Curarea cuatrecasasii A taxonomic revision of Curarea Barneby & Krukoff (Menispermaceae) Ortiz, Rosa del C. PhytoKeys 2018 2018-06-21 100 9 89 FBB7232A-343A-190C-C3D9-FEC0020DDC03 Barneby & Krukoff Barneby & Krukoff 1971 Magnoliopsida Menispermaceae Curarea CoL Plantae Curarea cuatrecasasii Ranunculales 24 33 Tracheophyta species cuatrecasasii    CurareacuatrecasasiiBarneby & Krukoff, Mem. New York Bot. Gard. 22(2): 14. 1971. Type: Colombia. Antioquia: Rain forest of Villa Agraria, Las Caucheras, basin of Rio Leono Bacuba, 95 m, 2 Oct 1961, ([imm?] fr), Cuatrecasas & Willard 26168(holotype: COL!, NY neg. 8433; isotypes: NY! [NY00008325, frag.], US! [US00104020]).  Description. Medium-sized understory lianasabout 5-10 m tall; older stem more or less terete to weakly irregularly flattened, 0.5-1.5 cm wide; bark dark brown, with shallow lengthwise fissures and conspicuously tuberculate-lenticellate; branchlets densely brownish to silvery strigillose-tomentellous to glabrate. Leaves: blades 9-26 x4.3-13.5 cm, ovate to elliptic, chartaceous at all stages, base obtuse to rounded, apex acuminate, cuspidate when juvenile; surfaces discolorous, lustrous and glabrous adaxially, indumentum finely silvery strigillose-tomentellous abaxially, rarely confined to the areoles with age; 3(5) palmati- or plinerved, innermost pair of main veins acrodromous imperfect at all stages, midrib and lateral nerves slightly raised above, conspicuously raised abaxially, secondary veins 2(3) pairs, veinlets slightly prominent adaxially in both juvenile and mature leaves, raised abaxially; petioles (2.9-)6.2-18 cm long, ridged, rugulose, brownish or silvey strigillose-tomentellous to glabrate, distal pulvinus rugulose. Staminate inflorescencesfascicled, cauliflorous, lax thyrsi (Fig. 17B-C), densely silvery or brownish strigillose-tomentellous; axes 2.2-8 cm long; primary branches 1.8-6.2 cm long, filiform, with several (2-)4-5 branching orders; bracts 0.4-1.1 mm long, lanceolate to narrow ovate, concave, fleshy, indumentum as on inflorescence.  Pistillate inflorescencesunknown. Staminate flowers1.2-1.6 mm long, green, greenish or brownish; pedicels 0.4-2.8 mm long, terete, sometimes ridged, indumentum as on the axis; bracteoles 2-3, 0.2-0.6 x0.1-0.4 mm, ovate-lanceolate, oblong or ovate-rhombic, fleshy, glabrous adaxially, light brown tomentellous abaxially; sepals 6, glabrous adaxially, light brown to silvery tomentellous abaxially; outer sepals 0.8-1 x0.5-0.8 mm, ovate-lanceolate, ovate or obovate, base and apex obtuse; inner sepals 1.2-1.7 x0.6-1.1 mm, obovate or elliptic, sometimes oblong or ovate-rhombic, base cuneate, apex acute to obtuse, tip of inner sepals erect to strongly reflexed past anthesis; petals (5)6, 0.5-0.9 x0.2-0.5 mm, inner ones slightly longer, narrowly obovate-trilobed or spatulate, weakly concave, membranous, glabrous adaxially, glabrous to sparsely silvery tomentellous abaxially, weakly to strongly recurved above the cuneate base, lateral margins inflexed, partially clasping the filaments, apex acute, sometimes obtuse; stamens (3-)6; filaments 0.3-0.7 mm long, inner ones slightly longer clavate to clavate-sigmoid, moderately thick, free or connate at base, glabrous; anthers 0.2-0.3 mm long, erect, connective thicker adaxially and forming (or not) a protruding keel at the base of the anther, sometimes apically overgrowing thecae and forming a hump adaxially when older (Fig. 17H-I). Pistillate flowersunknown. Infructescencesaxes 1.3-4 x0.2-0.7 cm, bark exfoliating, cauliflorous, lax thyrsi, with simple dichasia as primary branches, brownish strigillose-tomentellous; fruiting pedicels (1.2-)6.5 mm long, terete to weakly clavate; carpophores 2.4-4.5 mm long, elongate, weakly terete to claviform, truncate or convex at apex, velutinous. Drupelets1.9-3.2 x1.2-1.8 cm, yellow or pale orange when ripe, oblongoid or ellipsoid (Fig. 18B), (weakly reniform), weakly tostrongly eccentrically attached, base truncate, obtuse to cuneate (gradually narrowed toward the base in a short (3-3.5 mm) stipe; stylar scar conspicuous; exocarp 1.2-1.9 mm thick, surface rugulose or muriculate, velutinous, granular when dried; mesocarp thin, mucilaginous; endocarp 1.5-2.4 x0.9-1 cm, chartaceous, surface smooth. Seedswith embryo 3.8-4.8 cm long, crustaceous, cotyledons sometimes unequal.   Figure 17.  Curarea cuatrecasasiistaminate plant: Ahabit Binflorescence Cinflorescence detail Dflower bud Einner sepal, adaxial surface F-Gouter and inner petals, abaxial and lateral surfaces H-Iouter stamens, adaxial and abaxial surfaces (based on Aguilar 3303).   Figure 18.  Curarea cuatrecasasiipistillate plant: Ahabit Binfructescence ( A, based on Cuatrecasas & Willard 26168; Bbased on Marin 246).  Distribution and ecology. From Costa Rica throughout Panama to northwestern Colombia (Fig. 9), at elevations of 10-650(-1100) m. In wet tropical lowland to pre-montane forests. Staminate flowering specimens were collected in March, April, May, June and September; pistillate flowering specimens are unknown; fruiting specimens were collected in January, March and July-December.  Common names and uses.  Costa Rica: edible fruits ( Morales et al. 3243, mat fr). Colombia: used as magic plant by the Waunana ( Forero 666, st).  Eponymy. As per Barneby and Krukoff (1971), "the specific epithet honors Dr. JoseCuatrecasas, who contributed greatly to the knowledge of the Colombian Flora and was a co-collector of the holotype".  Conservation status. The calculated Extent of Occurrence (EOO) based on 26 collections representing 25 localities is 184,445 km2, whereas the Area of Occupancy (AOO) is estimated as 100 km2. Of the 23 subpopulations, 12 occurred in protected areas in Panama and Costa Rica and, although the species is not abundant where it occurs, it has a broad distribution. Hence,  C. cuatrecasasiiis assigned a preliminary category of "Least Concern" (LC).  Discussion.   Curarea cuatrecasasiiis distinguished from its congeners by the combination of slender staminate inflorescences bearing filiform primary branches, petals weakly to strongly recurved shortly above the base, connectives forming an adaxial hump at the apex of thecae when older and ovate or ovate-elliptic, 3-5-veined leaves with silvery strigillose-tomentellous indumentum on the abaxial surface. The staminate inflorescence of this species resembles those of  C. gentryanaand is discussed under the latter species. In fruit,  C. cuatrecasasiiis indistinguishable from  C. iquitana,  C. tomentocarpaand  C. toxicoferaand they all share elongate carpophores, but they can be separated geographically:  C. cuatrecasasiiis restricted to the Pacific side of the Andes from North Eastern Colombia to Costa Rica and the other species are known only from the eastern side of the Andes in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil and Bolivia. The vessels width of  C. cuatrecasasiiis like that of  C. tecunarumand  C. barnebyanain being, on average, larger than the remaining species in group II (Table 5).  Selected specimens examined.    COSTA RICA. Puntarenas: Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce, Aguabuena, Sector Norte, [ 08°42'20 ''N; 083°28'30 ''W],  50-150 m, 21 Nov 1991, (imm fr),  Aguilar682(MO!); Parque Nacional Corcovado, Sirena, Corcovadobasin trail, [ 08°29'N; 083°35'W],  50 m, 30 May 1989( ♂fl),  Kernan& Phillips1147(CR!, F [2]!, INB!, MO!).   San Jose: Puriscal, Z.P.La Cangreja, faja  Costenadel Valle de Parrita, Mastatal de Puriscal, bosque primario en la cuenca del  RioNegro, por  La Ceiba, 09°41'24"N; 084°23'24"W,  300 m, 25 Nov 1994, (mat fr), Morales et al. 3243(CR!, MO!).     PANAMA. Canal Zone: Along Rio Mendozaand small tributary, 1/2-  1 kmupstream from Pipeline Roadbridge,  8 kmNW of Gamboa, Premontanewet forest,  100 m, 1 Nov 1973, (imm fr),  Nee7731(COL!, F n.v., MO-2035834,  US!.   Cocle: Along Llano Grandeto Coclesitoroad above Cascajal, near divide, forest, 08°42'N; 080°28'W,  500 m, 11 Jan 1986, (imm fr),  McPherson7956(MO!).    Colon: Rio Guanche, ca. 2.5 kmupriver from bridge on road to Portobelo, [ 09°30'N; 079°39'W],  10-100 m, 14 Dec 1974, (imm fr),  Mori& Kallunki3695(MO!).   Darien: Areafrom below the Rancho Frioto near ridgetop of Pirre Chain, [ 07°49'N; 077°43'W],  600-1100 m, 15 Nov 1977, (imm fr),  Folsomet al. 6357(MO!, NY!).   Panama: Pipelineroad, premontane wet forest, [ 09°14'42N; 079°48'53"W- 09°07'26"N; 079°42'33"W],  50-120 m, 11 Mar 1983, ( ♂fl),  Gentry& Hamilton41126(MO!); Primary forest, along road between El Llano and Carti-Tupileroad, from  12 milesabove Pan American Hwyto continental Divide, [ 09°18'N; 078°56'W- 09°19'N; 078°57'W],  200-500 m, 30 Mar 1973, (imm fr),  Liesner1325(MO-2035837); Pipeline Road, ca.  12 kmNW of Gamboa, Tropical wet forest, [ 09°10'N; 079°45'W],  100 m, 26 Aug 1975, (imm fr),  Mori7946(MO!).   San Blas: Quebrada Eof town of Puerto Obaldia, upriver from the dam (represa), [ 08°40'N; 077°24'W],  0-50 m, 18 Apr 1982, ( ♂fl),  Knapp& Mallet4706(MO!).    COLOMBIA. Antioquia: Mpio. Taraza, corregimiento "El Doce", Hacienda Las Mercedes,  La Quebradona,  200 mNE de Medellin,  650 m, 3 Jul 1980, (imm fr),  Callejas1183(NY!); Mpio. Chigorodo, vereda Bohios, Finca La Cabana,  30 m, 4 Apr 1985, ( ♂fl.), Renteria 3754(JAUM n.v., MO!).   Bolivar: Mpio. Achi,  Inspeccionde La Raya,  100 m, 6 May 1987, ( ♂fl),  Cuadros& Gentry3606, (JBGP n.v., MO!, NY!).    Choco: Mpio. de Riosucio, Zona de Uraba, Cerros del Cuchillo, Sector Cuchillo Negro,  10-30 m, 7 Sep 1987, (imm fr),   Cardenas374, (JAUM n.v., MO!); Mpio. Bahia Solano, Corregimiento El Valle, trocha El Valle-Boro Boro, 06°21'N; 076°26'W, 17 Apr 1989, ( ♂fl), Espina et al. 2645(MO!). 1989-05-30 1991-11-21 1989-05-30 Kernan, Phillips COSTA RICA Reserva Forestal Golfo Dulce 100 8.483334 Sector Norte 1301 -83.583336 Aguabuena Puntarenas 1994-11-25 Puriscal, Z. P., de Puriscal, La Ceiba Costa Rica Costena del Valle de Parrita 300 9.690001 Rio Negro 21 -84.39 Mastatal de Puriscal 1 San Jose 1973-11-01 Nee PANAMA 100 Premontane Rio Mendoza 1 Canal Zone 1986-01-11 McPherson US Along Llano Grande 500 8.7 Cascajal 1300 -80.46667 Coclesito 1 Cocle 1974-12-14 Mori, Kallunki United States of America 55 9.5 Portobelo 1299 -79.65 Rio Guanche 1 Colon 1977-11-15 Folsom United States of America Area 850 7.8166666 Pirre Chain 1302 -77.71667 Rancho Frio 1 Darien 1973-03-30 1983-03-11 1973-03-30 Gentry, Hamilton, Divide, Liesner, Mori United States of America Pipeline 85 9.166667 Pipeline Road 1300 -79.75 Primary forest Panama 1982-04-18 Quebrada E, Knapp, Mallet United States of America 25 8.666667 Puerto Obaldia 1300 -77.4 San Blas 1980-07-03 1985-04-04 1980-07-03 La Quebradona COLOMBIA Hacienda Las Mercedes 200 Medellin La Quebradona Antioquia 1987-05-06 Cuadros, Gentry Colombia 100 Inspeccion de La Raya Bolivar 1987-09-07 1989-04-17 1987-09-07 Cardenas, Mpio. Bahia Solano, Corregimiento El Valle, El Valle-Boro Boro Colombia Mpio. de Riosucio 20 6.35 Cerros del Cuchillo 1304 -76.433334 Zona de Uraba Choco