTRIBUTION: Southern forests of Chile and Argentina.

COMPOSITION: C. flavopilosus Simon , three species newly described below, and at least five undescribed species.

Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon

Figures 35A , 36 , 37 Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon, 1884: 137 (male holotype from Chile, Cabo de Hornos, in

MHNP 6672, examined), 1887: E25, 1897 a: 97,

102 (fulvopilosus, lapsus), 1902: 29. Tullgren,

1901: 245, 260. Merian, 1913: 12. Ramírez,

1995a: 366, 369.

NOTE: In the same vial as the holotype there is a female, but Simon only described the male. He reported that the male palpal tibia lacks any apophysis. The RTA is slightly translucent and may have been overlooked.

DIAGNOSIS: Females are asily distinguished from those of other Coptoprepes by the lateral curved ridges on the epigyne; males resemble those of C. nahuelbuta by having a curved tibial apophysis, concave dorsally, but can be distinguished by the much smaller secondary conductor.

FEMALE (Ushuaia, Castellanos and Gómez, MACN­Ar 9822): Total length 5.35. Carapace length 2.23, width 1.50, wider on legs II–III. Length of tibia/metatarsus: I, 1.03/

TABLE 13 Synapomorphies of Coptoprepes and Internal Clades

0.63; II, 0.94/1.00; III, 0.97/1.08; IV, 1.30/ 1.63. Palpal tarsus length 0.64. Chelicerae with 5 teeth on promargin and 5 or 6 denticles on retromargin. Sternum length 1.17, width 0.93. Spines: leg I, femur d 1–1–1, p 2ap; tibia v r1–2–0 or 0–2–0; metatarsus v 2bas. II, femur d 1–1–1, p d1ap; tibia v 0­ r1­ p1; metatarsus v 2bas. III, femur d 1–1– 1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1­ p1–2, p 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, r d1–1, d r1bas; metatarsus v 2– 2­ comb, p and r d1–1–1, d 0­ p1–2. IV, femur d 1–1–1, p and r d1ap; patella r 1; tibia v p1–2–2, p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0, d r1bas; metatarsus = III, but d 0–2–2. Dorsal, long, thin, erect bristles on patellae (d 1–0–1) and tibiae (d r1–0–1). Abdomen length 3.17, width 1.70, spiracle–epigastrium 1.50, spiracle– spinnerets 0.22. Color: grayish uniform, darker dorsally (fig. 35A). Epigyne (fig. 36D, E): lateral lobes separate, slightly projecting above epigastric fold. Copulatory ducts irregular. Spermathecae fused to each other.

MALE (Punta Remolino, MACN­Ar 9821): Total length 4.40. Carapace length 2.20, width 1.50 (fig. 36A, B). Length of tibia/ metatarsus: I, 1.33/1.27; II, 1.17/1.17; III, 0.96/1.23; IV, 1.40/1.70. Chelicerae slightly smaller than those of female, with 6 denticles on retromargin (fig. 36C). Sternum length 1.17, width 0.83. Spines as in female, except: leg I, tibia v 0–2–2. II, tibia v r1­ r1–2, p 0– 1. III, tibia p and r 1­ d1­ 1­ 0. IV, tibia v 2– 2–2. Abdomen length 2.33, width 1.30, spiracle–epigastrium 1.20, spiracle–spinnerets 0.20. Color as in female. Palp (figs. 36F, G, 37): femur short, laterally compressed. Tibia very short, width/length 1.33, RTA flattened, tip concave dorsally. Cymbium relatively large, with apical retrolateral notch where median apophysis fits, cymbial conductor wide. Tegulum basal. Sperm duct with loop at dorsal anterior margin, close to base of secondary conductor (fig. 37B). Embolus with basal process ample, flattened, rounded. Median apophysis apical, wide, with apical projection long, curved. Primary conductor hyaline, tip simple. Secondary conductor well developed, apex acute, partially separate from tegulum by ventral membranous area. Paramedian apophysis with one triangular cusp, flattened, close to base of median apophysis; rounded, ventral protuberance, may also be part of paramedian apophysis.

VARIABILITY: Female spines: I, tibia v p1– 2­ p1. II, tibia v 0­ r1–2. III, tibia v p1–2–2.

NATURAL HISTORY: This species constructs retreats under logs in very humid localities.

DISTRIBUTION: Forests in southern Argentina and Chile, from Osorno to Tierra del Fuego.

OTHER MATERIAL EXAMINED: ARGENTINA: Chubut: Los Alerces Natl. Park: Río Arrayanes, II.1985, M. Ramírez, 2♀ (MACN­Ar). Santa Cruz: Ventisquero Moreno, 18–24.I.1971, J. Vellard, 1♀ (MACNAr). Tierra del Fuego: Bahía Buen Suceso, 16–31.I.1986, E. Maury, 1 immature (MACN­Ar); Cabo de Hornos, same vial as holotype, 1♀ (MHNP); Isla de los Estados, Arroyo Goffre, 20.X.1971, Menéndez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Laguna Negra, XII.1989, A. González, 1 immature (MLP); Punta Remolino 24, 24.II.1959, J. Vellard, 13 (MACNAr 9821); Ushuaia, 1–14.XII.1932, Castellanos and Gómez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar 9822); Río Pipo, XII.1989, A. González, 1♀ (MLP); Ushuaia, no date, J. Vellard, 1♀ (MACN­Ar); Valle Carbajal, 17.II.1961, B. Malkin, 1♀ (AMNH). CHILE: Región X (Los Lagos): Osorno: Puyehue Natl. Park , Los Derrumbes, 18.I.1989, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar, photo MJR 53), Los Mallines, 40°46̍0̎S, 72°17̍00̎W, 700 m, bog, pitfall 514T1, 2.XII.2000 – 2.I.2001, 1♀, 12.XII.2000 – 2.I.2001, pitfall 514T1, 13 2♀, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, (USNM), Antillanca, 40°46̍30̎S, 72°11̍30̎W, 1050–1350 m, alpine meadow, 2.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, pitfall 57T1, 1♀, pitfall 511T1, 13, pitfall 512T2, 1♀ (USNM); Antillanca road, 40°46̍30̎S, 72°12̍00̎W, 1150 m, Nothofagus pumilio forest, 24.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, Alvarez, J. Coddington, G. Hormiga, pitfall 511T1, 13 (USNM). Llanquihue: Lago Chapo, 13.5 km E Correntoso, site 656, window trap, 310 m, valdivian rainforest, 16– 27.XII.1982, A. Newton and M Thayer, 13 (AMNH); 35 km W Río Negro, 240 m, disturbed forest, 24.I.1986, N. Platnick and T. Schuh, 1♀ 1 immature (AMNH). Chiloe´: Arroyo Cole Cole, 25 km N Cucao, 8– 11.II.1991, M. Ramírez, 1♀ (MACN­Ar). Región XI (Ibáñez del Campo): Aisén: Laguna San Rafael, II.1957, N. Codoceo, 2♀ (MACN­Ar); Río Simpson Natl. Park, N margin, 17.II.1991, M. Ramírez, 4♀ 2 immatures (MACN­Ar); 85–89 km S Puerto Puyuguapi, 220–270 m, burned forest, 19.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, T. Schuh , 1♀ (AMNH); 102 km S Puerto Puyuguapi, 220 m, wet forest, 19.I.1986, N. Platnick, P. Goloboff, T. Schuh , 4♀ (MACN­Ar). Región XII (Magallanes y Antártica): Ultima Esperanza: Torres del Paine Natl. Park: near Refugio Chileno, 50°56̍45̎S, 72°55̍0̎W, 400–600 m, 8–9.XII.2000, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 13, 1♀, 2♀ (USNM); near Refugio Pudeto, 51°3̍45̎S, 72°58̍45̎W, 100 m, 7.XII.2000, pitfall in scrub, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, 13, pitfall 51T1, 13 (USNM); Laguna Parrillar Natl. Res., 53°24̍15̎S, 71°15̍45̎W, 1–10.XII. 2000, 350 m, J. Miller, I. Agnarsson, forest Berlese, 1♀, dry grass near Chorio Hermoso, pitfall 55T2, 1♀, scrub in bog, pitfall 54T1, 1♀, scrub, grass in bog, pitfal 54T2, 4♀ 2 immatures, Chorio Hermoso, flood plain, 55T1, 2♀ (USNM). Magallanes: Cabo de Hornos, 1844–84, P. Hahn, 1♀ (MHNP); Camerón, 14 – 17.XI.1960, L. Peña, 2♀ (MCZ); Estancia La Vicuña, SE Camerón, 1–6.XII.1960, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ); Isla Nueva, 4.II.1896, O. Nordenskjöld, 2♀ (NRS); Isla Picton (1896, O. Nordenskjöld), 1♀ (NRS); Puerto Bridges, 9.I.1893, Michelsen, 3♀ (ZMH); Puerto Toro, Isla Navarino, 19.XII.1992, Michelsen, 1 immature (ZMH); Río Rubens, 1956, J. Vellard, 13 2♀ (MACN­Ar); Rubens, 13.XII.1960, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ); Rusffin, SE Cameron, 17–20.XI.1960, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ); Tres Vientos, Puerto Arturo, 53°34̍S, 73°23̍W, 25–28.XI.1960, L. Peña, 1♀ (MCZ). Mistaken Locality: Argentina, La Pampa , Santa Rosa, V.1962, Aravena, 1♀ (MACN­Ar), a tentative transcription made by M.E. Galiano of an illegible label, is here considered inaccurate.

Figures

Fig. 33. Expanded male copulatory bulbs of Ferrieria echinata Tullgren and Acanthoceto spp. A. F. echinata (Osorno, Puyehue, 13–17.XII.1998). B. A. pichi Ramírez (Neuquén, Laguna Pire´). C. A. cinerea (Tullgren) (Chubut, Bahía Rosales). D. A. acupicta (Nicolet), retrolateral view (Buenos Aires, Capital, IX.1990). E. Same, prolateral view. Scale bar = 0.2 mm. (BH = basal hematodocha; C1 = primary conductor; C1* = apical portion of C1 contiguous to MA; C2 = secondary conductor; DH = distal hematodocha; E = embolus; MA = median apophysis; MH = median hematodocha; PBE = process on base of embolus; PMA = paramedian apophysis; T = tegulum.)

Fig. 34. Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, male palp (Chiloe´, Cole Cole). A. Cymbial conductor, ventral view. B. Retrolateral tibial apophysis (RTA) and base of cymbium, retrolateral view: white arrow points to widened posterior margin of alveolus, black arrow to RTA. C. Male copulatory bulb, ventral­apical view. D. Same, apical view. (C1 = primary conductor; C2 = secondary conductor; MA = median apophysis; PMA = paramedian apophysis.)

Fig. 35. A. Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon, female (Osorno, Puyehue, photo MJR 53). B. Aysenoides colecole, n. sp., male (Chiloe´, Cole Cole, photo MJR 513). C. Ferrieria echinata Tullgren, male (Chiloe´, Cucao, photo MJR 534).

Fig. 36. Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon. A. Male carapace (holotype). B. Same, anterior view. C. Same, mouth parts, ventral view. D. Epigyne, ventral view (Aisén, Puerto Puyuguapi). E. Same, cleared, dorsal view. F. Male palp, ventral view (Llanquihue, Lago Chapo). G. Same, retrolateral view. Scale bars = A–C, 1 mm; D–G, 0.2 mm.

Fig. 37. Coptoprepes flavopilosus Simon, male holotype. A. Copulatory bulb, ventral­retrolateral view. B. same, prolateral­apical view. Scale bar = 0.1 mm.