New shallow-water sponges (Porifera) from the Galápagos Islands Sim-Smith, Carina Hickman, Cleveland Kelly, Michelle Zootaxa 2021 2021-08-02 5012 1 1 71 8NFLC Sim-Smith & Hickman & Kelly, 2021 Sim-Smith & Hickman & Kelly 2021 [151,508,1014,1041] Demospongiae Chalinidae Haliclona Animalia Haplosclerida 13 14 Porifera species dianae sp. nov. Haliclona  ( Fig. 7; Table 2)   Material examined.   Holotype—MCCDRS9441, Punta Essex, Isabela Island, 0.999° S, 91.442° W,  9 m,  3 Jan 2004.    Typelocality. Isabela Island.  Habitat and distribution.Only known from typelocality. Found growing on rock;  9 m.   Description.Thinly encrusting sponge, ≤ 3 mmthick. Conspicuous, short, raised cylindrical oscules, < 2 mmin diameter, are densely scattered over the surface. Aquiferous canals are visible under the semi-translucent surface membrane giving the sponge a punctate appearance. Colour in life coral pink, colour in ethanol is beige ( Fig. 7A–B). Texture is very soft, easily torn, surface is smooth to the touch.  Skeleton.Ectosomal skeleton is a markedly regular, unispicular isotropic reticulation ( Fig. 7C). Choanosomal skeleton is a regular reticulation consisting of ascending uni- to paucispicular primary tracts that are connected by unispicular secondary tracts. The tips of oxeas from the primary tracts protrude slightly beyond the surface of the sponge. Spongin moderately abundant around the nodes ( Fig. 7D–E).  Spicules. Megascleres—small oxeas with sharply pointed tips; 127 (102–139) × 8 (5–10) µm (n = 30) ( Fig. 7F).   Etymology.Named for co-author Cleveland Hickman’s daughter Diane, who inherited his love of nature and who became his most trusted critic during the preparation of the GalápagosMarine Life Series of field guides. This species name also reflects the natural beauty of this species, with the unusual ‘divine’ coral pink colouration and beautiful regular surface (Latin = ‘of Diana/Diane’).   Remarks.  Haliclona( H.) dianae  sp. nov.has similar sized spicules to  H.( H.) clairae  sp. nov.but the two species can be differentiated by gross morphology—  H.( H.) dianae  sp. nov.is a coral pink with short, cylindrical oscules, while  H.( H.) clairae  sp. nov.is a pale lilac with long, slender, tubular fistular oscules. Two species of  Haliclona( Haliclona)have been described from the tropical/subtropical eastern Pacific. The most similar species to H. ( H.).  dianae  sp. nov.is  H. sonorensis,which is thinly encrusting, dark purple and has similar sized oxeas (127 (100–145) µm) but lacks the abundant oscules of  H.( H.) dianae  sp. nov.  Haliclona( H.) ambrosiahas two size categories of oxeas, while H. ( H.).  dianae  sp. nov.only has one ( Table 2). The six species of  Haliclona(subgenus unknown) from the eastern Pacific, as described for  H.( H.) clairae  sp. nov.above, all differ from this species, as outlined in Table 2.   FIGURE 7.  Haliclona( Haliclona) dianae  sp. nov.holotype, MCCDRS9441: A. In situ. B.Preserved specimen. C.Surface view of sponge showing the tangential ectosome. D.Cross section of the ectosome and choanosome. E.Higher magnification of the cross section showing the uni- to paucispicular primary tracts (black arrow) and unispicular secondary tracts (white arrow). F.Oxeas.   TABLE 2.Comparison of tropical and subtropical eastern Pacific species of  Haliclona(OX = oxea; STY = styles; STR = strongyles; SG = sigmas; TX = toxa; RP = rhapides).    Species Distribution Morphology Skeleton Spicules (µm)  Subgenus Flagellia    H. (F.) edaphusDeLauben- fels,1930 California Massive, 400 mm wide × 200 mm thick, oscules 1 mm, friable, almost stony hard, white, smooth, dermal membrane. Ectosome absent, choanosome confused, faintly isodictyal. OX: 260–270 × 13–15 SG: 30–100  Subgenus  Gellius    H. (G.) perforata( Wilson, 1904) Panama Plate-like, massive or lobed, upper sur- face has minute conical projections and tufts of spicules, lower surface smooth, oscules 2 mm, firm, cartilaginous. Ectosome patchy, tangential reticulation of spicules and protruding spicule tufts. Choanosome confused tracts and irregular reticulation, abundant free spicules, little spongin. OX: 320 × 20 SG: 18    H. (G.) textapatina( De Laubenfels, 1926) California Shallow bowl, lamellate, 10 mm thick, oscules 1 mm, pale dirty yellow, delicate, brittle, smooth. Ectosome rounded reticulation, choano- some confused isodictyal reticulation, rounded meshes, spongin scarce. OX: 450 × 20 SG: 50–80  Subgenus Halichonclona    H. (H.) gellindra(De Lauben- fels, 1932) California Thinly encrusting, ≤ 4 mm thick, few oscules 1 mm with a raised rim, abundant pores, pale lavender, fragile, smooth. Ectosome tangential crust of oxeas, cho- anosome regular isodictyal reticulation. OX: 110–170 × 3–10    H. (H.) mokuoloea( De Laubenfels, 1950) Hawai’i Massive, 20 × 30 mm, punctiform sur- face, yellow with red patches, very soft. Ectosome tangential, choanosome cavern- ous, isodictyal reticulation. OX: 120–135 × 6  Subgenus  Haliclona    H. (H.) clairae  sp. nov. Galápagos Islands Thinly encrusting, long fistular oscules, lilac, very soft. Ectosome tangential, isotropic reticulation, choanosome multispicular primary tracts and unispicular secondary tracts. OX: 120 (111–139) × 7 (4–9)    H. (H.) ambrosia Dickinson, 1945 California, Gulf of Mexico Ramose, 4 mm thick, oscules ≤ 4 mm, woody, smooth. Ectosome tangential, isodictyal reticula- tion. OXI: 240 × 14 OXII: 130 × 3    H. (H.) sonorensisCruz-Bar- raza & Carballo, 2006 Mexican Pacific Thinly encrusting, oscules ≤ 1 mm, dark purple, soft, fragile, crumbly, smooth. Ectosome tangential isotropic reticulation, choanosome uni- to paucispicular pri- mary tracts, unispicular secondary tracts, spongin at nodes. OX: 100 (125–145) × 8 (6–10) (holotype)  ......continued on the next page ......continued on the next page  TABLE 2. (Continued)    Species Distribution Morphology Skeleton Spicules (µm)  Subgenus  Reniera    H. (R.) oberi  sp. nov. Galápagos Islands Thinly encrusting, oscules ≤ 3 mm, light Ectosome tangential, unispicular, isotroph- OX: 135 (118–154) × 9  apricot, very soft, easily torn. ic reticulation. Choanosome unispicular, (7–12)  isotrophic reticulation.    H. (R.) caducaHajdu, Des- Chile Volcaniform, globular or conical pro- Ectosome irregular, tangential, unispicular OX: 101 (85–113) × 8  queyroux-Faúndez, Carvalho, jections that have oscules at the apex, isodictyal to subisodictyal reticulation. (5–10)  Lôbo-Hajdu & Willenz, 2013, oscules 2–3 mm, white to pink, very soft, Choanosome unispicular isodictyal to  fragile, smooth. subisodictyal reticulation, spongin scarce.  Subgenus  Rhizoniera    H. (R.) anceps( Thiele, 1905) Juan Fernández Islands Thinly encrusting ≤ 12 mm thick, oscules Oxeas protrude through the surface, OX: 150 × 7  ≤ 8 mm, yellowish grey. spongin scarce.    H. (R.) enamelaDeLauben- Galápagos Islands, Cali- Thinly encrusting ≤ 2 mm thick, light No ectosome, choanosome mutispicular OX: 120 × 4  fels, 1930 fornia brown, oscules ≤ 1.5 mm, compressible, primary tracts, unispicular secondary  smooth to verrucose. tracts, free spicules present, spongin  present.  Subgenus  Soestella    H. (S.) spuma  sp. nov. Galápagos Islands Thinly to thickly encrusting, lumpy, Ectosome loosely tangential, many spaces, OX: 164 (136–192) × 8  punctate, oscules ≤ 3 mm, white, soft, choanosome loose, subanisotropic re- (5–13)  friable. ticulation, large spaces, irregular primary  tracts and ill-defined secondary tracts.    H. (S.) roslynae  sp. nov. Galápagos Islands Thickly encrusting ≤ 10 mm thick, punc- Ectosome loose tangential reticulation, OX: 107 (93–117) × 6 (5–7)  tate, oscules on short cylinders, ≤ 5 mm choanosome loose, subanisotropic reticu-  diameter, pink, very soft, friable. lation, ill-defined paucispicular primary  tracts and unispicular secondary tracts.  Spongin present at nodes.    H. (S.) caerulea(Hechtel, Caribbean, Venezuela, Irregular or digitate with oscular mounds Ectosome tangential, paucispicular reticu- OX: 167 (128–204) × 6  1965) Colombia, Pacific side of or chimneys, oscules not abundant ≤ 4 lation with rounded meshes. Choanosome (3–10)  Panama mm, yellowish green to sky blue, rarely paucispicular reticulation with ill-defined SG: 19 (13–28)  light purplish brown, soft, compressible, primary and secondary tracts. Spongin  smooth. scarce to moderately abundant.  TABLE 2. (Continued)    Species Distribution Morphology Skeleton Spicules (µm)  Subgenus unknown    H. agglutinataDesqueyroux- Easter Island Massive, 100–300 mm thick, oscules 2–3 Ectosome irregular, spicules pierce OX: 102–140 × 2–5  Faúndez, 1990 mm, whitish pink, firm, friable, surface surface. Choanosome dense, isodictyal,  irregular. unispicular reticulation. Discontinuous  paucispicular primary tracts. No spongin.    H. nitensDesqueyroux-Faún- Easter Island Lamellar, massive, 15 mm thick, oscules Ectosome well-defined, isodictyal reticula- OXI: 100–106 × 1.6–2  dez, 1990 3–4 mm, very soft, brittle, smooth. tion. Choanosome isodictyal to subiso- OXII: 102–118 × 3–4  dictyal reticulation, no tracts, spongin at  nodes.    H. macropora( Thiele, 1905) Juan Fernández Islands Encrusting, 5 mm thick, rare oscules 2–4 Subdermal spaces present. Choanosome OX: 125 × 4–5  mm. dense, regular, multispicular primary  tracts. Spicules pierce surface. Scarce  spongin.    H. rapanui(Desqueyroux- Easter Island Encrusting, 19 mm thick, oscules 2–3 No ectosome. Chonasome confused, some OXI: 170 (157–180) × 7  Faúndez, 1990) mm, firm crumbly, smooth, hispid. discontinuous multispicular primary tracts. (6–8)  Spicules pierce surface. STY: 150 (141–163)  STR: 130 (121–144)    H. thieleiVan Soest& Chile Thinly encrusting ≤ 3 mm thick, abun- Choanosome dense, irregular, faint prima- OX: 140–150 × 10  Hooper, 2020 dant oscules, light blue green, grey, ry tracts, spongin moderate to abundant.  violet, punctate.    H. translucidaDesqueyroux- Easter Island Thinly encrusting, ≤ 5 mm thick, abun- Ectosome tangential. Choanosome very OX/STR: 105 (94–116) × 7  Faúndez, 1990 dant oscules ≤ 2 mm, white to yellowish, regular, unispicular, isotrophic/isodictyal (6–7)  translucent, very soft, delicate. reticulation. Spongin scarce.  Subgenus  Reniera Schmidt, 1862   Diagnosis. Chalinidaewith a choanosomal skeleton consisting of a delicate, regular, unispicular isotropic reticulation. Ectosomal skeleton, if present, also a tangential, unispicular, isotropic, very regular and continuous reticulation. Spongin always present at the nodes of spicules, but never abundant. Oxeas frequently blunt-pointed or strongylote. Microscleres, if present, toxas and sigmas. Sponges commonly soft and fragile (from De Weerdt 2002). 2004-01-03 9 -0.999 Isabela Island 78 -91.442 Punta 13 14 1 Essex holotype [199,523,1194,1221] Isabela Island 13 14 1 holotype