Bulbostylis cangae, a new species of Cyperaceae from Northern Brazil (Serra dos Carajás, Pará State) Viana, Clebiana De Sá Nunes Nara Furtado De Oliveira Mota Pedro Lage Gil, André Dos Santos Bragança Phytotaxa 2017 2017-03-17 299 1 96 102 C.S.Nunes & A.Gil C. S. Nunes & A. Gil 2017 [136,579,980,1007] Magnoliopsida Asteraceae Bulbostylis Plantae Asterales 1 97 Tracheophyta species cangae sp. nov.   Type:— BRAZIL. Pará: N1, margens do lago natural, arredores dos alojamentos DOCEGEO, 30 October 1985, fl., fr., R. Secco & O. Cardoso 677( holotype: MG!, isotype: SPF) Perennial, caespitose herb, 11–48 cmtall, roots thick, caudex 2.5–3 × 1.5–2 cm, castaneus to ferrugineus. Culms 10–41 × 0.3–0.4 mm, terete, longitudinally ribbed, dark green to castaneous, antrorselly scabrous toward the apex, glabrous toward the base. Leaves ca. 4.5–30 × 0.05 cm; blades setaceous, recurved, margins antrorsely scabrous, apex acute, adaxial surface convex, canaliculated, antrorsely scabrous at long of the midrib, abaxial surface concave, smooth; sheaths 0.9–1.6 cmlong, papyraceous, glabrous, adaxial side longitudinally canaliculated, apex acute, margins hyaline, densely hirsute with castaneous trichomes 3–4 mmlong. Involucral bracts ca. 4, 4–9.3 × 2.2–4 mm, pale brown, glume-like, widened at the base, surface puberulent, apex long-apiculate; lower bract 6–9 mmlong, slightly overtopping the inflorescence, the others gradually smaller, hyaline, margins ciliate, trichomes 0.3–0.8 mmlong. Inflorescence 7–9 × 8–10 mm, capitate, with 5–6 sessile spikelets; spikelets 4–7 × 2–3 mm, ovoid, apex acute, flowers 11–14; glumes persistent, ca. 3–4 × 1.5 mm, ovate to lanceolate, castaneous with a prominent pale brown midrib, membranaceous, glabrous, apex acute, margins lacerate, ciliate. Stamens 3, anthers 0.3–0.4 mmlong, linear, with a short apicule at apex; style trifid, ca. 0.5 mmlong, slightly fimbriate. Achene ca. 1 × 1 mm, trigonous, obovoid, surface transverselly rugose, slightly stipitate, pale brown, shiny; stylopodium persistent discoid, dark brown, apex obtuse.   Distribution and Habitat:—  Bulbostylis cangaeis endemic to the cangasof the Serra dos Carajás ( Pará State), with herbarium records in the municipalities of Parauapebas—Serra Norte (N1 plateau)—and Canaã dos Carajás— Serra Sul (S11A) and Serra do Tarzan ( Fig. 2). All the specimens collected in the Serra Norte (N1 plateau) are from the late 1970’s, and the species was never found again in this plateau, pointing to a possible decline in population size of this area. The landscape in the Serra Norte has clearly changed over time, due to its long history of human occupation, with more than 50 years of iron ore extraction activity and anthropization, resulting in diferent issues, such as the entry of several invasive species. The new species co-occurs with other Cyperaceaespecies like  Bulbostylis conifera( Kunth 1837: 206) C.B. Clarke (1990: 86),  Fimbristylis miliacea(L. 1759: 868) Vahl (1805: 287),  Rhynchospora barbata( Vahl 1798: 4) Kunth (1837: 290)( Nunes et al.2016a) and species of other families such as Poaceae Barnhart, Polygalaceae Hoffmanns. & Link, Orchidaceae Juss. Itis found on the tops of mountains of Carajás region, growing inside of the clefts in the cangasand part of its caudex is completely “embedded” in these clefts ( Fig. 3 B, C and D). All fertile specimens examined were collected in October, the dry season in the region.   FIGURE 1.  Bulbostylis cangae. A. Habit. B. Culm detail. C. Sheath apex. D. Abaxial surface of leaf blade. E. Adaxial surface of leaf blade. F. Lower involucral bract. G. Upper involucral bract. H. Inflorescence. I. Spikelets. J–K. Glumes. L. Achene. Illustration by João Silveira based on the holotype R. Secco & O. Cardoso 677(MG).  Conservation Status:—  Bulbostylis cangaeshould be classified according to the criteria of the IUCN RedList ( IUCN 2014) as Endangered [B1 ab (ii,iii), B2 ab (ii, iii)]. This species is known so far only from the region of Serra dos Carajás, with an estimated extent of occurrence of 616 km², area of occupancy of 48 km², known only from three locations and a projected decline of its area o occupancy and quality of habitat due to mining plans in the region.   Etymology:—The specific epithet  cangaerefers to the vegetation on ironstone outcrops ( canga) of Serra dos Carajás, where the species was found.   FIGURE 2. Distribution map of  Bulbostylis cangaein cangas of Serra dos Carajás. The light grey area represents the Carajás National Forest (FLONA Carajás); red circles, collection sites; black patches, cangaplateaus; dark grey, mining pit.  Taxonomic relationships:—  Bulbostylis cangaeis characterized by the presence of a caudex, fimbriate sheaths apex, stramineous trichomes, glume-like involucral bracts, 5–6 spikelets per head, obovoid achene, with transversely rough surface and discoid stylopodium.  Bulbostylis cangaeis similar to  Bulbostylis medusaePrata, Reynders & Goetghebeur ( Prata et al.2007: 67)that occurs in Venezuela, in the Amazon region, for presenting capitate inflorescence, ovoid spikelets, brown ovate glumes. It also resembles  Bulbostylis sellowiana( Kunth 1837: 208) Palla (1908: 179), a species that occurs only from Northeast to the South Brazil, by its habitat and structure of the inflorescence.   Bulbostylis cangaediffers from  B. medusaeby castaneous sheath apex (vs. white), inflorescence 0.7–0.9 cmlong (vs. 1–1.5 cm), spikelets 4–7 mmlong (vs. 10–15 mm), with a glabrous base (vs. white trichomes), glumes membranaceous (vs. papyraceous), obovoid achene (vs. cordiform) and discoid persistent stylopodium (vs. deciduous pyramidal).  Bulbostylis sellowianadiffers from  B. cangaeby absent caudex, red shealth apex, 2–4 spikelets in the inflorescence (vs. 5–6), coriaceous glumes, obcordiform achene, stylopodium deciduous (see comparison in Table 1).    Additional specimens examined( paratypes):— BRAZIL: Pará: Canaãdos   Carajás, Serrados Carajás, Serra Sul, Corpo A, 6°23’33” S, 50°22’22” W,  12 October 2008, fl.,  L.V. Costa, M. Sobral, C. Trancoso, L. Garcia& G. Maciel597(BHCB!);  Serra do Tarzan,  14 October 2008, fl., L.V. Costa, M. Sobral, C. Trancoso, L. Garcia& G. Maciel639(BHCB!);  Parauapebas, Serra Norte, near AMZA Exploration Camp, 6° S, 50°15’ W,  11 October 1977, fl.,  C.C. Berg& A.J. Henderson463(MG!, RB!). [189,1068,1499,1524] Brazil Canaa Canaa 3 99 2 Para 2008-10-12 Corpo A & L. V. Costa & M. Sobral & C. Trancoso & L. Garcia & G. Maciel Brazil Carajas -6.3925 Serra Sul 21 -50.372776 Carajas 3 99 1 Para 2008-10-14 Costa & Sobral & C. Trancoso & L. Garcia & Maciel Brazil Carajas Serra do Tarzan 3 99 1 Para 1977-10-11 C. C. Berg & A. J. Henderson Brazil Parauapebas -6.0 Exploration Camp 0 -50.25 Serra Norte 3 99 1 Para