New species of Sycorax (Diptera: Psychodidae) from the Brazilian Amazon Cordeiro, Danilo Pacheco Bravo, Freddy Ramires, Adriane Costa Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia 2023 2023-11-06 63 1 6 Cordeiro & Bravo Cordeiro & Bravo & Ramires 2023 [148,570,346,371] Insecta Psychodidae Sycorax Animalia Diptera 1 2 Arthropoda species manauara sp. nov.   Diagnosis:The new species can be differentiated from all other  Sycoraxby the combination of the following characteristics: gonocoxite with long bristle inserted subapically, on internal surface; gonostyle with apical spine and without subapical setae; paramere with an external convex and robust main structure, bearing one dorsal and one ventral subapical long setae, and a medial hooked branch; aedeagus bifid, developed in two long and sinuous genital filaments.   Etymology:The epithet ‘manauara′ is a noun in apposition, referring to the gentilic used for people born in the city of Manaus. Material examined: Holotype ♂ Brazil, AM, Manaus,   Reserva[ Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, L3 3500 [ -2.941228, -59.936225], ponto 1, Malaise24:00 h,  x.2014, col. Samuel Azevedo( INPA). Paratypes: 1♀ Brazil, AM, Manaus, Reserva[Florestal Adolpho] Ducke, L3 3500 [ -2.941228, -59.936225], ponto 1, Malaise72:00 h,  x.2014, col. Samuel Azevedo( INPA);  1♂ Brazil, AM, Manaus,  04.v.2019, captured on the dorsum of  Anomaloglossus stepheni,col. Ramires, A.( INPA);  3♂ Brazil, AM, Manaus, Fazenda[ Experimental] da UFAM, NS01/100 [ -2.661359, -60.063842], [ cdc trap],  14.vii.2019, col. Ramires, A.C.(1 INPA, 2 MZFS);  1♀ Brazil, AM, Manaus, Fazenda[ Experimental] da UFAM, NS01/100-60 [ -2.661359, -60.063842], [ cdc trap],  28.iv.2019, CDC, col. Ramires, A.C.( MZFS).   Description:Male. Head ( Figs. 1-3) ellipsoid in frontal view, 1.5x broader than long (to the tip of clipeus); eyes rounded, minimum interocular distance above insertion of antennae 9.2x diameter of ommatidium ( Fig. 1). Antenna ( Figs. 3-5): scape broader than long; pedicel sub-spherical, 2.7x longer then scape; flagellum with 13 flagellomeres cylindrical and tapered; flagellomere I 2.2x longer than flagellomere II, other flagellomeres progressively shorter; ascoids ( Fig. 4) paired, digitiforms, insert- ed on each side of flagellomeres I-III, extending beyond apex of flagellomeres; last flagellomere with small cylindrical apiculum ( Fig. 5), ornamented with one apical spine, around 0.5 times smaller than flagellomere; distal extremity of flagellomere XIII bearing several bristles longer than apiculum. Palpus with four segments ( Fig. 2), total length 0.7 times length of flagellomere I; second segment with a cluster of Newstead sensilla on medial surface; relative length of palpus segments: 1.0: 0.8: 0.7: 0.5. Thorax ( Figs. 6-7). Scutum, scutellum, wing veins, halteres and legs pilose; pleura without setae. Wing length 0.97 mm, 2.35x larger than width ( Fig. 8); apex rounded; Sc reaching C; R₂ ₊₃ and R₂ parallel to R₁, ratio of distance of R₂-R₁/R₂-R₃ 0.5; R₄ ₊₅ terminating at apex; vein r-m short; m-m present; M₄ reaching wing margin just after the level of r-m; CuA short, not reaching margin of wing. Knobs of halteres ovoid, with scales sparsely and homogeneously distributed and with one (sometimes 2) setiform seta on its apical half. Abdomen ( Fig. 9). Tergites 1 and 7 with a single row of setae, tergites 2-6 with two rows of setae, tergite 8 narrow and without setae.Terminalia: epandrium pilose; cercus longer than broad in dorsal view, with setae inserted on its posterior 1/3, mostly medially; hypoproct ending near the same level of cerci, with rounded micropilose apex ( Fig. 10). Gonocoxite cylindrical ( Figs. 10-13), 2.5x longer than broad, long bristle inserted subapically,on internal surface;gonostyle slender, 0.7 length of gonocoxite, curved inward near apex, subterminal bristle absent; apical thick bristle (spine), 0.49x length of gonostyle.Paramere robust ( Figs. 10-11, 13-14), narrowing at base, with two parts, an external convex and robust main structure, 1.8x longer than broad and a medial hooked branch; external robust part of paramere with a group of short setae dorsally and another group of short setae on rounded apex, from where arise two long setae, one dorsal and one ventral. Dorsally, parameres are united by the dorsomedian process of the paramere [= parameral bridge (pb)], which has a V-shaped sclerotized area ventrally. Aedeagus bifid, developed in two long and sinuous genital filaments, base expanded, articulating with the parameral bridge dorsally ( Fig. 13); ejaculatory apodeme with approximately the same length as paramere ( Fig. 13).   Figures 6-9.  Sycorax manauara sp.nov., male body.(6) Lateral view.(7)Thorax,lateral view.(8)Wing.(9) Abdomen,dorsal view.   Figures 10-14.  Sycorax manauara sp.nov., male Terminalia.(10)Lateral view.(11) Dorsal view.(12)Ventral view.(13) Detailed drawing of lateral view.(14) Detail of aedeagal complex. Abbreviations: ae = aedeagus; ce = cercus; ea = ejaculatory apodeme; ep = epandrium; gc = gonocoxite; gn = gonostyle; ipr = internal branch of paramere;pb = parameral bridge;pr = paramere. Female. Similar to male, except for the following: Head ( Fig. 15) 1.25 times broader than long; eyes round- ed, discrete groove close to insertion of the antenna, interocular distance 10 times diameter of ommatidium. Palp segment 2 with a cluster of Newstead sensilla on medial surface. Cibarium with one pair or inconspicuous spines. Antennae with one ascoid inserted on inner side on flagellomeres I-IV, ascoids more discrete than in males. Wing ( Fig. 16) similar to that of male, except for length 1.69 mm, 3.18 times longer than width, R₁ reaching wing margin beyond level of R₂ ₊₃ fork, R₂ converging to R₁ on basal third then diverging from it apically, M₃ surpassing level of R₂ ₊₃ fork, M₄ reaching wing margin at level of M₁ ₊₂ fork.Tergite 8 and sternite 8 without bristles. Sternite 8 with two pilose lobes ( Fig. 17); tergite 9 sub-rectangular and pilose; cercus longer than broad in dorso-ventral view; hypoproct with apex rounded and micropilose. Sternite 9 (genital fork) well sclerotized, 2 times longer than greatest width ( Fig. 18); spermathecal duct slightly sinuous, terminating in sclerotized button, which gives way to an amorphous tenuous sac ( Fig. 18).   Discussion:The sinuous shape of genital filaments of the aedeagus seen in the new species is unique, although it resembles those of the five  Falsosycoraxspecies, which are known from the Andes of Ecuadorand Colombia. However, the new species lacks the median dorsal process of the aedeagus, that can be found in these five species, and lacks, too, the two or three long basal spines in the gonostylus present in the Andean species. Instead, it has two spiniform setae, not developed as spines. A long subapical seta, near de apical spine, is present in most species of  Sycorax,but it is absent in the new species, as well as in  F. andicola(Young, 1979)and  F.trispinosa(Young, 1979). A long bristle in the gonocoxite as described to the new species is only observed in three oth- er species of the genus,  Sycorax bravoiSantos, Ferreira & Falqueto, 2011,  Sycorax longispinosaBravo, 2007, and  Sycorax malayensisQuate, 1962.   Figures 15-18.  Sycorax manauara sp. nov., female. (15) Head,anterior view. (16) Wing. (17) Apex of abdomen,ventral view. (18) Genital fork (white arrow) and sphermathecal ducts (black arrow).  AUTHORS’ CONTRIBUTIONS:DPC: Conceptualization,Visualization, writing – original draft; ACR, DPC, FB: Investigation, Resouces; DPC, FB: formal analysis,writing – review & editing. All authors actively participated in the discussion of the results, they reviewed and approved the final version of the paper.  CONFLICTS OF INTEREST:Authorsdeclaretherearenoconflictsofinterest.  FUNDING INFORMATION: Fieldwork had financial support from CNPq (Universal 461.573/2014-8 and 429.132/2016-6) and Excellence Program in Basic and Applied Health Research (PROEP FIOCRUZ FAPEAM 001/2014). Images were acquired on equipment provided by the program CAPES PROEQUIPAMENTOS from the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES). DPC and FB receive a research grant from the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico eTecnológico(PCI Program 300891/2022-9 and process number 305855/2019-0,respectively). The number and disposition of spines on the gonostyli is an important character for Sycoracinaespecies diagnosis. Along with  Sycorax manauara  sp. nov., oth- er nine Neotropical species of  Sycorax(  S. longispinosa,  S.confusaBravo, Rocha & Santos, 2010,  S.bahiensisBravo, 2003,  S. cariacicaensisSantos & Bravo, 2009,  S.tuberculataSantos,Bravo & Falqueto, 2013,  S.assimilisBarretto, 1956,  S. espiritosantensisSantos & Bravo, 2009,  S. bravoiand  S. canaanensisSantos, Bravo & Falqueto, 2013) have also only an apical spine on each gonostylus, but their distally bifid aedeagus are not developed in long genital filaments as seen in the new species.  Sycorax longispinosaand  S.confusaare also easily differentiated from the new species by the long and strong setae near the paramere apex, measuring twice the length of the paramere. In the new species the paramere has two long setae near its apex, one on the dorsal and one on the ventral surface of the paramere, both shorter than the length of the paramere.  Sycorax canaanensishave one long and one short setae near the apex of the paramere, but both on the dorsal surface. The other six neotropical species of  Sycoraxhave only a single long setae or no long setae at all on the paramere.Also, the overall shape of the paramere is unique for all these species. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS:The authors are grateful to Igor Luis Kaefer Felipe Arley Costa Pessoa and Amanda Maria Picelli for their contribution on the project that allowed fieldwork, to Samuel Azevedo for the specimens of Reserva Ducke and to Neusa Hamada/CAPES PROEQUIPAMENTOS who provided access to the equipment for the photomicrographs. Although we did not test for the identification of DNA samples of vertebrate blood in the female specimens, one maleof the new species was collected in the dorsum of the frog  Anomaloglossus stepheni.A single male specimen does not confirm an association but given our current knowledge, it is expected that species of Sycoracinaecan be associated with anurans. Bravo & Salazar-Valenzuela (2009)reported the presence of many males (in majority) and females of  Falsosycorax wampukrum( Bravo & Salazar-Valenzuela, 2009)on the dorsum of the frog  Atelopussp.in Ecuadorand suggested the behavior of aggregation of males to mate. Ježek et al.(2015)reported aggregation of males of two species of  Sycoraxon two frog species in Bruneiand Curler et al.(2015)showed that the females of  Aposycorax chilensis(Tonnoir, 1929)prefer to feed on the blood of species of frogs. We believe that males of  Sycorax manauara  sp. nov.may have a similar behavior and encourages new field expeditions to confirm and better understand what would be the first association in Brazilbetween a Sycoracinaeand an anuran species. 2014-10 INPA, AM Reserva & Florestal Adolpho & Ducke, L & Malaise & Samuel Azevedo Brazil Malaise -2.941228 Manaus 1 -59.936226 Reserva 1 2 1 1 paratype 2019-05-04 AM, INPA Ramires, A. Brazil Manaus 1 2 1 1 paratype 2019-07-14 AM, UFAM, INPA, MZFS Fazenda & Experimental & Ramires, A. C. Brazil -2.661359 Manaus 1 -60.063843 1 2 NS01 3 3 paratype 2019-04-28 AM, UFAM, MZFS Fazenda & Experimental & Ramires, A. C. Brazil 2 3 -2.661359 Manaus 1 -60.063843 1 2 NS01 1 1 paratype