New shallow-water sponges (Porifera) from the Galápagos Islands Sim-Smith, Carina Hickman, Cleveland Kelly, Michelle Zootaxa 2021 2021-08-02 5012 1 1 71 8NFLP Sim-Smith & Hickman & Kelly, 2021 Sim-Smith & Hickman & Kelly 2021 [151,475,1302,1329] Demospongiae Thorectidae Cacospongia Animalia Dictyoceratida 8 9 Porifera species hermanorum sp. nov.  ( Fig. 4)   Material examined.   Holotype—MCCDRS9434, Los Hermanos Islands, 0.867° S, 90.782° W,  6 m,  3 Feb 2004.    Typelocality. Los Hermanos Islands.  Habitat and distribution.Only known from the typelocality.   Description.A flattened, cushion-shaped sponge, 50 mmlong × 40 mmwide × 15 mmthick ( Fig. 4A, C). Surface is finely conulose, with conules around 1 mmhigh. The conules are formed by collagen fibrils that protrude beyond the surface of the sponge, coming together to form the apex of the conules ( Fig. 4B). A few small, inconspicuous oscules, 1–2 mmin diameter, are present on the upper surface of the sponge. The surface is densely punctate below the surface reticulation of fibres. Texture is very firm and harsh, easily torn. Colour in life and ethanol is blackish brown, interior is tan.  Skeleton.The skeleton is a well-developed, irregular reticulation of concentrically laminated, yellow-brown fibres that are slightly fasciculated just below the surface ( Fig. 4D, F). Primary fibres are lightly cored with foreign spicules ( Fig. 4E); 70–140 µm in diameter and separated by a distance of 400–1300 µm. Secondary fibres are uncored, 30–100 µm in diameter. They typically form polygonal meshes that are 80–700 µm in size. Foreign spicules are lightly scattered throughout the choanosome, being more common at the surface of the sponge.   Etymology.Named for the typelocality, Los Hermanos Islands in the GalápagosArchipelago.   Remarks. Desqueyroux-Faúndez and Van Soest (1997)described two species of  Cacospongiafrom the Galápagos Islands,  C. similis Thiele 1905and  C. incognita Desqueyroux-Faúndez and Van Soest, 1997, both of which have subsequently been transferred to the genus  Scalarispongiadue to their regular, ladder-like reticulation of fibres.  Scalarispongia similis( Thiele 1905)also has much thinner primary (40–70 µm) and secondary (30–40 µm) fibres than  C. hermanorum  sp. nov.  Scalarispongia incognitahas similar sized primary (120–150 µm) and secondary fibres (50–100 µm) to  C. hermanorum  sp. nov., but  S. incognitahas a thick organic, heavily pigmented ectosomal membrane, and a creamy white interior.   FIGURE 4.  Cacospongia hermanorum  sp. nov.,holotype, MCCDRS9434: A.Holotype, deck photo. B.Close up of the surface of the holotype, deck photo. C.Cut side view of the holotype, preserved. D.Vertical cross section showing the fibres that protrude through the surface of the sponge and the well-developed fibre reticulation. E.A primary fibre cored with foreign spicules (white arrow) and uncored secondary fibres (black arrow). F.Cross section of a fibre showing the concentric laminations.  Subclass Heteroscleromorpha Cárdenas, Pérez & Boury-Esnault   Order Haplosclerida Topsent [391,1404,1410,1437] 2004-02-03 6 -0.867 Los Hermanos Islands 78 -90.782 8 9 1 holotype [199,618,1446,1473] Los Hermanos Islands 8 9 1 holotype