Xylopia antunesii var. shirensis
A revision of Xylopia L. (Annonaceae): the species of Tropical Africa
Johnson, David M.
Murray, Nancy A.
PhytoKeys
2018
2018-04-24
97
1
252
E122CC65-2997-58EE-A813-F703A31043E5
(Engler & Diels) D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray
D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray
2018
D. M. Johnson & N. A. Murray
2018
Magnoliopsida
Annonaceae
Xylopia
CoL
Plantae
Xylopia shirensis
Magnoliales
107
108
Tracheophyta
species
shirensis
comb. nov.
Xylopia antunesii var. shirensisEngler & Diels, Monogr. afrik. Pflanzen-Fam. 6: 66. 1901. Type. MALAWI. Southern Region, Shiri Highlands ["Shire Hochland"], Chnambola, comm. 1881, J. Buchanan 237(holotype: K!).
Description. Shrubor a tree up to 14 m tall, d.b.h. up to 20 cm; bark cracking. Twigsbrown to dark brown, initially tomentose, the hairs 0.3-1.2 mm long, becoming light brown to gray or dark gray-brown, glabrate or with pubescence somewhat persistent; nodes occasionally with two axillary branches. Leafwith larger blades 4.5-10.2 cm long, 2.1-5.1 cm wide, chartaceous to subcoriaceous, concolorous or slightly discolorous, elliptic, oblong, or ovate, rarely oblanceolate, apex broadly acute, obtuse, or rounded, rarely nearly truncate or emarginate, base broadly cuneate to rounded, occasionally truncate or subcordate, sparsely pubescent on both surfaces; midrib slightly raised to plane adaxially, raised abaxially, secondary veins irregularly brochidodromous, 7-15 per side, diverging at 45-70° from the midrib, these and higher-order veins slightly raised on both surfaces; petiole 3.5-11 mm long, shallowly canaliculate or somewhat flattened, pubescent. Inflorescencesaxillary or from axils of fallen leaves, 1-6-flowered, pedicels emerging side by side from axil or rarely from a common peduncle, pubescent; peduncle ca. 3.5 mm long, with 2 pedicels per peduncle; pedicels 2.8-7 mm long, 1.2-1.5 mm thick; bracts 2, at or proximal to midpoint, caducous or somewhat persistent, lower 1.9-2.6 mm long, upper 1-1.7 mm long, semicircular to ovate, apex obtuse or rounded; buds lanceolate, apex more or less acute. Sepalsslightly spreading at anthesis, 1/4-1/2-connate, 1.5-3.0 mm long, 2.3-3.4 mm wide, chartaceous to coriaceous, triangular, broadly ovate, or semicircular, apex acute, pubescent abaxially. Petalsyellow-green to pale yellow, the inner petals crimson or purple-tinged on the inner base in vivo; outer petals spreading at anthesis, 12.2-20.9 mm long, 2.3-3.3 mm wide at base, 1.0-1.6 mm wide at midpoint, coriaceous, linear-lanceolate, apex obtuse, densely pubescent on both surfaces, the pubescence more yellowish abaxially; inner petals spreading to weakly geniculate at anthesis, 9.3-14.6 (-21.5) mm long, (1.6-) 2.0-2.9 mm wide at base, 0.5-1.0 mm wide at midpoint, coriaceous, linear-subulate, apex obtuse, base with undifferentiated margin, densely gray-puberulent on both surfaces, except for glabrous base. Stamensca. 120; fertile stamens 1.0-1.2 mm long, narrowly oblong, apex of connective 0.1-0.2 mm long, shieldlike, overhanging anther thecae, glabrous, anthers 8-11-locellate, filament 0.3-0.5 mm long; outer staminodes 1.2-1.4 mm long, clavate to oblong, apex obtuse, rounded, or truncate; inner staminodes ca. 0.8 mm long, rectangular, apex truncate; staminal cone 1.2-2.3 mm in diameter, 0.8-1.1 mm high, concealing only the bases of the ovaries, rim laciniate. Carpelsca. 7; ovaries ca. 1 mm long, narrowly oblong, pubescent, stigmas loosely connivent, 2-2.6 mm long, linear, glabrous except for a tuft of hairs at the apex. Torusconcave beneath ovaries but otherwise flat, 2.0-3.7 mm in diameter. Fruitof up to 8 glabrate monocarps borne on a pedicel 5.5-10 mm long, 1.9-2.5 mm thick, pubescent to glabrate; torus 3.3-5 mm in diameter, 2-3.0 mm high, staminal cone often persistent on it, depressed-globose. Monocarpswith pale green to purple-red exterior and green endocarp in vivo, 1.2-3.8 cm long, 1.0-1.2 cm wide, 0.8-1.1 cm thick, oblong, irregularly torulose, apex rounded or obliquely truncate, occasionally with a short beak ca. 1 mm long, base contracted into a stipe 3.5-9 mm long, 2-3 mm thick, slightly obliquely wrinkled, finely verrucose, occasionally pruinose; pericarp 0.2-0.3 mm thick. Seeds1-6 per monocarp, in a single row or two irregular rows, oblique to long axis, 8.5-11 mm long, 6.0-8.3 mm wide, 5.1-6.5 mm thick, ellipsoid, broadly elliptic in cross-section, brown, slightly wrinkled, dull, micropylar end truncate, chalazal end rounded, raphe/antiraphe not evident, micropylar scar ca. 2.5 mm long, elliptic; sarcotesta deep orange in vivo; aril absent.
Phenology. Specimens with flowers have been collected from October to February, and with fruits in October and from December to February.
Distribution (Fig. 26). Occurs from southern Democratic Republic of the Congo east to western Tanzania and south to eastern Zambia and Malawi in open woodland, often dominated by Brachystegiaspp. and often on sand, at elevations of 470-1770 m.
Local names. Akiziga (Kilungu, Bredo 6276), chikiza or kikiza (Chimambwe (Musa) and Chilungu), Michelmore 1045), kizika (Kikungu, Bredo 6232), mshenene (Kinyamezi, Wigg F.H. 1121), msyenene (Kinyamwezi, Shabani for Bullock 10), mtuzya (Kinyamwezi, Mwiga et al. 174).
Additionalspecimens examined. DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO. Haut-Katanga: Kisanga[near Lubumbashi], 1200 m, 20 Jan 1984(fl), Malaisse13134(MO, WAG); pres de Mulwe foret Katanguaise, 7 Jan 1949(fl), de Witte5144(K, P). TANZANIA. Iringa: Iringa District, 44 kmon Mafinga-Madabiraroad, 08°14'S, 34°58'E, 1300 m, 26 Mar 2006(fl), Bidgoodet al. 5122(K, MO).- Kigoma: Bangwe, Kigoma District, Western Province, T. T., 2450 ft, Nov 1956(buds), Procter558(NHT).- Mbeya: T7, Mbeya District, above Chimala Mission, 8°50'S, 34°01'E, 1200 m, 23 Mar 1988(fl), Bidgoodet al. 642(K, NHT, WAG); Madibira, 1200 m, 28 Jan 2001(fr), Congdon588(K).- Shinyanga: Kahama, 18 mialong Ushirombo R., 1 Jan 1936(fl), Burtt5459(BM, K).- Tabora: Tabora, 28 May 1970, Collinson U.9(EA); Tabora, s. d., Hammerstein5838(EA, K); S of Kuliwa-Tabora Region, 5°30'S, 32°40'E, 15 Nov 1979(fl), Lawton2178(K, P); S Tabora, Lindeman440(K); Sikonge South Tabora, 29 Sep 1940(yg fr), Lindeman788(K); Ulyakulu Forest Reserve, Tabora, Manolo183(K); Tabora, Tabora Rural District, Mtakuja Village, Urumwa Forest Reserve, 4°53'29"S, 32°45'25"E, 1040 m, 6 Jul 1999(fl, yr fr), Mwigaet al. 174(MO); collected from the Tabora Beekeeping Institute Plantation, 28 Nov 1976(buds), Shabani1131(K, WAG); without definite locality [probably Tabora], Wigg523(MO, US); Simbo Reserve, Tabora, June 1938(st), Wigg F.H.1121(K). ZAMBIA. Eastern: Ndundu Hill, 1770 m, 5 Oct 1966(fl), Richards31484(K); Chadiza, 850 m, 29 Nov 1958(fr), Robson770(BM, K).- Luapula: Western Province, Fort Rosebery District, near Lake Bangweulu, Samfya Mission, 24 Aug 1952(fr), Angus304(BM, K, MO); Western Province, Fort Rosebery District, near Lake Bangweulu, Samfya Mission, 28 Aug 1952(old fls), White 3156(K).-Northern: Abercorn, 10 Nov 1948(st), Bredo6232(BR); Abercorn District, Ulungu County, Mchinda village, 13 Nov 1948(fr), Bredo6276(BR); Kawimbe, 11 Nov 1949(fl), Bullock1414A(K, P); Mutinondo Wilderness, Mpika, 1500 m, 24 Dec 2005(fr), Congdon709(K); Abercorn District, 4500', Feb 1932(fl), Gamwell106(BM); NE of Abercorn, 11 Dec 1934(fl), Michelmore1045(EA, K); Abercorn, 1933, Miller133D(A, BM, K); Abercorn District, Chilongowelo, in open ground close to Plain of Death, 4800 ft, 29 Sep 1954(fl), Richards1881(K); Abercorn District, close to Luchechestream by road to AbercornClub turning, 5000 ft., 23 Feb 1954(fl), Richards2326(K); Abercorn District, Kawimbe, 1680 m, 2 Jan 1956(fl, fr), Richards6833(K); Abercorn District, Kawimbe, 1740 m, 20 Sep 1960(buds, fr), Richards13266(K); Uninji Pond, Mbala, 5000 ft, 3 Nov 1968(fl), Sanane346(B, K); Northern Province, Abercorn District, near top of Sunzu Hill, 18 Nov 1952(fl), White3711(K, MO). MALAWI. Machinga District, Chikala Mt. Liwonde Forest Reserve, Grid Ref.36LYU6927, 1460 m, 30 Feb 1982(fl), Patel977(K); Machinga District, Chikala Mt. Liwonde Forest Reserve, Grid Ref.36LYU6927, 1460 m, 5 Dec 1982(fl), Patel& Tawakali1028 (K); N Region, Karonga District, Vinthukutu Forest Reserve, 10 Jan 1990(fl), Patel& Usi4605(PRE); N. Prov., Nkhata Bay District, Nkhata Bay, Chikale Beach, 1550 ft., 5 Dec 1976(fl), Pawek11992(MO, WAG; N. Prov., Chitipa District, Kaseye Mission, 10 miE of Chitipa, 1270 m, 26 Dec 1977(fl, fr), Pawek13379(K, MO, WAG); N. Prov., Mzimba District, 5 mi.NE of Mzambazi, 22Jan 1978(fr), Pawek13659(K, MO, WAG); N. Prov., Mzimba District, 5 mi.NE of Mzambazi, 22 Jan 1978(fl), Pawek13660(MO); Nkata District, Chintechenr. Sand Dunes, L. Nyasa, 570 m, 21 Feb 1961(fl), Richards14438(K); Central Province, Senga BayHotel, nr. Salima, 470 m, 16 Feb 1959(fl), Robson& Steele1628(BM, K, PRE). Xylopia shirensisincludes specimens formerly identified as Xylopia odoratissimain Boutique (1951b), Robson (1960), and Verdcourt (1971b), but it differs consistently from that species in the somewhat longer and wider leaves, up to 10.2 cmlong and 5.1 cmwide versus 6.9 cmlong and 3.3 cmwide, more variable size and shape of the leaves, the smaller flowers that are grouped into inflorescences of 1-6 flowers, flower buds less bulbous at the base, and petals marked with red or purple on the inner base. The two species are not known to overlap in distribution, although both occur frequently in Brachystegiawoodland. The label of Congdon 588from western Tanzanianotes that the plant is a food plant for the larvae of the Abantisbutterfly; Cock and Congdon (2011)report that this is one of a number of food plants from a variety of families that are used by Abantis paradisea(Butler). The Congdon specimen also includes a photograph of the dehisced monocarp, showing the green endocarp and orange sarcotesta that characterize the members of the X. odoratissimasubgroup. Several specimens show an oblong gall-like structure developing within the androecium of the flower.
1949-01-07
1984-01-20
1949-01-07
Malaisse, de Mulwe, Katanguaise, de Witte
DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF THE CONGO
1200
Kisanga
Haut-Katanga
1
2006-03-26
Bidgood
TANZANIA
1300
-8.233334
Mafinga-Madabira
1301
34.966667
1
Iringa
2018-01-01
2018-12-31
2018-01-01
Bangwe
Tanzania
Kigoma
1
Kigoma
1956-11
T. T., Procter
Tanzania
747
Western Province
1
Kigoma District
1988-03-23
2001-01-28
1988-03-23
Bidgood, Madibira, Congdon
Tanzania
1200
-8.833333
Chimala Mission
1300
34.016666
1
Mbeya District
1936-01-01
Ushirombo R., Burtt
Tanzania
Kahama
1
Shinyanga
1970-05-28
Collinson U.
Tanzania
Tabora
1
Tabora
1979-11-15
Lawton
Tanzania
-5.5
Hammerstein
1305
32.666668
1
Tabora
2018-01-01
2018-12-31
2018-01-01
Sikonge South
Tanzania
Lindeman
1
Tabora
1940-09-29
Lindeman
Tanzania
Ulyakulu Forest Reserve
1
Tabora
2018-01-01
2018-12-31
2018-01-01
Tanzania
Manolo
1
Tabora
1999-07-06
Mwiga
Tanzania
Rural District
1040
-4.891389
Urumwa Forest Reserve
21
32.756943
Mtakuja Village
1
Tabora
1976-11-28
Shabani, Wigg
US
Beekeeping Institute Plantation
1
Tabora
1938-06
Wigg F. H.
United States of America
Tabora
Simbo Reserve
1
1958-11-29
1966-10-05
1958-11-29
Richards, Chadiza, Robson
ZAMBIA
1770
Ndundu Hill
Eastern
1
1952-08-24
Angus
Zambia
Fort Rosebery District
Samfya Mission
Lake Bangweulu
1
Luapula
1948-11-10
1952-08-28
1948-11-10
Bredo
Zambia
Fort Rosebery District
Samfya Mission
Lake Bangweulu
1
Western Province
1948-11-13
2005-12-24
1948-11-13
Congdon
Zambia
Ulungu County
1500
Bredo
Mchinda village
1
Abercorn District
1932-02
1934-12-11
1932-02
Gamwell, Michelmore, Miller
Zambia
Abercorn
1
Abercorn District
1954-09-29
Richards
Zambia
1463
Plain of Death
Chilongowelo
1
Abercorn District
1954-02-23
Richards
Zambia
1524
Abercorn
Lucheche
1
Abercorn District
1956-01-02
Richards
Zambia
1680
Kawimbe
1
Abercorn District
1960-09-20
1968-11-03
1960-09-20
Richards, Uninji Pond, Sanane
Zambia
1740
Mbala
Kawimbe
1
Abercorn District
1952-11-18
White
Zambia
Sunzu Hill
Abercorn District
1
Northern Province
1982-02-30
Patel
MALAWI
Grid Ref.
Chikala Mt. Liwonde Forest Reserve
1
Machinga District
1982-12-05
Patel, Tawakali, N Region
Malawi
Grid Ref.
Chikala Mt. Liwonde Forest Reserve
1
Machinga District
1990-01-10
Patel, Usi, N. Prov
Malawi
Vinthukutu Forest Reserve
1
Karonga District
1976-12-05
Pawek, N. Prov
Malawi
472
Chikale Beach
1
Nkhata Bay District
1977-12-26
Pawek, N. Prov
Malawi
1270
Kaseye Mission
1
Chitipa District
1978-01-22
Pawek, N. Prov
Malawi
5 mi. NE of Mzambazi
1
Mzimba District
1978-01-22
Pawek
Malawi
5 mi. NE of Mzambazi
1
Mzimba District
1961-02-21
Sand Dunes, L, Richards
Malawi
570
Nyasa
Chinteche
1
Nkata District
1959-02-16
Robson, Steele
Malawi
470
Salima
1
Salima