Schomburgk, 1841 : 212
Lima, 2003 : 178
Brycon
Müller & Troschel, 1844 : 90
Müller & Troschel, 1845 : 29
Günther, 1864 : 334
Goeldi, 1898 : 483
Eigenmann, 1912 : 371
Fowler, 1914 : 250
Cockerell, 1915 : 100
Steindachner, 1917 : 36
Géry, 1964 : 450
Lowe-McConnell, 1964 : 115
Richter & Nijssen, 1980 : 123
Howes, 1982 : 26
Vari, 1983 : 12
Lasso, 1992 : 11
Planquette et al. , 1996 : 226
Hardman et al. , 2002 : 234
Mol, 2002 : 71
Lima, 2003 : 176
Hoeinghaus et al. , 2003 : 383
Watkins et al. , 2004 : 46
Layman et al. , 2005 : 2532
Bejarano et al ., 2006 : 362
Blanco-Parra & Bejarano-Rodríguez, 2006 : 856
Mol et al. , 2006 : 114
Agostinho et al. , 2007 : 126
Agostinho et al. , 2007 : 163
Silva et al. , 2007 : 487
Ferreira et al. , 2007 : 125
Albrecht et al. , 2009 : 181
Melo et al. , 2009 : 424
Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2009 : 221
Antunes et al. , 2010 : 676
Lima & Ribeiro, 2011 : 149
Venere & Garutti, 2011 : 64
Bartolette et al. , 2012 : 61
Albrecht et al. , 2012 : 203
Rubio et al. , 2012 : 173
Pelicice & Agostinho, 2012 : 711
Lima et al. , 2013 : 228
Correa & Winemiller, 2014 : 214
Matos et al. , 2016 : 2016
2016
Saul, 1975 : 103
Müller & Troschel, 1844 : 91
Müller & Troschel, 1845 : 29
Eigenmann, 1912 : 372
B. falcatus
Brycon hilarii
Chalceus hilarii
Castelnau, 1855 : 68
Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 815
Lima, 2003 : 176
Brycon falcatus
Günther, 1864 : 335
Boulenger, 1897a : 297
Goeldi, 1898 : 483
Géry, 1964 : 448
Costi et al. , 1977 : 53
Santos et al. , 1984 : 41
Tejerina-Garro et al. , 1998 : 402
Bergleiter, 1999 : 23
Lima, 2003 : 176
Brycon falcatus
Pellegrin, 1909a : 12
Howes, 1982 : 11
Taphorn, 1992 : 80
Royero et al. , 1992 : 49
Lima, 2003 : 175
Brycon melanopterus
Steindachner, 1882a : 176
Steindachner, 1882b : 13
Amaral Campos, 1950 : 142
Characinus amazonicus
Magalhães, 1931 : 141
Fowler, 1941 : 192
Géry, 1964 : 450
Myers & Weitzman, 1960 : 99
Lima et al. , 2005 : 164
Géry, 1964 : 450
Howes, 1982 : 45
Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124
Brycon
aff. bicolor
Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 800
Toledo-Piza, 2002 : 116
Mérona et al. , 2001 : 387
Zarske, 2003 : 16
Lima, 2003 : 176
Brycon falcatus
Brycon falcatus
Phillip et al. , 2013 : 8
Brycon bicolor
Brycon falcatus
Brycon
Brycon bicolor
Brycon bicolor
B. melanopterus
B. cephalus
B. amazonicus
B. falcatus
Bryconinae
Brycon melanopterus
Brycon bicolor
Brycon
B. melanopterus
B. melanopterus
B. falcatus
Brycon bicolor
B. falcatus
Brycon melanopterus
B. falcatus
Brycon matrinchao
Brycon matrinchao
Brycon
Brycon hilarii
Brycon matrinchao
B. falcatus
Brycon matrinchao
B. falcatus
Brycon falcatus
Brycon
Brycon orthotaenia
Semaprochilodus (Castro & Vari, 2004: 151)
Brycon
Brycon falcatus
B. matrinchao
A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae)
Lima, Flávio C. T.
Zootaxa
2017
4222
1
1
189
NH7B
Muller & Troschel, 1844
Muller & Troschel
1844
[151,655,1735,1762]
Actinopterygii
Bryconidae
Brycon
Animalia
Characiformes
141
142
Chordata
species
falcatus
Chalceus labrosusJardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk, 1841: 212–213, pl. 13, fig. 1 (Type locality, “river Paduiri”); Lima, 2003: 178(listed; as a species inquirendaein Brycon; type locality incorrectly stated as situated in Guyana). Brycon falcatus Müller & Troschel, 1844: 90(Type locality, “In Guiana et Surinam”); Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1 (redescription); Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848: 635 (“allen flüssen von Britisch-Guiana”; common name); Günther, 1864: 334–335 (Guyana; Essequibo River; Suriname); Goeldi, 1898: 483(common name, rio Capim, Brazil); Eigenmann, 1912: 371–372 (Guyana: Essequibo River at Rockstone; Potaro River at Tukeit); Fowler, 1914: 250(Rupununi River, Guyana); Cockerell, 1915: 100, pl. 26, fig. 6 (scale morphology; Guyana); Steindachner, 1917: 36–37 (Albina, Suriname; Brasil, Roraima: Rio Surumú, Serra do Mello; Rio Branco, Bem Querer; Boa Vista; Serra Grande; Conceição; Amazonas: mouth of rio Negro); Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key); Lowe-McConnell, 1964: 115, 118, 120, 127, 132 (Rupununi and Ireng rivers, Guyana; natural history); Richter & Nijssen, 1980: 123, 125 (Brokopondo reservoir, Suriname River, Suriname; occurrence; abundance, common name); Howes, 1982: 26–29, fig. 18 (Guyana: Essequibo River; Tukeit; upper Cuyuni River; Rupununi district; Suriname: Nickerie district); Vari, 1983: 12, 16, figs. 3, 13, 14 (branchial arches morphology); Lasso, 1992: 11, 22, fig. 2 (río Suapure, Serranía de Los Pijiguaos, Venezuela); Planquette et al., 1996: 226–227, fig. (French Guiana, Maroni and Mana rivers); Hardman et al., 2002: 234(Essequibo and lower Potaro Rivers, Guyana); Mol, 2002: 71(Kwitaro and Rewa Rivers, Rupununi, Guyana); Lima, 2003: 176(synonymic list; primary type material; distribution; common names; maximum size); Hoeinghaus et al., 2003: 383(Río Cinaruco, Rio Orinoco basin, Venezuela); Arrington & Winemiller, 2003: 449, 456 (Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela; sandbank use); Watkins et al., 2004: 46(Burro-Burro, Siparuni and Essequibo Rivers, Iwokrama forest, Guyana); Layman et al., 2005: 2532(Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela; trophic position in relation to size); Bejarano et al., 2006: 362, 365, 367–368 (Río Mesay, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia: abundance); Blanco-Parra & Bejarano-Rodríguez, 2006: 856–857 (Río Mesay, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia: diet, reproduction); Mol et al., 2006: 114(Coppename and Rechter River, Suriname); Mol et al., 2007: 355, 365 (Suriname River, Brokopondo reservoir, Suriname; abundance before and after impoundment); Agostinho et al., 2007: 126–127 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; density in fish ladder); Agostinho et al., 2007: 163–165 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; presence in the fish ladder); Silva et al., 2007: 487(Rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil); Ferreira et al., 2007: 125(picture; rio Branco, Roraima); Albrecht et al., 2009: 181–191 (Serra da Mesa dam, upper rio Tocantins basin, Brazil; weight-length relationships, reproduction, diet, persistence in the reservoir); Melo et al., 2009: 424(Rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil); Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2009: 221, 227 (lower rio Xingu: biological parameters, estimated biomass); Antunes et al., 2010: 676, 679–628 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis); Lima & Ribeiro, 2011: 149(as an example of “Shield” distribution pattern); Venere & Garutti, 2011: 64(Brazil, Mato Grosso, Parque Estadual da Serra Azul, rio Araguaia basin; short description, photo); Mol et al., 2012: 270 (Suriname: occurrence in Corantijn, Nickerie, Coppename, Saramacca, Suriname, and Marowijne rivers); Mol, 2012: 23, 283–285 (ocurrence in Suriname, local name, photos); Bartolette et al., 2012: 61(Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam); Albrecht et al., 2012: 203, 205 (Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam; trophic analysis); Rubio et al., 2012: 173–182 (Mato Grosso, rio Guaporé: population structure, female maturity, size, age); Pelicice & Agostinho, 2012: 711(Brazil Tocantins, Peixe Angical dam fish ladder); Lima et al., 2013: 228–229 (Brazil, Rondônia, rio Madeira basin; distribution in the rio Madeira basin, short description, photo); Correa& Winemiller, 2014: 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221 (Colombia, Depto.Vaupés, Río Apaporis: seasonal variation in diet, diet breadth and overlap with other frugivore fishes); Matos et al., 2016: 2016: 1–6 (diet, impact of artificial food supply in wild specimens; Brazil, rio Teles Pires basin). [Doubtful records: Gilbert & Roberts, 1971: 26 (Ecuador, Amazon basin); Saul, 1975: 103(Ecuador, Napo, Río Conejo, Río Putumayo basin)]. Brycon schomburgkii Müller & Troschel, 1844: 91(Type locality, “In Guiana”); Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 2 (redescription); Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848: 635 (lower Essequibo River); Eigenmann, 1912: 372(synonymization with B. falcatus). Brycon hilarii(not Valenciennes, 1850): Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850): 248 (part; “l’Amazone”; syntypes of Chalceus hilarii); Castelnau, 1855: 68, pl. 36, fig. 1 (Brazil. Goiás, “Salinas”); Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 815(part; paralectotypes from “Salinas”); Lima, 2003: 176(type material; referred as putative specimens of Brycon falcatus). Brycon brevicauda Günther, 1864: 335(Type locality, “Rio Jocintins, River Capin”); Boulenger, 1897a: 297(Brazil, Pará, Ilha de Marajó); Goeldi, 1898: 483(common name; upper rio Tapajós basin); Géry, 1964: 448, 450, pl. 2, fig. a (Ilha do Bananal, rio Araguaia; diagnosis); Costi et al., 1977: 53, fig. 23 (Pará, at the confluence of rio Araguaia and rio Tocantins); Santos et al., 1984: 41–42, photo (Pará, rio Tocantins); Lowe-McConnell, 1991: (Mato Grosso, Xavantina: rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin; “Sangadina stream”; rio Suiá-Missú, rio Xingu basin); Tejerina-Garro et al., 1998: 402(Goiás, São Miguel do Araguaia, floodplain lakes; relative abundance); Bergleiter, 1999: 23, 29, 48, 74–75, 113–114, 149 (pl. 10) (Lower rio Xingu, between Porto de Moz and Souzel; diet, feeding habits, social behavior, visual communication); Lima, 2003: 176(type material; as a synonym of Brycon falcatus); Iglesias-Rios, 2012: 326 (Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam: impacts of damming). Brycon bicolor Pellegrin, 1909a: 12–13 (Type locality, “Orénoque”); Howes, 1982: 11, 13–14, fig.8 (syntypes, redescription); Taphorn, 1992: 80–81, 128–130, figs. (Río Apure basin, Venezuela; description, ecology, biology); Royero et al., 1992: 49(Rio Atabapo, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela); Machado-Allison et al., 1993: 66, 69 (Rio Aguaro and Rio Guariquito, Estado Guarico, rio Orinoco basin, Venezuela); Lima, 2003: 175(type material; as a possible synonym of Brycon melanopterus). Brycon stübelli Steindachner, 1882a: 176(Type locality, “Amazonenstome”; brief description); Steindachner, 1882b: 13, pl. 1, fig. 1 (full description; type locality specified as “Rio Amazonas (Iquitos)”). [not Amaral Campos, 1950: 142] Characinus amazonicus(not Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz): Magalhães, 1931: 141–142 (Lower Amazon basin; Goiás; natural history, common name). Brycon matrinchao Fowler, 1941: 192–194, fig. 102 (Type locality, “Rio Parnahyba, Therezina, Piauhy”); Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key). Brycon melanopterus: Myers & Weitzman, 1960: 99, 101–102 (Los Micos, Cordillera Macarena, 3°20´S 73°56´W, Río Guaviare, rio Orenoco basin, Colombia); Lima et al., 2005: 164(Rio Tiquié, upper rio Negro basin, Brazil; description, natural history, figure, common indigenous names). Brycon stuebeli: Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key). Brycon stubelii: Howes, 1982: 45(comments). Bryconcf. falcatus: Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Middle and lower rio Negrobasin; occurrence). Bryconsp. ( aff. bicolor): Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 800–802 (Rio Aripuanã, Ilha do Castanhal).
Bryconsp. ( B. falcatusgroup): Toledo-Piza, 2002: 116–117 (drawing by A.R. Wallace; “ RioUaupés”; common name). Brycon carpophagus(not Valenciennes): Mérona et al., 2001: 387, 391 ( Rio Tocantins, Tucuruí; diet before and after river impoundment).
Brycon stuebelli: Zarske, 2003: 16, fig. 7 (holotype, MTDF 380); Lima, 2003: 176(type material; as a synonym of Brycon falcatus). Brycon falcatusgroup: Phillip et al., 2013: 8, 16 ( Trinidadsouthern coast; occurrence as a vagrant species).
Diagnosis. Brycon falcatuscan be distinguished from all remaining cis-andean Bryconspecies, with the exception of B. gouldingi, by typically possessing a V- or crescent-shaped dark blotch on caudal peduncle and caudal fin. Brycon falcatuscan be distinguished from B. gouldingiby possessing possessing dark, longitudinal stripes formed by pigmentation concentrated on the mid-distal portion of scales (vs. dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins), paired fins typically clear (vs. paired fins black), and lower lateral line scale counts (47–69, modally 57, vs. 66–82, modally 74). Brycon falcatusis morphologically more similar to B. melanopterus, and an unequivocal diagnosis between both species based only on external morphological characters is not possible due to the great polymorphism in color pattern observed in the species. However, typically, Brycon falcatusdoes not present an oblique dark solid stripe, presenting instead a V or crescent-shaped blotch on caudal fin (vs. black pigmentation restricted to the upper caudal-fin lobe in B. melanopterus). In addition, Brycon falcatusis typically a higher bodied fish, with higher vertebrae counts. See the item “Comparisons” under Brycon melanopterus, and the item “Variation”, below, for thorough account on the subject.
Description.Morphometric data are presented in Tables 21–22; some meristic data (lateral line counts and scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line) in Tables 23–24. Middle- to large-sized species, largest examined specimen 434.7 mmSL. Body moderately slender to high. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, straight to moderately convex from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately to pronouncedly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly to pronouncedly convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Head profile slightly acute anteriorly, snout obtuse, mouth terminal. Jaws approximately isognathous to slightly anisognathous, outer row of premaxillary teeth partially exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Five (2), 6 (5), 7 (29), 8 (65), 9 (118), 10 (99), 11 (53), 12 (8), or 13 (1) relatively small tricuspidate teeth in outer series. Three (30), 4 (229), 5 (107), 6 (6), or 7 (1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 2 (2), 3 (150), 4 (218), or 5 (7) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, both pentacuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Fifteen to 28 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tricuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 7 (7), 8 (34), 9 (72), 10 (61), 11 (26), 12 (9), 13 (3), 14 (1), or 15 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, pentacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 13–21 small, aciculated, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of fourth to seventh main series dentary teeth. Symphyseal teeth may be lacking in larger (> 350 mmSL) specimens. TABLE 21.Morphometric data of Brycon falcatus. n Range Mean Standard length (SL) 385 84.6–434.7 - Percentages of standard length Depth at dorsal-fin origin 379 28.8–42.8 36.4 Snout to dorsal-fin origin 384 46.9–56.6 50.6 Dorsal-fin base length 384 7.1–15.6 12.8 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 385 20.5–28.9 24.5 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 385 32.3–43.2 36.8 Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 385 45.2–54.6 48.9 Snout to anal-fin origin 384 65.0–75.7 69.9 Anal-fin base length 383 18.7–26.3 23.1 Caudal peduncle length 379 10.1–17.3 14.0 Dorsal-fin height 374 17.7–26.8 23.0 Pectoral-fin length 378 14.0–24.2 20.1 Pelvic-fin length 373 9.7–20.9 17.6 Caudal peduncle depth 380 8.4–13.1 10.0 Head length 388 22.5–32.2 26.0 Percentages of head length Head height 382 76.7–1.14 90.6 Snout length 385 22.2–37.2 29.6 Upper jaw length 385 38.1–51.4 46.2 Horizontal eye diameter 385 20.9–41.7 30.3 Post-orbital length 385 36.9–52.2 43.7 Least interorbital width 385 31.1–53.6 41.3 Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Forty-seven (1), 48 (1), 49 (1), 50 (3), 51 (11), 52 (25), 53 (57), 54 (59), 55 (77), 56 (90), 57 (104), 58 (93), 59 (57), 60 (49), 61 (27), 62 (14), 63 (8), 64 (16), 67 (1), or 69 (1) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens up to 150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, three to six branches in specimens between 150–250 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules often overlapping each other in larger (> 270 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line eight (1), 9 (21), 10 (115), 11 (122), 12 (103), 13 (29), or 14 (3). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 4 (21), 5 (156), 6 (169), 7 (27), or 8 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 15 (1), 16 (27), 17 (75), 18 (125), 19 (67), 20 (51), 21 (32), or 22 (6). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead, or about at middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 11th (2), 12th (1), or 13th(1) vertebra. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in cs specimens), 18 (1), 19 (4), 20 (11), 21 (41), 22 (90), 23 (93), 24 (82), 25 (45), or 26 (6). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 22th (4), or 23th (1) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Anal fin displaying several (c. 5–12 per fin-ray main branch) small hooks on posterior main branch of branched rays 2–11, associated with dense, gelatinous tissue in 5 examined specimens (MZUSP 3845, 2, 196.2– 198.9 mmSL, MZUSP 16448, 1, 196.5 mmSL mm SL, MZUSP 91493, 1, 226.0 mm SL, MZUSP 94990, 1, 230.0 mm SL). Asingle hook per ray segment. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 21–25 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays 11 (3), 12 (76), 13 (229), or 14 (58). Pelvic-fin rays typically i, 7 (364), rarely i, 6 (4), or i, 8 (4). Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin forked, lobes slightly emarginated. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Small distal projection in the area of the laterosensory tube present in specimens with relatively intact caudal fin. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 12 (14), 13 (24), 14 (40), 15 (32), 16 (22), or 17 (2) lower, 1 at angle, and 11 (1), 12 (15), 13 (38), 14 (51), 15 (20), 16 (6), or 17 (2) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 39 (1), 40 (1), 41 (7), 42 (5), 43 (2), or 44 (1). Supraneurals 8(2), or 9 (2). TABLE 22.Morphometric data of some type specimens referable to Brycon falcatus(A: paralectotype of Brycon hilarii, MNHN A.9894; B: syntypes of Brycon brevicauda: BMNH 1849.4.8: 42; 49; C: syntypes of Brycon bicolor, MNHN 87746-748; D: holotype of Brycon matrinchao, ANSP 69619). A B C D Standard length (SL) 169.5 87.4–92.7 110.0–120.9 149.2 Percentages of standard length Depth at dorsal-fin origin - 31.2–33.4 31.8–37.6 38.3 Snout to dorsal-fin origin 50.6 50.6–51.6 50.9–53.9 51.1 Dorsal-fin base length 13.4 13.3–13.4 12.2–13.1 14.1 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 25.4 22.5–24.3 23.0–25.1 27.0 Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 39.9 36.6–36.8 36.7–41.0 38.9 Snout to pelvic-fin insertion - 52.9–53.9 53.0–53.6 49.9 Snout to anal-fin origin 72.9 72.4–73.0 72.1–74.5 69.6 Anal-fin base length 23.4 21.7–23.3 22.9–23.4 22.9 Caudal peduncle length 9.0 13.4–14.2 10.8–12.5 15.8 Dorsal-fin height - 24.7–25.4 22.4–23.2 23.7 Pectoral-fin length - 18.4–19.6 18.3–20.1 20.2 Pelvic-fin length - 18.0–18.3 14.4–16.3 15.8 Caudal peduncle depth 9.8 9.0–9.9 9.5–10.2 11.0 Head length 23.7 29.7–30.0 28.1–29.4 26.1 Percentages of head length Head height - 23.1–23.8 78.3–84.4 89.5 Snout length 28.4 27.0–30.0 28.8–31.7 30.3 Upper jaw length 48.9 46.8–48.8 48.9–50.0 47.7 Horizontal eye diameter 29.9 30.9–32.3 28.7–30.3 28.7 Post-orbital length 45.6 41.9–42.4 42.9–46.2 45.6 Least interorbital width 42.1 35.6–37.3 37.2–44.1 46.2 Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital light-grey to light-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-grey to dark-brown. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, opercle and cleithrum silvery in specimens retaining guanine, light-brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Dentary, maxillary, gular area, and lower portion of body light-brown. Lateral portion of body silvery in specimens retaining guanine, light brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Humeral blotch present, slightly to moderately conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of fourth to fifth lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Scales on lateral portions of body with dark pigmentation concentrated on their central portion, forming dark, straight longitudinal stripes, more conspicuous dorsally. Dark, solid, oblique dark stripe extending along anal-fin scales sheath and anal-fin basis in almost all specimens (see item “Variation”, below). Caudal peduncle blotch wide, extending across upper and lower caudalfin rays typically as a V- or crescent-shaped dark blotch, though with a great degree of variation in the development of the pigmentantion in the lower caudal-fin lobe (see item “Variation”, below). Dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvicfin rays with a variable amount of interradial dark pigmentantion but typically clear. Adipose-fin light- to darkgrey, with scattered dark spots in large specimens from the upper rio Tapajós basin. FIGURE 84. Brycon falcatus, BMNH 1849.4.8: 42, 49, 92.7 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, rio Capim. Syntype of Brycon brevicaudaGünther. FIGURE 85. Brycon falcatus, ANSP 69619, 149.2 mm SL: Brazil, “Rio Parnahyba… Piauhy”. Holotype of Brycon matrinchaoFowler. Photoby M.W. Littmann. FIGURE 86. Brycon falcatus, ANSP 176667, 165.3 mm SL: Guyana, Burro Burro River (trib. Essequibo River). Photo by M.H. Sabaj Pérez. FIGURE 87. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 18077, 135.3 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, igarapé do Limão. FIGURE 88. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 61056, 202.2 mm SL; Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Arinos. FIGURE 89. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 48113, 197.7 mm SL: Brazil, Goiás, rio Araguaia. FIGURE 90. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 98119, 310.0 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Culuene (freshly collected). Photo by C.R. Moreira. FIGURE 91. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 61132, 434.7 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Arinos. FIGURE 92. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 103036, 290.0 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Aripuanã. FIGURE 93. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 56782, 200.0 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Negro. FIGURE 94. Brycon falcatus, INHS 61479, 113.5 mm SL: Venezuela, Apure, Caño San Miguel. FIGURE 95. Brycon falcatus, ANSP 161212, 111 mm SL: Venezuela, Depto. Amazonas, Río Ventuari. Photo by M.H. Sabaj Pérez. FIGURE 96. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 17530, 122.4 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Içá basin. FIGURE 97. Brycon falcatus, INHS 43928, 134.4 mm SL: Peru, Loreto, Río Nanay. FIGURE 98. Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 91493, 226.0 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Tiquié. Color in life.Description based on pictures of several specimens collected at the lower rio Japurá (Lago Amanã), upper rio Madeira, upper rio Tapajós, upper rio Xingu ( Fig. 90), and rio Tocantinsin Amazon basin, RíoInirida, Orinoco basin, and Kuribrong River, Essequibobasin, plus published pictures of living specimens ( Géry, 1977: 321, upper and lower; Planquette et al., 1996: 227; Ferreira et al., 2007: 125). Top of head and snout light- to dark-grey. Dorsum plumbeous. Lateral surfaces of head and body silvery. Humeral blotch relatively inconspicuous. Dark stripe extending along anal-fin basis and dark, V-shaped caudal peduncle/caudal-fin blotch very conspicuous. Distal border of caudal fin yellowish to reddish. Adipose fin yellowish grey. Remaining fins translucent, dorsal fin with some yellowish pigmentation. Variation. Brycon falcatusis one of the most widespread cis-andean Bryconspecies, and perharps not unexpextedly, a great degree of variation in body shape and color pattern is observed across its range. Specific features that show a great degree of variation are body height, caudal-fin pigmentation, scale counts, maximum body size, and, to a lesser extent than the previous features, anal-fin pigmentation. Each of these features is treated sequentially below. Body height varies considerably in specimens of Brycon falcatus, to an extent unequalled among cis-andean Bryconspecies. Specimens range from being relatively elongated ( Fig. 89) to high-bodied ( Figs. 86, 88, 92). However, there is no consistent geographical variation in this character, and most river systems present specimens ranging from both extremes in body shape. Probably, most of the observed variation in this trait is simply a result of phenotypic plasticity. Caudal-fin pigmentation is the most significant trait to vary among Brycon falcatuspopulations, and, contrary to body height, exhibits a clear geographical pattern. Brycon falcatuspopulations from the Guianas, rio Branco, rio Capim, rio Tocantins, and rio Xingu basins possess the characteristic V- or crescent-shaped caudal-fin blotch, with the extent of dark pigmentation approximately symmetrical in both lobes ( Figs. 86–87). However, moving westwards into the Brazilian and Guyanese shields, dark pigmentantion on the lower caudal-fin lobe tend to decrease clinally in intensity. Specimens from the rio Tapajós and rio Madeirabasins range from possessing an almost symmetrical dark pigmentation in both fin lobes ( Figs. 88, 92) to a considerably less pigmented lower caudal-fin lobe. Specimens from the middle and lower rio Negroand middle and middle rio Orinoco basin possess a clearly asymmetrically pigmented caudal fin, with the dark pigmentation much more intense and extensive in the upper, than in the lower caudal-fin lobe ( Figs. 93–95). Moving westward into western Amazon, the apparently scattered populations of Brycon falcatusoccurring in that vast area possess an even more asymmetrically pigmented caudal-fin, with the lower lobe almost ( Fig. 96) or completely ( Fig. 97) unpigmented, the latter condition found in specimens from Iquitos area, the most westward known locality for the species. Oddly, specimens from the upper rio Negro(above São Gabriel rapids) and upper rio Orinoco (above its junction with the Río Guaviare) basins present a similar color pattern to the specimens from Iquitos area, presenting no dark pigmentation at all at the lower caudal-fin lobe and the upper caudal-fin lobe pigmentation almost continuous with the anal-fin dark stripe ( Fig. 98). Specimens from the Iquitos area and upper rio Negroand upper RíoOrinoco basins are thus very similar in color pattern to B. melanopterus, though B. falcatusis typically a higher-bodied species, with lower vertebral counts (see item “Comparisons” of B. melanopterus). See item “Putative examples of mimicry involving Brycon”, below, for a possible explanation for this similarity. Scale counts vary considerably among distinct populations of Brycon falcatus, with specimens from the Guianas clearly presenting lower counts when compared with specimens from the Orinoco and Amazon basins (see Tables 23and 24). The lower scale counts presented by Guyanese specimens when compared with specimens from rio Capim and rio Tocantinsbasins were the main reason supporting the recognition of Brycon brevicaudaas a valid species (e.g., Géry, 1964: 450; Howes, 1982: 14). However, the examination of large series of specimens undertook during the present study demonstrated a continuous variation in scale counts among the several populations of Brycon falcatus, thus failing to confirm the presumed distinctness of B. brevicaudabased on this character ( Tables 23and 24). Another trait which shows a clear geographical component in Brycon falcatusis the maximum length reached by different populations. Typically, Brycon falcatusis a middle-sized species, generally does not exceeding 300 mmSL (e.g., the maximum size of 350 mmTL reported by Rubio et al., 2012, based on the examination of 279 specimenscollected at the rio Guaporé). However, extensive examination of both preserved and unpreserved specimens of Brycon falcatusfrom the rio Teles Pires and rio Juruena in the upper rio Tapajós basin, and from the upper rio Xingu basin showed that individuals belonging to these populations often grow considerably above this upper limit. Maximum recorded sizes from specimens from these areas are, respectively, 435.0 and 401.0 mm SL, and specimens ranging between 300–400 mmSL are common. To complicate further the issue, in the upper rio Tapajós area apparently both morphotypes (“ large-sized” and “middle-sized”) co-exist (J.M. Mendes and H.F. Mendes, pers. comm.). The “large-sized” population from the upper rio Xingu is slightly different from the one from the upper rio Tapajós in being on average smaller-sized and by not possessing the dotted adipose fin present in the latter. TABLE 23.Absolute frequency of lateral-line scales among distinct Brycon falcatuspopulations. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 Guyana and Suriname 1 1 2 1 5 10 12 12 6 4 2 Orinoco 1 5 2 5 3 3 Negro 1 1 3 5 3 4 6 9 Branco 1 4 5 4 4 4 Tocantins and Capim 1 2 1 1 1 4 Xingu 2 4 5 10 13 Tapajós 2 3 5 9 13 10 Madeira 2 4 7 6 8 Western Amazon 2 1 2 4 4 continued. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Guyana and Suriname Orinoco 4 1 1 1 Negro 6 2 1 Branco 4 2 Tocantinsand Capim11 12 11 8 22 5 Xingu 7 4 2 1 Tapajós 16 10 10 6 26 2 Madeira2 2 1 3 1 WesternAmazon 1 1 1 1 8 9 10 11 12 1314 TABLE 24.Absolute frequency of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line among distinct Brycon falcatuspopulations.. Guyanaand Suriname 1 22 33 Orinoco 10 7 16 Negro 14 24 1 Branco 12 18 Tocantinsand Capim 12 44 4Xingu 8 11 218 Tapajós 2 28 2325 7 Madeira 8 16 11 WesternAmazon 4 11 12 Brycon falcatustypically possess a conspicuous dark stripe along the basis of anal-fin, the intensity of which, however, varies considerably among populations and even within specimens collected in the same general area. Some specimens from the upper portion of the rio Araguaia in central Brazil(MZUSP 18628, MZUSP 62490, MZUSP 48113, MZUSP 52391) entirely lack the dark stripe. At the other extreme are the specimens from the upper RíoOrinoco and upper rio Negro, which possess a very well-developed dark stripe that extends from the origin of the pelvic fin to the caudal peduncle, much as the stripe found in Brycon melanopterus(see above). It is interesting to notice that specimens collected in the rio Arinos at the upper rio Tapajós basin (e.g., MZUSP 56785, MZUSP 60423, MZUSP 61056) possess a well-developed dark stripe, while specimens collected in the same area but kept for some time in fish ponds (MZUSP 61132, MZUSP 61133) lack entirely the dark stripe. This suggests that the expression and the intensity of the dark stripe might vary as a response of some physiological factor. Finally, a considerable molecular divergence among samples the species from the Río Orinoco in Venezuela, rio Negro in Brazil and upper rio Xingu was detected by Abe et al.(2014). Abe et al.(2014: 12) considered that populations of Brycon falcatusfrom the Río Orinoco and Río Negro basins were separated by the development of the Vaupes arch. However, Brycon falcatuspossess a continuous distribution across the upper rio Negro and upper Río Orinoco afforded by the Río Casiquiare, from where the species is known (see Fig. 99), and consequently the genetic divergence between these samples cannot be ascribed to a supposed vicariant event that in fact did not isolated these populations. A much larger sampling is necessary to understand phylogeographical patterns and the possible existence of cryptic species within the populations herein assigned to Brycon falcatus. Until such work is done, it is deemed more parsimonious to consider all these populations as belonging to a single species. Common names.Brazil: “matrinchã”; “ piabanha” ( Santos et al., 1984: 41); “voadeira”, “avoadeira”, “matrinchã-pequena”; “jatuarana-miri” (Wallace, in Toledo-Piza, 2002: 116); “miõ wi” (Tukano language, upper rio Negro basin; Lima et al., 2005: 164); “wenawe” (Tuyuka language, upper rio Negro basin; Lima et al., 2005: 164); French Guiana: “moloko blanc”, “maloko”, “mbooko”, “molokoimo” ( Planquette et al., 1996); Suriname: “moroko” ( Richter & Nijssen, 1980: 123; Mol et al., 2007: 115); Guyana: “kurumi” ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29); Venezuela: “palambra”, “bócon” ( Taphorn, 1992: 128).
Distribution.Widespread in rivers draining the Brazilian and Guyanashields in the Amazon, Orinoco, and guyanese river systems, and also on scattered localities in western Amazon ( Fig. 99). Brycon falcatusis recorded only from clear or dark water rivers and never occur at white/murky-water rivers. Records from the rio Madeirabasin are all from shield-draining, clear- to black-water tributaries such as rio Guaporé/Itenez, rio Jamari, rio Aripuanã, and rio Roosevelt. Likewise, records in the western Amazon came from black-water systems as the Lago Amanã near the mouth of rio Japurá in Brazilor the RíoNanay near Iquitos, Peru. From guyanese river systems, we have examined material from the Essequibo, Corantijn, and Maroni/ Marowijne Riversin Guyana, Surinameand French Guiana, but the species is also reported from the Suriname River(e.g., Richter & Nijssen, 1980; Mol et al., 2007; Mol et al., 2012), Coppename River( Mol et al., 2006; Mol et al., 2012), Nickerie River(Mol et al., 2012) and Saramacca River(Mol et al., 2012) in Suriname, and Mana River( Planquette et al., 1996: 226–227) in French Guiana. The present westernmost record for Brycon falcatusis Iquitos and records from more westward localities (e.g., Ecuador; Gilbert & Roberts, 1971; Saul, 1975) need to be re-examined. Recorded as a vagrant species in a river from southern Trinidad( Phillip et al., 2013: 16; see item “Biogeography”, below). Ecological notes.As noticed above, Brycon falcatusinhabits exclusively clear- or black-water rivers. Like its congeners, Brycon falcatusis a highly mobile fish and utilizes a great variety of habitats, ranging from river channels, flooded forest, floodplain lakes, to small tributaries. The species undertake massive spawning upstream migrations in the rio Culuene, upper rio Xingu basin, during September/November (pers. obs.), but spawning migrations in the rio Araguaia basin appear to be much more discrete and local (J.B. Nunes, pers. comm.). Specimens associated in small groups of up to 3 individuals were observed while snorkelling in clear-water tributaries of the upper rio Arinos, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grossoduring the late wet season (pers. obs.). Lowe Mc-Connel (1964: 118, 120) noticed downstream migration of the species in the Ireng River(upper RioBranco basin, Guyana) during the early dry season, and specimens with ripening gonads in the Rupununi Riverin April (early wet season). At the rio Guaporé ( Mato Grosso, Brazil), mature females were collected at the beginning of the rainy season, between October and December ( Rubio et al., 2012). Scale rings indicated a maximum age of five years in specimens from the rio Guaporé ( Rubio et al., 2012). Afemale with 30 cmSL from the rio Culuene collected early October possessed mature gonads (pers. obs.). Migratory schools in the rio Culuene were observed being attacked by Hydrolycus armatusspecimens, and some dying Brycon falcatuswere found with deep parallel cuts which very likely were inflicted by this large predatory characin (pers. obs.). An osprey, Pandion haliaetus, was observed with a Brycon falcatusspecimen under its talons at the Kuribrong River, Guyana(pers. obs.). FIGURE 99.Map of northern South America, showing known localities of Brycon falcatus(red dots). Detailed studies on the diet of Brycon falcatusare Borges (1986), who studied specimens from the middle and lower rio Negrobasin in Brazil, and Albrecht et al.(2009), studying specimens from the upper rio Tocantinsbasin in central Brazil. Borges (1986)found mainly vegetal itens (fruits and seeds) in stomach contents of specimens collected during the rainy season, while during the dry season, arthropods were the main dietary item. Leaves, flowers, and fishes were moderately consumed in both seasons. Fruits commonly found in stomach contents were Ocoteasp. ( Lauraceae), Tococasp. ( Melastomataceae), and Macrolobium acacifolium(Fabaceae). Albrecht et al.(2009)also found seeds and fruits to be the most important dietary item for the species, followed by ants, coleopterans, fish and terrestrial vertebrates. Correa& Winemiller (2014)reported that the species switched from fruits and seeds to terrestrial invertebrates as its main dietary item from rainy season to dry season in a site at the lower Río Caquetábasin (= RioJapurá in Brazil) in Colombia, although later than the syntopic B. melanopterus. Matos et al.(2016)recorded invertebrates (mostly insects and Decapoda), fishes, flowers, seeds and fruits as the main itens ingested by Brycon falcatusat the rio Teles Pires basin, and that specimens living in river stretches where an artificial food supply (soybeans and corn) was provided presented a better condition (i.e., more abdominal fat) than specimens living in river stretches where no artificial food supply was provided.
Remarks.Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk (1841: 212–213) described Chalceus labrosusfrom the “river Paduiri” (= RioPadauari), a locality which lies in the middle rio Negrobasin, Amazonas, Brazil, an area visited by Schomburgk in March 1839( Schomburgk, 1840). No typematerial is known for this nominal species. Though poor, the description and plate of Chalceus labrosusclearly correspond to the same species latter described by Müller & Troschel as Brycon falcatus. Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk (1841: 212–213) mentions the three series of teeth in the premaxillary (“three rows on the roof of the mouth”), the dark stripe at the basis of anal fin (“a broad black mark running from the centre of its anterior edge for one-third of its length”), and the crescent-shaped blotch at the caudal fin (“a dark bluish black bar running across, parallel to the fork”). The name Chalceus labrosuswas never used as a valid species after its original description, while Brycon falcatushas been continuously used in the ichthyological literature during the last 160 years, by well more than 25 authors (see synonymic list, above). We consider thus that Chalceus labrosusfulfills the necessary requisites to be considered as a nomen oblitum(Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), and, as such, as not having precedence over Brycon falcatus, which is herein considered a nomen protectum. Müller & Troschel (1844: 90)briefly described Brycon falcatus, based on an unspecified number of syntypes collected at Guiana and Suriname by Schomburgk and Dieppering. A little later, the same authors ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1) described the species in detail and provided a good illustration of it. Though the type specimens were not examined in the present study, the good description and illustration by Müller & Troschel (1845)leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species. Günther (1864: 335)identified three specimens from BMNH collected by Schomburgk as belonging to the type series, which probably prompted Eschmeyer (1998: 58)in considering this lot (BMNH 1969.12.12:1-3) as being part of the syntypical series of B. falcatus. However, as remarked earlier by Howes (1982: 26), only the specimens deposited at the ZMB were cited in the original description ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29) and as such are the only specimens that should be considered as having typical status ( Lima, 2003: 176). In the same papers where Brycon falcatuswas described, Müller & Troschel (1844: 91; 1845: 29–30, pl. 6, fig. 2) described Brycon schomburgkiifrom Guyana. Müller & Troschel (1845)diagnosed the species from Brycon falcatusonly by the possession of a longer inner row of dentary teeth, almost reaching the inner symphyseal teeth. However, there is a reasonable degree of intraspecific variation in the extension of the second dentary teeth row in Bryconspecies, and the variation described by Müller & Troschel (1845)fits within this variation. Eigenmann (1912: 372), who examined the type specimens of both Brycon falcatusand B. schomburgkii, remarked that “the later is undoubtedly the young of the former”, thus considering B. schomburgkiia synonym of B. falcatus, an opinion with which we concur. Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 246–248), when describing Chalceus hilarii, mentioned that part of the syntypical series was collected “dans l’Amazone” by Castelnau. Castelnau (1855: 68) noticed that these specimens were actually collected at Salinas, located at the rio Araguaia basin in Goiás state, Brazil ( Papavero, 1971: 152). Bertin (1948: 14–15)listed three syntypes for Chalceus hilarii, two of which (MNHN 9893, MNHN 9894) were collected by Castelnau at the “Fl[euve]. Amazone”. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 815)selected the specimen MNHN A.8616 as the lectotype of Brycon hilarii(see item “Remarks” of B. hilarii). Consequently, the specimens MNHN 9893 and MNHN 9894 became paralectotypes of the species. Géry & Mahnert (1992)mentioned that these specimens were collected at Salinas, but incorrectly surmised that this locality was located at the rio Jequitinhonha (a river basin not visited by Castelnau). Due to the poor state of preservation of the paralectotypes, Géry & Mahnert (1992)were unsure whether they were in fact conspecific with the lectotype or not. The examination of one of these paralectotypes (MNHN A.9894) demonstrated, as should be expected by its provenance, that it refers not to Brycon hilarii, but, actually, to B. falcatus. Günther (1864: 335)described Brycon brevicaudabased on three syntypes, BMNH 1864.4.20: 13, from “ RioJocintins” (presumably a mispelling of rio Tocantins), and BMNH 1849.4.8: 42; 49, from rio Capim, Brazil. Géry (1964: 450)provided an identification key for what he supposed to be a group of species similar to Brycon falcatus, identifiable by possessing a V-shaped caudal-fin blotch. In that key, Brycon brevicaudawas diagnosed from B. falcatusby possessing higher lateral-line and vertical scale counts, lower anal-fin counts, a smaller body depth, by lacking the dark stripe at the anal-fin basis and, possibly, by lacking the inner dentary symphyseal teeth. Howes (1982: 14)also considered Brycon brevicaudaas being a valid species, distinct from Brycon falcatusin scale counts, body depth, premaxillary teeth counts, and dentary teeth shape. The examination of large samples from the Guianas, Amazon and Orinoco basins undertook during the present study showed that all these characters are either not valid (i.e., premaxilary teeth counts, lack of symphyseal teeth, dentary teeth shape), or vary considerably within populations (i.e., body depth, anal-fin basis pigmentation), or else present a continuous variation among distinct populations (i.e., scale counts) (see item “Variation”, above). We consider thus Brycon brevicaudaas a synonym of B. falcatus. Steindachner (1882a: 176)briefly described Brycon stuebelii(originally spelled as stübelii)having as its typelocality the Amazon basin (“Amazonestrome”). Soon thereafter Steindachner (1882b: 13–14)redescribed the species in detail, and specified its type-locality as being “ Rio Amazonas(Iquitos)”. Steindachner (1882b: 13)compared Brycon stuebeliiwith a single congener, B. melanopterus, from which he diagnoses it by possessing a shorter dark stripe at the anal-fin basis and a supposedly larger second infraorbital bone. Géry (1964: 450)considered Brycon stuebeliias provisionally valid and considered it as belonging to a group of species similar to B. falcatus, being supposedly distinct from the latter by possessing higher scales counts. Howes (1982: 45), however, considered Brycon stuebellias a possible synonym of B. falcatus. The holotypeof Brycon stuebeliiwas not examined during the course of the present study, but Steindachner’s description and illustration show a typical Brycon falcatusspecimen, with a well-defined crescent-shaped blotch on the caudal-fin, a color pattern no longer displayed by the now faded holotype( Zarske, 2003: 16, fig. 7). Curiously, all subsequent specimens of Brycon falcatuscollected in the western portions of the Amazon basin, including specimens collected at Iquitos, does not possess a V- or crescent-shaped blotch on caudal fin, but instead, the dark pigmentation is considerably more developed or even entirely confined to the upper caudal-fin lobe (see item “Variation”, above).
Brycon bicolorwas described by Pellegrin (1909a: 12–13)based on three specimens collected at at the Rio Orinoco, without a precise locality. The collector of the type material, Jean Chaffanjon, was a French explorer who traveled between 1885–1890inthe Río Orinoco, and explored its upper reaches, including the Río Caura and upstream into the Río Orinoco to the rapids of the Raudal de los Guaharibos ( Huber, 1995). The species was compared by Pellegrin (1909a)with Brycon falcatusand considered to be distinct due to the possession of smaller scales. Howes (1982: 11, 13–14)examined the syntypes and considered it a “very characteristic taxon hardly to be confused with any other Bryconspecies”. The distinctiness of Brycon bicolor, according to Howes (1982), relied in its color pattern, which consisted in a dark stripe extending across the base of anal fin and a blotch extending diagonally from caudal peduncle to the upper lobe of caudal fin. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 802)also examined the syntypes and considered Brycon bicolorto be more related to B. melanopterusand B. cephalus(= B. amazonicus) than to B. falcatusdue to the presumably distinct V-shaped caudal-fin pigmentation present in the latter species. Lima (2003: 175), listing the valid species of Bryconinae, considered the species provisionally valid, but mentioned the possibility that the species might be a synonym of Brycon melanopterus. This supposition was based on the fact that the syntypes exhibit a color pattern similar to the one found in this latter species. However, after we have examined the syntypes of Brycon bicolor(MNHN 87746-748), and studied in more detail Bryconspecimens from the upper Río Orinoco and upper rio Negro basins, it became obvious that these specimens does not belong to B. melanopterus(see item “Comparisons” of B. melanopterus, and item “Variation”, above), but instead are best interpreted as representing one extreme of variation in pigmentary features found within a polymorphic B. falcatus. Accordingly, Brycon bicoloris herein considered a synonym of B. falcatus. Thus, records in the literature for Brycon melanopterusin the upper rio Negro and upper Río Orinoco basins ( Myers & Weitzman, 1960; Lima et al., 2005) actually represent misidentifications of this unusually-pigmented color morph of B. falcatus. Fowler (1941: 192–194)described Brycon matrinchaofor the rio Parnaíba, Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Fowler (1941: 194)did not compared Brycon matrinchaowith any other Bryconspecies, with the exception of Brycon hilarii, and as a matter of fact did not put forward any reasoning justifying the description of the species. Géry (1964: 450)considered Brycon matrinchaoas belonging to a putative group of species related to B. falcatus, from which it would be diagnosed by possessing higher scales counts. The holotypeof Brycon matrinchao(ANSP 69619) was examined during the course of the present study, and it is undoubtedly a specimen of B. falcatusbelonging to the populations that display relatively high scale counts (see item “Variation”, above). Despite a considerable sampling effort in the last twenty years (e.g., Ramos et al., 2014), no additional specimens of Brycon falcatuswere collected in the rio Parnaíba basin. In fact, the only other putative record of a Bryconspecies occurring in the rio Parnaíba is a lot of Brycon orthotaeniacollected by the Thayer Expedition, which also constitutes a doubtful record (see item “Distribution” of the latter species, and the item “Biogeography”, below). Several species recorded by Fowler (1941)from the rio Parnaíba and another drainages from northeastern Brazilwere never collected again in that area and clearly are mislabelled specimens which were rather probably collected in the rio Tocantinssystem (Roberts, 1973: 213; Vari, 1995: 80; Vari & Harold, 2001: 45–46; Castro & Vari, 2004: 151). It is very unlikely that fish species highly prized and exploited by fishermen such as a Semaprochilodus(Castro & Vari, 2004: 151)or a Bryconspecies would have escaped further notice, if in fact they were truly present in the rio Parnaíba basin. We consider thus that the reported occurrence of Brycon falcatusin the rio Parnaíba basin to be based on a mislabelled specimen, and that the holotypeof B. matrinchaowas actually collected somewhere in the Amazon basin, perharps in the rio Tocantinsbasin.
Géry & Mahnert (1992: 800–802)identified as a possible new species specimens of Bryconbelonging to the INPA collection from the rio Aripuanã and Lago Amanã. These specimens were considered by Géry & Mahnert (1992)to be distinct from Brycon brevicauda, and similar to B. bicolor, by possessing the dark pigmentation confined to the upper caudal-fin lobe. We have examined one of the lots studied by Géry & Mahnert (1992)(INPA 16412, from the rio Aripuanã) and specimens from the Lago Amanã and nearby areas (MZUSP 99213, MCP 29776, MCP 29774, MCP 29771, MCP 29775). As noticed under the item “Variation”, above, the intensity of pigmentation in the lower caudal-fin lobe vary in intensity across the populations of Brycon falcatus, with a distinct east-west clinal tendence of decrease of intensity of pigmentation in the lower caudal-fin lobe. The population of Brycon falcatusfrom the rio Madeira basin is variable in this respect, and specimens ranging from a lower caudalfin lobe much less pigmented than the upper caudal-fin lobe to specimens presenting a almost symmetric, V-shaped caudal-fin blotches are present in the area, while specimens from the lago Amanã area typically possess a lower caudal-fin lobe much less pigmented than the upper caudal-fin lobe, a condition which is in fact a rule for B. falcatuspopulations from the western Amazon (see item “Variation”, above). In sum, the purported specific distinctness of the populations from the rio Aripuanã and Lago Amanã hypothesized by Géry & Mahnert (1992)constitute actually only in the extreme of a continuous variation of the lower-caudal fin pigmentation within Brycon falcatuspopulations.
Material examined. Typematerial. MNHNA.9894 ( 1, 169.5 mmSL): " L'Amazone" (= Brazil, Goiás, Salinas, c. 13°40’S, 50°14’W, rio Araguaiabasin); F. de Castelnau, 1844. Paralectotypeof Chalceus hilariiValenciennes(designated by Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 815). BMNH1849.4.8: 42, 49 (2, 87.4–92.7 mmSL): “ RioCapin” (= Brazil, Pará, RioCapim); “purch. Stevens” (i.e., collected by H.W. Bates); syntypesof Brycon brevicauda Günther, 1864. BMNH1842.4.20.13 (1, 232.0 mm SL): “ Rio Jocintins” (= Rio Tocantins, Brazil); “pres. by M. Gardiner”; syntype of Brycon brevicaudaGünther.MNHN 87746-748 (3, 110.0– 120.9 mmSL): “Orénoque”, Chaffanjon. Syntypesof Brycon bicolorPellegrin. ANSP69619( 1, 149.2 mmSL): Brazil: “ RioParnahyba; Therezina; Piauhy”; R. von Ihering, 1936. Holotype of Brycon matrinchaoFowler. Non types. French Guyana. MNHN2000-4476( 1, 162.6 mmSL): Maroni Riverat Maripasoula, 3°38’48’’N, 54°2’27’’W; IRD-Cayenne, 15 June 1999. MNHN1999-1451(1, 102.0 mm SL): Maroni River, Saut Singatelet, c. 4°20’N, 54°23’W; P. Planquette, 15 Oct 1979. MNHN 2004-0345 (1, 99.1 mmSL); MNHN2004-0243(1, 70.9 mmSL): Saint Laurent du Maroni, 5°28’N, 54°3’W; O. Tostain, 2003. MNHN1998-1822( 1, 257.9 mmSL): Saint Laurent du Maroni, 5°28’N, 54°3’W; P.- Y. Le Bail, no date. Suriname, Nickerie District: MZUSP38255(4, 1 cs, 116.9–131.6 mmSL): woodland stream about 0.5 kminland of Camp Mataway, Corantijn Riverbasin, 4°48'N, 57°43'W; R.P. Vari, 21 Sept 1980. USNM225975(2, 129.1–152.0 mm SL): small creek entering Corantijn River, on east side approx. 300 mnorth of Amotopoboat landing, 3°33’N, 57°40’W; R.P. Vari et al., 19 Sept 1980. USNM225625(3, 134.7– 141.2 mmSL): creek opposite logging camp, 2 and a half hours S of Matapi, approx. 2 kmdownstream Cow Falls, 4°59’N, 57°38’W; R.P. Vari et al., 11 Sept 1980. USNM226161(66, 77.1–108.1 mmSL): Corantijn Riverat km 180, side channel along Surinameseshore, 5°8’N, 57°18’W; R.P. Vari et al., Sept 1980. USNM225624(4, 127.6– 136.6 mmSL): Mataway Creekapproximately 8 kmfrom its intersection with Corantjin River, 4°47'N, 57°45'W; R.P. Vari et al., 11 Sept 1980. USNM226122(9, 96.7–140.0 mm SL): Matapi Creekca. 1 kmfrom intersection with Corantijn River, 5°00'N, 57°16'W; R.P. Vari et al., 9 Sept 1980. AMNH54849( 98.9– 118.8 mmSL): stream near Camp Avanavaro, about 3 mi. downstream of Devis Falls(Kabalebo Riverdrainage); R.P. Vari et al., 7 Dec 1979. AMNH54976(5, 103.4– 114.2 mmSL): small stream just south of Tiger Fallson Corantijn Riverapprox. km 405, c. 4°0’N, 58°2’W; R.P. Vari et al., 11 Dec. 1979. AMNH54876(7, 100.2– 124.3 mmSL): Toeboeroe creek, trib. Corantjin Riverat km 220; R.P. Vari et al., 8 Dec 1979. AMNH54764(9, 97.4– 113.7 mmSL): Corantijndrainage, Kapoeri Creekabout 7 kmfrom intersection with Corantjin River; R.P. Vari et al., 5 Dec 1979. AMNH54904(10, 90.0– 105.9 mmSL): small inlets on sand bar opposite entrance of Matawai creekin Corantjin River; R.P. Vari et al., 8 Dec 1979. Guyana, Essequibo Riverbasin. MCZ30162 ( 1, 193.3 mmSL); FMNH53352(2, 196.5–222.0 mm SL): Tukeit, Potaro River, c. 5°16’N, 59°23’W; C.H. Eigenmann, 1908. FMNH7472( 1, 188.8 mmSL): same locality; S.E. Shideler, 1908. AMNH73000(6, 82.5–124.9 mmSL): Mazaruni-Potaro District, Cuyuni River, just upstream of Caowry Creek, c. 6°23’N, 58°43’W; R.E. Schmidt, K. Schmidt& R. Pappantoniou, 18 Aug 1983. UMMZ216328(2, 102.1–107.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, Bartica, 6°24’N, 58°37’W; Carslon & Persand, 12 Sept 1971. UMMZ 216215 (3, 41.4–50.6 mmSL): small creek trib. Essequibo River, south of Bartica; F. Cichocki, 21 May 1972. UMMZ216492(2, 51.2–66.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, opposite Bartica; F. Cichocki& Douglas, 4 June 1972. UMMZ216401(1, 38.3 mmSL): Essequibo River, east bank up to Makouria Quarry; F. Cichocki et al., 18 May 1972. BMNH1972.19.17: 1398-1411(14, 82.7–125.6 mmSL): Essequibo River, Moraballi, c. 6°12’N, 58°34’W; R. Liley, 3 Nov 1959. FMNH53350(1, 89.7 mmSL): Essequibo River, Rockstone, 6°1’N, 58°34’W; C.H. Eigenmann, 1908. ANSP177356(2, 185.0–255.0 mm SL): Siparuni River, Levi Falls Creek; G. Watkins et al., 5 Dec 1997. ANSP175740(1, 250.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, approx. 3 hours above Kupurukarifield station; W.G. Saul et al., 30 Jan 1997. ANSP178559(1, 248.0 mm SL): Burro Burro River: ca.35 minutes upstream from Burro Burrocampsite ( Water Dog Rapids), 4°10'48''N, 58°50'46''W; G.G. Watkins et al., 22 Jan 1997. ANSP175455(1, 106.0 mm SL): Siparuni VIII-2, blackwater creek tributary of Burro Burro River, upstream from Burro Burrocampsite, 4°42'47''N, 58°51'46''W; G.G. Watkins et al., 21 Jan 1997. ANSP175451( 1, 141.4 mmSL): Siparuni VIII-2, clear water creek at campsite 3.1 milesfrom Kurupukari, field station on Kurupukari-Surema RiverRoad ( Tigercr.), 4°38'00''N, 58°42'59''W; W.G. Saul et al., 5 Febr 1997. ANSP 176666 (1, 252.0 mm SL); ANSP176667( 1, 165.3 mmSL): Burro Burro River, Water Dog Falls, 4°10'48''N, 58°50'46''W; E. McBirney et al., 17–20 Nov 1997. ANSP176668( 1, 137.4 mmSL): Burro Burro River, Lunch Rock, 4°41'28''N, 58°51'8''W; C. Watson et al., 20 Nov 1997. ANSP176667( 1, 165.3 mmSL): same locality; G. Watkins et al., 17 Nov 1997. ANSP175456( 1, 134.4 mmSL): Siparuni VIII-2, Paddle Rock lake, ca. 15 min downstream from Essequibocampsite, Essequibo River, 4°43'57''N, 58°42'53''W; W.G. Saul, 27 Jan 1997. ANSP176669( 1, 135.2 mmSL): Essequibo River, black water creek 2 kmdownstream from Paddle Rockcampsite, 4°45'40''N, 58°43'05''W; C. Watson et al., 24 Nov 1997. ANSP175454( 1, 100.7 mmSL): Siparuni VIII- 2, Essequibo River, 180 yd. upstream from Essequibocampsite ( Maipuri), 4°45'43''N, 58°45'52''W; D. Allicock, 27 Jan 1997. ANSP176670(2, 128.4– 134.3 mmSL): Siparuni River, small side stream of Siparuninext to Tumble DownFalls, 4°48'39''N, 58°51'11''W; G. Watkins et al., 8 Dec 1997. ANSP175457( 1, 121.3 mmSL): Siparuni VIII-2, Essequibo River: sandbars in vicinity of Maipuricampsite, 4°34'17''N, 58°35'17''W; W.G. Saul et al., 2 Feb. 1997. ROM64251 (2, 93.1–101.9 mmSL): Region6 ( Kurupukari), about 1.6 kmdownstream from Tambikaboinlet, 4°48’40’’N, 58°49’20’’W; E. Holm et al., 13 Oct 1990. ANSP39752(3, 86.3–109.1 mmSL): Rupununi River(no precise locality); J. Ogilvie, 1911. BMNH1972.7.27:52-76 (25, 79.5–255.0 mm SL): Rupununi District(no precise locality); R.H. Lowe McConnel, no date. MNHN A. 8614 ( 1, 244.3 mmSL, half skin); MNHN A.9831 ( 1, 112.4 mmSL); MNHN 4388 (2, 110.0– 115.8 mmSL); MNHN101(2, 205.3– 218.3 mmSL): “Fl. Essequibo, GuyaneAnglaise”; R. Schomburgk, no date. Venezuela, RíoOrinoco basin, Depto. Amazonas: AMNH93064( 1, 197.7 mmSL): RioMavaca, upriver from base camp, at tributary, c. 2°31’N, 65°10’W; C.J. Ferraris, A. Machado-Allison et al., 18–20 March 1989. AMNH93065( 1, 202.8 mmSL): RíoMavaca, at base camp, c. 2°31’N, 65°10’W; C.J. Ferraris& J. Daly, 17 March 1989. ANSP159731(1, 114.0 mm SL): RíoSipapo, above Pendare, 4°51’N, 67°44’W; B. Chernoff et al., 12 Nov 1985. ANSP159734(1, 91.5 mmSL): Cañoentering RíoSipapo at raudal del Caldero, c. 3 kmabove confluence with RíoOrinoco, 5°4’N, 67°46’W; B. Chernoff et al., 14 Nov 1985. ANSP159732( 1, 110.1 mmSL): morichal 26.9 kmfrom Puerto Ayacucho, along PuertoAyacucho- Caicarahighway; B. Chernoff et al., 15 Nov 1985. ANSP159733( 1, 127.2 mmSL): RíoCataniapo at bridge on Puerto Ayacucho-Samariapocarretera, 3 kmS of Puerto Ayacucho, 5°32'N 67°31'W; B. Chernoff et al., 11 Nov 1985. FMNH85689(4, 2 cs, 92.4–147.7 mmSL): 50 kmtowards Puerto Ayacuchofrom Puerto Novo; J. Thomerson et al., 14 Jan 1975. USNM 270181(3, 97.3–120.0 mm SL): LagunaProvincial, approx. 20 kmnorth of Puerto Ayacucho, 5°50’N, 67°30’W; R.P. Vari et al., 1 Dec 1984. INHS61580( 1, 118.3 mmSL): Caño Agua Linda(trib. RíoOrinoco), 5°50'24''N 67°27'10''W; L.M. Page et al., 22 Jan 1992. ANSP159730(2, 83.9–97.7 mmSL): Cañocrossing PuertoAyacucho-El Burrohwy., c. 7 kmfrom intersection of Puerto Ayacucho-Caicarahwy., 5°56’N, 67°21’W; B. Chernoff et al., 14 Nov 1985. ANSP159721( 1, 109.3 mmSL): RíoOrinoco at El Burro, 6°12’N, 67°26’W; B. Chernoff et al., 26 Nov 1985. BMNHuncat. (1, 86.5 mmSL): RíoOrinoco, Puerto Ayacucho, 5°40’N, 67°38’W; Delmastro, July 1980. UMMZ240018(3, 94.8–136.0 mm SL): mouth of Río Guaviare, opposite San Fernandode Atabapo, 4°2’N, 67°43’W; J.S. Albert et al., 2 Jan 1994. UMMZ239924(1, 93.7 mmSL): RíoOrinoco, 5 kmupstream from San Fernandode Atabapo, c. 4°2’N, 67°40’W; J.S. Albert et al., 27 Dec 1993. ANSP 161212(8, 106.4– 149.8 mmSL): RíoVentuari ca. 12 kmfrom its confluence with RíoOrinoco, 4°4’N, 66°56’W; B. Chernoff et al., 25 March 1987. FMNH 104026 ( 1, 100.4 mmSL); FMNH 104027 (1, 92.6 mmSL); FMNH104028( 1, 117.5 mmSL): RíoVentuari, c. 12 kmabove mouth in RíoOrinoco, LagunaPavón, 4°4’N, 66°56’W; B. Chernoff et al., 24 Jan 1991. FMNH 161210( 1, 157.1 mmSL): RíoIguapo (trib. RíoOrinoco), c. 1 hr. above its mouth, 3°7’N, 65°28’W; H. Lopez et al., 13 March 1987. CAS-SU52635 ( 1, 102.8 mmSL): RioOrinoco, Orinocobifurcation, Tamatamabeach, c. 3°9’N, 65°51’W; C. Ternetz, 14 March 1925. CAS-SU64370( 1, 230 mmSL): RioOrinoco bifurcation, Cano Tamatamainto RioOrinoco, c. 3°9’N, 65°51’W; C. Ternetz, 17 March 1925. Estado Bolívar: ANSP159736( 1, 100.7 mmSL): RíoCaura at Puerto Las Majadas, 7°38’N, 64°50’W; L. Aguana, 23 Nov 1985. MZUSP96418(1, 54.2 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, RíoOrinoco, Puerto Cedeño, 7°39’6’’N, 66°10’34’’W; M.C.C. de Pinna& P. Hernadez, 20 July 2004. LBP 2187 (2, 98.4–147.6 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, Lagunade Castilleros, 7°30’51’’W, 66°9’20’’W; A. Granado, 17 Jul 2004. LBP 3027 (4, 101.2–172.0 mm SL): Caicara del Orinoco, RíoOrinoco, 7°38’11’’N, 66°19’4’’W; C. Oliveira& A. Granado, 2 Oct 2005. CAS-SU68916( 1, 107.8 mmSL); CAS-SU 54649 ( 1, 101.4 mmSL); CAS-SU 56 784 ( 1, 103.3 mmSL); CAS-SU54566( 1, 104.5 mmSL): Caño de Quiribana, near Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz, April– May 1925. UF 80419 ( 1, 112.1 mmSL); UF 80474 ( 1, 125.3 mmSL): bridge on RíoChaviripa on Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo(Puerto Ayacucho) road, c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; D.C. Taphorn et al., 16 Apr 1984. ANSP159729( 1, 102.9 mmSL): river and flooded area 15 kmN of Maniapureon Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy. ( RíoChaviripa?), c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; B. Chernoff et al., 16 Nov 1985. MZUSP96499(1, 69.2 mmSL): Cedeño, RíoParguaza, Puente Parhueña village, 5°53’30’’N, 67°24’14’’W; M.C.C. de Pinna& C. Oliveira, 19 Jul 2004. Estado Apure: MZUSP62447(2, 104.6– 124.4 mmSL): Apure, laguna near Caño La Pica; F. Provenzano et al., 14 May 1989. INHS61479(3, 84.6–113.5 mmSL): Apure, Caño San Miguel(trib. RíoCínaruco), 6°34’24’’N 67°17’32’’W; L.M. Page et al., 20 Jan 1992. INHS61402( 1, 115.1 mmSL): LagunaLarga ( RíoCínaruco), 6°33’19’’N 67°24’49’’W; L.M. Page et al., 19 Jan 1992. FMNH 69901 (1, 89.3 mmSL); FMNH69902(8, 94.1– 169.4 mmSL): RíoCinaruco, c. 6°33’N, 67°18’W; W.P. Braker& Zunwalt, Feb 1967. Venezuela, Depto. Amazonas, RioNegrobasin: ANSP 161211( 1, 102.4 mmSL): RíoPamoni, lagoon ca. 0.5 kmfrom confluence of RíoCasiquiare, 2°50’N, 65°53’W; B. Chernoff et al., 18 March 1987. ANSP162802(1, 272.0 mm SL): mouth of RíoPamoni at RíoCasiquiare, 2°49’N, 65°55’W; W.G. Saul et al., 18 March 1987. CAS-SU 56148 ( 1, 109.5 mmSL); CAS-SU 54738 ( 1, 127.7 mmSL); CAS-SU 54652 (2, not measured); CAS-SU54652(2, 107.9– 117.2 mmSL): RioCasiquiare, Laje Curare(not located); C. Ternetz, 2 March 1925. CAS-SU54653(2, 113– 124.6 mmSL): RioCasiquiare, Punta de la IslaGuachancho; C. Ternetz, 26 Febr1925. USNM 270180( 1, 105.4 mmSL): San Carlos de RíoNegro, RíoNegroabove town landing, 1°55’N, 67°3’W; A. Machado et al., 3 Dec 1984. USNM 270182(5, 80.8–99.8 mmSL): RíoNegroabout 0.5 hour above San Carlos de RíoNegro, 1°58’N, 67°4’W; R.P. Vari et al., 4 Dec 1984. CAS-SU 54651 ( 1, 109.8 mmSL); CAS-SU69885(1, 106.0 mm SL): RioNegro, sandy point n. of “ Amanadona” (= Santa Rosa de Amanadona, 1°28’30’’N, 66°54’30’’W); C. Ternetz, 21 Febr1925. Colombia, RíoOrinoco basin: NRM26206 (1, 70.5 mmSL): Prov. Guainía, Río Guaviaredrainage, Caño Carbón, Cuayare, 3°56'N 67°50'W; T. Hongslo, 28 June1976. Brazil, rio Capimbasin: MZUSP17894( 1, 115.1 mmSL): Pará, São Domingos do Capim, igarapé Pirajauara, trib. rio Capim, c. 1°44’S, 47°47’W; EPA, 12 Aug 1970. MZUSP17957(5, 79.2–92.4 mmSL): Pará, Badajós, lago Maria Preta, rio Capim, c. 2°30’S, 47°40’W; EPA, 18 Aug 1970. Rio Tocantinsbasin. Pará: MZUSP18051(9, 143.8– 160.1 mmSL): ParanáSamuuma, mouth of rio Tocantins, c. 1°56’S, 49°12’W; EPA, 4 Sept 1970. MZUSP18068(15, 100.4– 127.6 mmSL): Mocajuba, igarapé Oxipucu, 2°34’S, 49°31’W; EPA, 8 Sept 1970. MZUSP18087(30, 1 cs, 98.1–113.9 mmSL): rio Tocantins, between Mocajubaand Baião, c. 2°39’S, 49°37’W; EPA, 9 Sept 1970. INPA 16424 ( 1, 191.9 mmSL); INPA 16368 ( 1, 119.7 mmSL); INPA 16386 (1, 168.0 mm SL); INPA16382( 1, 146.4 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Acarí Pucu, 2°42’S, 49°43’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1981–1982. MZUSP18089(5, 106.4–112.0 mm SL): Baião, rio Tocantins, 2°48’S, 49°41’W; EPA, 9–10 Sept 1970. MZUSP18077(21, 103.4– 135.3 mmSL): Baião, igarapé do Limão, rio Tocantins; EPA, 9 Sept 1970. MZUSP18195(3, 100.3–105.0 mm SL): igarapé dos Cinco, km 5 on road Tucuruí-Mato Grosso; EPA, 22 Sept 1970. MZUSP18200( 1,111.5 mmSL): igarapé Urubu, near posto Trocará, rio Tocantins; EPA, 24 Sept 1970. INPA 16392 (2, 206.7– 210.9 mmSL); INPA16373(2, 141.4– 146.7 mmSL): Icangui, rio Tocantins, 3°27’S, 49°36’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1980–1985. MZUSP18115(4, 112.9– 196.6 mmSL): marginal lagoons of rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí; EPA, 14 Sept 1970. MZUSP61991( 1, 109.9 mmSL): Tucuruí, rio Tocantins, downstream Tucuruídam, 3°42'S 49°40'W; F.C.T. Lima, 17 May 2000. INPA16448( 1, 192.6 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Tucuruífish market; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 13 March 1982.. INPA16452(5, 43.3– 73.5 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Tucuruíreservoir, c. 4°2’S, 49°40’W; Martinho, 13 March 1986. INPA16431(3, 185.6– 199.1 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Breu Branco, c. 4°11’S, 49°37’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 13 May 1981. INPA16387(1, 95.3 mmSL): rio Tocantins, igarapé Pucuruizinho; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 9 July 1982. MZUSP 18145 (1, 84.3 mmSL); MZUSP18134(3, 89.3–98.9 mmSL): pool facing Jatobal, rio Tocantins, 4°32’S, 49°32’W; EPA, 17–18 Sept 1970. MZUSP18163(10, 88.9–111.1 mmSL): lagoon near canal do Capitariquara, near Jatobal, rio Tocantins; EPA, 18 Sept 1970. INPA16362(1, 109.0 mm SL);: Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 5°8’S, 49°19’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1980–1981. INPA16381(1, 84.6 mmSL): Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, Lago Gracílio; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 1 July 1982. MZUSP26924(1, 96.8 mmSL): Marabá, rio Tocantins, 5°9’S, 49°6’W; N.J.H. Smith, April 1979. MZUSP19260( 1, 193.8 mmSL): São João do Araguaia, at the confluence of rio Araguaiaand rio Tocantins, 5°22’S, 48°43’W; SUDEPE, 1977–1978. MZUSP31503( 1, 218.9 mmSL): Parauapebas, rio Itacaiúnas, igarapé Boa Vista; M. Goulding, Nov 1983. MZUSP 56946 (2, 199.2– 211.6 mmSL); MZUSP56943(3, 194.3– 212.9 mmSL): Parauapebas, rio Itacaiúnas, Caldeirão, Serra dos Carajás, c. 5°40’S, 50°16’W; M. Goulding, April–July 1983. MZUSP59100(5, 157.5– 164.1 mmSL): Parauapebas, Serra dos Carajás, rio Itacaiúnas, Cachoeira Carreira Comprida; M. Goulding, 14 Oct 1983. Mato Grosso:LBP 4005 (4, 113.3–125.0 mm SL): São Félix do Araguaia, Lago Morto, 11°40’0’’S, 50°51’00’’W; R. Devidé & C. Martins, 24 Oct 2006. MZUSP 17023 ( 1, 111.8 mmSL); MZUSP17024( 1, 113.7 mmSL): Santa Teresinha, rio Araguaia, 10°28’S, 50°30’W; H. A. Britski, Oct 1964. MZUSP54444(2, 127.1– 172.2 mmSL): rio Cristalino, c. 12°43’S, 50°42’W; R. A. Silvano, 3 Oct 1997. MZUSP16448(24, 121.1– 209.1 mmSL): rio São Domingos, trib. rio das Mortes, São Domingos village, 13°33’S, 51°25’W; Exp. Inst. Butantã/ Depto. de Zoologia, Sept–Oct 1949. MZUSP3845(15, 130.1– 215.7 mmSL): same locality; A. Hoge, 1950. MZUSP52332( 1, 190.9 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, 14°24’S, 50°59’W; R.S. A. Matias, July 1997. LBP 12816 (1, 97.9 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, 13°18’37’’S, 50°36’48’’W; R. Devidé et al., 29 Sept 2009. MZUSP62537(3, 172.0– 197.7 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, near ilha do Biratã, c. 14°30’S, 50°59’W; W. Severi et al., 25–26 July 1997. MZUSP18628(2, 184.6– 214.7 mmSL): Cocalinho, Lago Dumbá, rio Araguaia, c. 14°30’S, 50°59’W; EMGOPA, 1976. Maranhão: CAS68839 ( 1, 123.2 mmSL): rio Tocantinsbelow Imperatriz, 5°30’S, 47°31’W; C. Ternetz, 16 Apr 1924. Tocantins: INPA20064( 1, 126.3 mmSL): Caseara, rio Araguaia, lago das Ariranhas, P.E.Cantão, 9o43’47” S, 50o 9’14” W; Eq. Ictiologia INPA, 20 May 2000. UNT448( 1, 155.4 mmSL): Dueré, rio Formoso, c. 11°23’S, 49°41’W; NEAMB, 23 Aug 1997. UNT1971( 1, 107.3 mmSL): Tocantinópolis, ribeirão Matrinchã, c. 6°19’S, 47°26’W; NEAMB, 26 June 2000. CAS 68824 ( 1, 214 mmSL); CAS68825 (4, 181.5– 192.3 mmSL): Ribeirão Presídio, trib. Rio Tocantins, below Porto Nacional; C. Ternetz, 13 Feb 1924. UNT3457( 1, 129.7 mmSL): rio Tocantins, PortoNacional, 10°42’S, 48°25’W; NEAMB, 21 Feb 2002. UNT3225(1, 96.6 mmSL): Brejinho de Nazaré, riacho Sussuarana, c. 11°3’S, 48°35’W; NEAMB, 15 Feb 2002. UNT2013( 1, 131.3 mmSL): Peixe, rio Santa Tereza(trib. rio Tocantins), 11°47’S, 48°38’W; NEAMB, 12 April 2000. UNT 451 ( 1, 193.8 mmSL); UNT452( 1, 221.4 mmSL): Paranã, rio Paranã, 12°37’S, 47°53’W; NEAMB, 24–26 March 1998. UNT1970( 1, 106.4 mmSL): Paranã, rio Maranhão; NEAMB, 21 Apr 1998. Goiás: MCP17213 (1, 1, 190.2 mmSL): Luís Alves, rio Araguaia, marginal lagoons, 13°14'S, 50°35'W; F.L.T. Garro, 21 April 1994. MZUSP89614( 1, 111.7 mmSL): Luís Alves, rio Verde(trib. rio Araguaia), 13°9’28’’S, 50°30’22’’W; A. Akama, 10 Apr 2004. MZUSP52391( 1, 200.9 mmSL): rio Araguaia, Bandeirantes, 13°41’S, 50°48’W; R.S. A. Matias, July 1997. MZUSP48113(4, 197.7– 224.6 mmSL): Aragarças, rio Araguaia, c. 15°54’S, 52°15’W; W.P. Margarido, 6 July 1994. MZUSP70418( 1, 179.5 mmSL): Serra da Mesadam, rio Palmeirinha, 14°03'57'’S, 48°29'37'’W; D.F. Moraes& D. A. Halboth, 8 June 1997. MZUSP70415( 1, 243.7 mmSL): rio Maranhão, old bridge between Uruaçuand Niquelândia, 14°31'27'’S, 49°2'33'’W; D.F. Moraes et al., 7 April 1998. MZUSP70416(1, 85.4 mmSL): rio Maranhão, between the mouth of rio Bagagemand rio Tocantizinho, 13°56'S, 48°17'W; D.F. Moraes& D. A. Halboth, 6 Dec 1996. MZUSP70417(2, 109.9– 245.6 mmSL): Serra da Mesadam, córrego Boa Nova, 13°47'00'’S, 48°25'01'’W; D.F. Moraes, 6 Feb 1997. RioXingu basin. Pará: MZUSP29922(3, 59.2–97.9 mmSL); MZUSP 56945 (151, 117.2– 193.5 mmSL); MZUSP 31448 ( 1, 153.5 mmSL); MZUSP 56811 ( 1, 155.7 mmSL); MZUSP 56947 ( 1, 194.3 mmSL); MZUSP 30755 (2, 82.6–93.8 mmSL); MZUSP58985(3, 97.1–100.9 mmSL): Belo Monte, rio Xingu, 3°7'S 51°42'W; M. Goulding, July–Aug 1983. MZUSP 29923 (3, 89.5–129.8 mmSL); MZUSP58986(4, 93.6–107.8 mmSL): Belo Monte, rio Xingu(rocky pool), 3°7'S 51°42'W; M. Goulding, 26 Sept 1983. MZUSP29928( 1, 103.4 mmSL): igarapé do Santo Antônio, near Belo Monte, rio Xingu; M. Goulding, 27 Sept 1983. INPA 15747 (4, 121.5– 130.4 mmSL); INPA 4225 (1, 86.4 mmSL); INPA15745( 1, 166.5 mmSL): rio Xingu, Altamirim, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, 3°16’21’’S, 52°12’7’’W; J. Zuanon, Oct 1996– Aug 1997. INPA15748( 1, 149.2 mmSL): rio Xingu, Souzel, ilha da Bela Vista, 3°24’22’S, 51°43’3’’W; J. Zuanon et al., 27–28 Sept 1996. ZUEC4487(1, 98.9 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Buraco do Inferno; J. Zuanon, 7 Sept 1997. INPA4226(4, 89.6–95.9 mmSL): rio Xingu, Ilhade Babaguara; L. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon, 5 Oct 1990. MZUSP105722( 1, 170.7 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Caitucá, 3°33’48’’S, 51°51’49’’W; Eq. Ictiologia UFPA, 14 Sept 2001. MNHN1998-1197(3, 97.1–181.1 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Caitucá, 3°33’48’’S, 51°51’49’’W; M. Jégu, Oct 1992. MZUSP106211(1, 159.0 mm SL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Paquiçamba, 3°33’44’S, 51°52’37’’W; Eq. Ictiologia UFPA, 5–6 Nov 2000. MZUSP36792(3, 106.9– 162.2 mmSL): rio Xingu, Cachoeira do Espelho, 3°39’2’’S, 52°22’46’’W; P.E. Vanzolini, 23–26 Oct 1986. Mato Grosso: MZUSP94946(2, 195.0–325.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, RioSucuri, trib. rio Culuene, 13°55’40’’S, 53°17’10’’W; A. Akama & J.L. Birindelli, 15–22 Jan 2006. MZUSP91924(1, 318.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, below future PCH Paranatinga II, 13°49’S, 53°15’W; J.L. Birindelli et al., 21 Aug 2006. MZUSP94962(3, 247.0–347.0 mm SL): same locality; F.C.T Lima et al., 19–20 May 2007. MZUSP94897(21, 4 skel., 278.0–355.0 mm SL): same locality; L.M. Sousa et al., July 2007. MZUSP98119(13, 311.0–380.0 mm SL): same locality; F.C.T. Lima et al., Oct 2007. MZUSP91857(1, c. 300 mmSL): Córrego do Lício, trib. rio Culuene, below PCH Paranatinga II, 13°50’22’’S, 53°14’59’’W; J.L. Birindelli et al., 21 Aug 2006. MZUSP98118(2, 297.0–336.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, rio Corgão, at its mouth, 13°48’7’’S, 53°15’0’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al., 4–14 Oct 2007. MZUSP98131(2, 309.0–401.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, Cachoeira do Adelino, 13°47’50’’S, 53°14’46’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al., 2–14 Oct 2007. MZUSP94377(3, 112.6– 187.3 mmSL): Canarana, lake at fazenda Miriam, rio Culuene, 13°25’48’’S, 53°2’24’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al., 23 May 2007. MZUSP56809( 1, 233.6 mmSL): Gaúcha do Norte, rio Xingu, confluence of rio Culueneand rio Sete de Setembro, 12°55’28’’S, 52°49’34’’W; M. Goulding et al., 23 Aug 1984. MZUSP 103199(1, 376.0 mm SL): Nova Ubiratã, rio Vonden Steinen, fazenda A.R.S., 13°5’35’’S, 54°49’8’’W; F. A. Machado et al., 21 Jan 2006. RioTapajós basin. Pará: MZUSP18255(8, 188.4– 210.1 mmSL); MZUSP21988(2, 92.7–117.7 mmSL): São Luís, rio Tapajós, 4°27'S 56°15'W; EPA, 4–8 Nov 1970. MZUSP 56955 (5, 159.5– 182.3 mmSL); MZUSP30759( 1, 114.7 mmSL): rio Tapajós, between Itaituba and São Luís, c. 4°23’S, 56°5’W; M. Goulding, Sept–Oct 1983. MZUSP58095(8, 103.2–146.0 mm SL): Itaituba, rio Tapajósabove Itaituba(rapids); M. Goulding, 22 Oct 1983. MZUSP25585( 1, 175.7 mmSL): rio Tapajós, between National Parkheadquarters and Ramal Saita, km 67, Parque Nacional da Amazônia, 4°33’S, 56°19’W; J.C. Oliveira, 4–6 Jan 1979. MZUSP22026(8, 99.3–122.9 mmSL): lago da Santa Clara, Monte Cristo, rio Tapajós, c. 4°1’S, 55°39’W; EPA, 6 Dec 1970. MZUSP25362(3, 88.6– 101.0 mm SL): igarapé Mambuaí, bridge at BR-230, Amazônia National Park, rio Tapajós; J.C. Oliveira, 15–31 Jul 1979. MZUSP25452(1, 94.2 mmSL): rio Tapajós, PortoFlexal, below Amazônia National Parkheadquarters, c. 4°37’S, 56°18’W; J.C. Oliveira, 15–31 July 1979. MZUSP 25436 (1, 94.2 mmSL); MZUSP25437(1, 84.4 mmSL): IlhaGrande, rio Tapajós, above Amazônia National Parkheadquarters; J.C. Oliveira, 15–31 July 1979. MZUSP18251(2, 143.3–206.0 mm SL): rio Tapajós, Barreirinha; EPA, Nov 1970. MZUSP18287(5, 123.7– 137.1 mmSL): lake facing Monte Cristo, rio Tapajós; EPA, 8 Dec 1970. MZUSP21876(1, 95.5 mmSL): Maloquinha, near Itaituba, rio Tapajós; EPA, 11–13 Nov 1970. MZUSP22081(16, 115.4– 135.3 mmSL): ilha da Barrerinha, rio Tapajós, near São Luís; EPA, 21 Nov 1970. MZUSP25504( 1, 139.9 mmSL): Furo do Sandro, rio Tapajós, above Pimental, Amazônia National Park; J.C. Oliveira, 6 Jan 1979. MZUSP25619(2, 126.3–155.0 mm SL): rio Tapajós, between Ramal Saitaand igarapé da Boa Vista, Amazônia National Park; J.C. Oliveira, 16 Jan 1979. MZUSP29926(8, 1 cs, 91.0– 103.4 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pederneiras, below Itaituba; M. Goulding, 14 Oct 1983. INPA 16410 (2, 146.5– 159.7 mmSL); INPA7058( 1, 131.5 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pimental, 4°34’29’’S, 56°15’44’’W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon, 22–24 Oct 1991. MZUSP92804( 1, 134.8 mmSL): Itaituba, rio Tapajós, 4°16’14’’S, 55°58’34’’W; J.L. Birindelli& L.M. Sousa, 7 Nov 2006. LBP 12871 (3, 147.4–225.0 mm SL): Itaituba, rio Tapajós, 4°33’10’’S, 56°18’00’’W; R. Britzke& CEPTAteam, 24 Sept 2011. INPA7292( 1, 132.3 mmSL): rio Tapajós(no specific locality); L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon, Oct 1991. INPA6969(18, 85.8–129.6 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pimental(rocky pool); L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel et al., 23 Oct 1991. INPA 6793 (4, 93.7–144.0 mm SL); INPA6636(2, 107.7– 132.3 mmSL): rio Jamanxim, trib. rio Tapajós, IlhaTerra Preta, 4°47’S, 56°24’W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon, 19–20 Oct 1991. MZUSP99926(3, 85.0– 102.9 mmSL): trib. rio Teles Pires, below Sete Quedasrapids, 9°18’27’’S, 56°47’38’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira, 9 June 2008. MZUSP99874( 1, 110.3 mmSL): rio Teles Pires, below Sete Quedasrapids, 9°18’42’’S, 56°46’47’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira, 9 June 2008. MZUSP 99564 (1, 42.5 mmSL); MZUSP99512(3, 191.7– 192.1 mmSL): rio Teles Pires, near Sete Quedasrapids, 9°20’20’’S, 56°46’30’’W; R. Hilário, 23–25 March 2008. Mato Grosso: MZUSP100055(3, 72.2–101.1 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, above Sete Quedas, 9°23’53’’S, 56°34’37’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira, 16 June 2008. MZUSP99996(2, 94.6–110.9 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, above Sete Quedas, 9°25’2’’S, 56°33’1’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira, 16 June 2008. MZUSP99574(1, 44.3 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, 9°25’5’’S, 56°32’21’’W; R. Hilário, 2 April 2008. MZUSP95620(14, 97.0–197.0 mm SL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, near ferry at MT-416 road, 9°27’7’’S, 56°30’46’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira, 27 Sept 2007. MZUSP106177(8, 250.0–405.0 mm SL): Alta Floresta, rio Cristalino, P.E. do Cristalino, c. 9°27’S, 55°50’W; S. A. A. Silva, 2004–2006. MZUSP100017(1, 120.0 mm SL): Novo Mundo, rio Nhandu(trib. rio Teles Pires), below Nhandudam, c. 9°53’S, 55°22’W; K. de Silimon, 19 Nov 2006. MZUSP62537( 1, 106.7 mmSL): Alta Floresta, rio Teles Pires, pesqueiro do Dentinho, c. 10°15’S, 55°49’W; F. A. Machado et al., 29–30 July 1997. MZUSP62508(2, 150.5– 174.8 mmSL): Alta Floresta, rio Teles Pires, Portodo Alcindo ( 1 kmbelow mouth of rio Peixoto de Azevedo), 9°59'25'’S, 55°33'48'’W; F. A. Machado et al., 29–30 July 1997. MZUSP96822(2, 210.0–220.0 mm SL): Peixoto de Azevedo, Cachoeira da Neblina, trib. rio Peixoto de Azevedo, 10°23’10’’S, 54°18’22’’W; J.L. Birindelli et al., 18 Oct 2007. MZUSP95866(2, 157.5– 159.2 mmSL): Itaúba, rio Teles Pires, 10°58’30’’S, 55°44’3’’W; J.L. Birindelli& P.H. Carvalho, 1 Oct 2007. MZUSP99135(1, 290.0 mm SL): Itaúba, rio Renato(trib. rio Teles Pires), 11°4’24’’S, 55°14’35’’W; P. Hollanda-Carvalho& S. Lima, 26 Feb 2008. MZUSP99385(1, 392.0 mm SL): Itaúba, rio Teles Pires, below mouth of rio Renato, 11°3’44’’S, 55°19’8’’W; P. Hollanda-Carvalho& S. Lima, 19 Feb 2008. MZUSP62559( 1, 417.9 mmSL): Sinop, rio Teles Pires, Ilhado Peixeirinho, 11°34’55’’S, 55°38’53’’W: F. A. Machado et al., 1–2 Aug 1997. ZUEC9190(1, 345.0 mm SL): Sinop, rio Teles Pires, 11°35’17’’S, 55°39’36’’W; L. Matos& L.N. Carvalho, 19 Nov 2014. MZUSP82015(1, 409.0 mm SL): Lucas do RioVerde, rio Verde(trib. rio Teles Pires), 13°3’S, 55°54’W; K. de Silimon, 16 March 2001. MZUSP56785(2, 199.5– 233.6 mmSL): Portodos Gaúchos, rio Arinos, 11°32’S, 57°25’W; M. Goulding, 19 Aug 1984. MZUSP92633(1, 279.0 mm SL): Sapezal, rio Juruena, below future PCH Telegráfica, 12°41’22’’S, 58°56’47’’W; K. de Silimon et al., 15 Sept 2006. MZUSP95506(1, 271.0 mm SL): Sapezal, rio Papagaioat mouth of rio Buriti, road Sapezal/ Brasnorte, 12°47’6’’S, 58°23’5’’W; F. A. Machado et al., 7–9 Oct 2006. MZUSP61056( 1, 202.2 mmSL); MZUSP60423(2, 255.7– 263.5 mmSL): Nova Mutum, rio Arinos, Fervedouro, fazenda Fervedouro, 14°13'10'’S 56°01'43'’W; F.C.T. Lima et al., 18–19 Feb 2000. MZUSP 61133 (3, 219.3– 247.1 mmSL); MZUSP 61132 (9, 211.9– 434.7 mmSL); MZUSP91506(3, 210.0–247.0 mm SL): Nova Mutum, rio Arinos, 14°13’S, 56°2’W; J. M. Mendes, 1999–2000. MZUSP 67832 (130, 11 cs, 16.9–53.2 mmSL): Nova Mutum, piscicultura Buriti (stocked juveniles); H.F. Mendes, 10 Feb 2000. USNM 194317 (1, 86.5 mmSL); USNM 199204 (3, 151.3– 194.8 mmSL); USNM194390(2, 170.9– 177.5 mmSL): “ Upper Juruena-Arinos” (no precise locality); H. Schultz, 1962. Rio Madeirabasin. Rondônia: MZUSP14028(6, 104.9– 130.7 mmSL): Cururu, rio Machado, c. 8°13’S, 62°46’W; M. Goulding, April 1978. UF 100614( 1, 207.6 mmSL): RioCandeias ca. 2 kmabove from its mouth, c. 8°38’S, 63°33’’W; J.P. Viana, 14 May 1994. INPA16437( 1, 112.1 mmSL): rio Jamari, diverting channel of UHE Samuel(cofferdam), 8°45’S, 63°27’W; G.M. Santos, 7–9 June 1988. INPA16413(6, 257.6– 272.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, below Samueldam (igapó); G.M. Santos, 27 March 1986. INPA16457( 1, 284.8 mmSL): igarapé Japiim, c. 45 kmabove Samueldam, c. 9°12’S, 63°13’W; G.M. Santos, 13 June 1985. INPA16458( 1, 319.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, above Samueldam; G.M. Santos, 7 Dec 1984. LBP 5146 (1, 215.0 mm SL): Ji-Paraná, rio Machado, 10°46’36’’S, 61°55’12’’W; J. Damaceno& W. Troy, 22 Aug 2007. INPA16459( 1, 325.2 mmSL): Ariquemes, rio Jamari, below rio Canaãmouth, 9°56’S, 63°5’W; G.M. Santos, 15 Nov 1983. INPA16363(6, 110.5– 148.3 mmSL): mouth of rio Guaporé, Surpresa, 11°53’S, 65°1’W; G.M. Santos, 16 Jun 1984. INPA16356(1, 246.0 mm SL): Pimenteiras do Oeste, rio Guaporé, 13°29’S, 61°3’W; G.M. Santos, 30 Nov 1984. CAS68857 ( 1, 241.6 mmSL): RioGuaporé, Maciel, c. 12°34’S, 63°30’W; J.D. Haseman, 26 Jul 1909. Mato Grosso: MZUSP77402( 1, 186.8 mmSL): Panelas, rio Roosevelt, above the rapids, 9°11’17’’S, 60°44’53’’W; F. A. Machado et al., 17–18 July 1997. INPA16389(3, 161.3– 191.1 mmSL): rio Aripuanã, Lago Genipapo; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 20 Aug 1976. INPA16412(5, 102.0– 127.1 mmSL): rio Aripuanã, Ilhado Castanhal; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA, 20 Aug 1976. INPA16395( 1, 283.2 mmSL): rio Aripuanã, 3 kmbelow Cachoeira Grande, c. 10°8’S, 59°26’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 8 Nov 1976. MZUSP 103036(1, 290.0 mm SL): Aripuanã, rio Aripuanã, below Saltode Dardanelos, 10°10’6’’S, 59°26’50’’W; F. A. Machado et al., 17 Sept 2004. MZUSP 103037(1, 225.0 mm SL): rio Verde, trib. rio Guaporé, Brazil/ Boliviaborder, 14°7’36’’S, 60°28’30’’W; O. A. Cantelmo & L. Barbosa, 13–21 Aug 2005. MZUSP94990(2, 230.0–264.0 mm SL): Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, rio Guaporé, 15°1’S, 59°49’W; R.O. Mascarenhas et al., 5 Dec 2006. RioNegrobasin. Amazonas: CAS68836 (2, 116.4– 119 mmSL): market at Manaus; C. Ternetz, Dec 1924. MZUSP6136( 1, 162.8 mmSL): rio Negro, above Manaus, c. 3°4’S, 60°16’W; EPA, 22–25 April 1967. MZUSP 59076 (3, 143.7– 178.4 mmSL); MZUSP 59075 ( 1, 202.7 mmSL); MZUSP 59078 (1, 215.0 mm SL); MZUSP 59081 ( 1, 240.8 mmSL); MZUSP 59087 (2, 100.6– 196.5 mmSL): Anavilhanas, Lago do Prato; G. Borges, May 1981– June 1982. MZUSP 59084 (1, 190.0 mm SL): rio Negro, Anavilhanas, lago Xilauá(igapó); G. Borges, Aug 1981. MZUSP56782(3, 182.8–200.0 mm SL); MZUSP 59083 (4, 102.0– 120.3 mmSL); MZUSP 59082 ( 1, 102.3 mmSL); MZUSP59073(10, 89.4– 114.7 mmSL): rio Negro, Anavilhanas, c. 2°43’S, 60°41’W; M. Goulding, Oct 1979– Dec 1980. MZUSP59077(1, 188.0 mm SL): Anavilhanas, rio Negro, Lago Camauiri(igapó): G. Borges, July 1981. MZUSP59079( 1, 132.8 mmSL): rio Negro, Anavilhanas; G. Borges, Oct 1981. MZUSP27333(4, 81.1–96.4 mmSL): Ayrão Velho, mouth of rio Padauari, rio Negro, 2°6’S, 61°13’W; L.P. Portugal, 8 Nov 1982. MZUSP27328( 1, 104.8 mmSL): Moura, Pedra do Gavião, rio Negro, c. 1°27’S, 61°38’W; L.P. Portugal, 13–14 Nov 1982. MZUSP17658(1, 178.0 mm SL): RioJauaperi (trib. rio Negro), c. 1°16’S, 61°36’W; T.R. Roberts, Nov 1968. MCP46478 (1, 26.3 mmSL): igarapé Cambeua(trib. RioJauaperi), 1° 30’53’’S, 61° 27’33’’W; P. Petry, 28 Jan 2011. MZUSP59074(9, 91.6–113.9 mmSL): rio Negro, Cachoeira do Buiu-Açú, c. 0°30’S, 64°50’W; M. Goulding, Oct 1979. MZUSP45526( 1, 103.3 mmSL): rio Negro, Tapera, c. 0°12’S, 64°4’W; EPA, 1 Nov 1972. MZUSP59086(2, 144.7–206.0 mm SL): rio Negro, below rio Daraá(rapids), c. 0°27’S, 64°44’W; M. Goulding, 16 Feb 1980. MZUSP59080( 1, 285.3 mmSL): igarapé do Acará, São Pedro(igapó), c. 0°21’S, 66°36’W; M. Goulding, May 1979. LBP 6878 (2, 82.2–93.7 mmSL): São Gabriel da Cachoeira, rio Negro, 0°8’ 9’’ S, 67°05’3’’ W; C. Oliveira et al., 11 Aug 2008. MZUSP91576(3, 127.1– 138.1 mmSL): RioUaupés (no precise locality); J. Chernella, no date. MZUSP91493(1, 226.0 mm SL): RioTiquié, between Caruruand Boca de Sal villages, 0°16’N, 69°54’W; M.C. Lopes, 2001– 2002. RioBranco basin, Roraima: MZUSP59085(6, 120.8– 202.9 mmSL): Marará, rio Branco; M. Goulding, 26 Oct 1979. USNM202716( 1, 231.4 mmSL): RioXeruini, c. 60 kmabove mouth, c. 1°55’S, 61°55’W; M.R. Brittan, 28 April 1964. MZUSP 56944 ( 1, 198.1 mmSL); MZUSP 59621 (3, 207.9– 252.6 mmSL); MZUSP56807(10, 203.2– 273.9 mmSL): rio Branco, cachoeira do Bem Querer, 1°55’N, 61°1’W; M. Goulding, 6–9 Jan 1984. MZUSP 29925 (1, 90.8 mmSL); MZUSP56778( 1, 200.3 mmSL): igarapé 2 kmabove Cachoeira do Bem Querer, rio Branco; M. Goulding, 9 Jan 1984. MZUSP29924(2, 84.6–86.8 mmSL): igarapé do Bota-Panela, near Cachoeira do Bem Querer, rio Branco; M. Goulding, 9 Jan 1984. MZUSP17756(3, 122.9– 134.4 mmSL): igarapé do Pau Roxo, trib. rio Uraricoera, Fazenda Canadá; T.R. Roberts, 18 Feb 1969. MZUSP 56781 (2, 211.4– 233.9 mmSL); MZUSP29927(5, 107.9– 116.7 mmSL): Igarapé do Cujobim, rio Branco, facing ilha de Maracá, c. 3°22’N, 61°22’W; M. Goulding, 13 Jan 1984. INPA16388(1, 169.0 mm SL): rio Mucajaí, c. 1 kmbelow Paredão, 2°56’47’’N, 61°34’34’’W; M. Jégu& E. Ferreira, 4 Oct 1986. INPA16394( 1, 262.6 mmSL): rio Mucajaí, c. 2 kmabove Paredão, 2°56’20’’N, 61°37’14’’W; M. Jégu& E. Ferreira, 3 Oct 1986. Other riversystems: Brazil, Amazonas: MZUSP99213(1, 117.0 mm SL): Lago Urini, mouth of rio Japurá, c. 2°9’S, 65°9’W; R.B. Barthem, 30 Sept 1979. MCP29771 ( 1, 121.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°32’47’’S, 64°40’10’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 14 Dec 1997. MCP29776 ( 1, 120.6 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°37’4’’S, 64°40’1’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 1 Dec 1998. MCP29774 ( 1, 128.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°28’28’’S, 64°43’20’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 15 Nov 1998. MCP29775 (2, 128.9– 131.6 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°27’23’’S, 64°43’35’’W; W.G.R. Crampton, 13 Dec 1997. MZUSP17592(1, 42.5 mmSL): rio Içapó, at mouth of rio Jutaí, c. 2°47’S, 66°49’W; EPA, 22 Oct 1968. MZUSP17530(8, 72.2–134.4 mmSL): Santo Antônio do Içá, igarapé da Cachoeira, Cuiauá, trib. rio Içá, c. 3°6’S, 67°57’W; EPA, 18 Oct 1968. MNRJ21470(1, 146.0 mm SL): rio Queixitoat mouth of rio Javari, 4°25’48’’S, 70°15’38’’W; A. Parko, 1952. Peru, Depto. Loreto: INHS106468(2, 97.1–134.4 mmSL); INHS106470(6, 93.5–119.2 mmSL): RíoNanay, Pampa Chica, 3°45’1’’S, 73°17’0’’W; M.H. Sabaj et al., 22–27 Jul 1997. Bolivia, Depto. Beni, Rio Madeirabasin: UMMZ204246(2, 164.1– 247.3 mmSL); UMMZ 204394 ( 1, 217.2 mmSL); UMMZ 204201 (1, 98.0 mm SL); UMMZ 204445 (2, 89.9–90.6 mmSL); UMMZ 204930 (1, 91.2 mmSL); UMMZ 204417 (1, 80.4 mmSL); UMMZ 204408 (2, 152.4– 204.1 mmSL); UMMZ204649(1, 251.0 mm SL): RíoItenez (= RioGuaporé), near CostaMarques, 12°27’S, 64°14’W; R.M. Bailey et al., Aug– Oct 1964. MNHN1989-1429(3, 120.2– 146.2 mmSL): RíoItenez, Boca Machupo, c. 12°27’S, 64°22’W; L. Lauzanne& G. Loubens, no date.
1425222878
2011-02-08
Capim
152
153
1
Tocantins
1425222888
[159,770,1506,1528]
1933-01-22
Guyana
Guyana
152
153
1
1425222903
MNHN
F. de Castelnau
Brazil
rio Araguaia
-13.666667
L'Amazone
1290
-50.233334
Salinas
157
158
1
Goias
holotype
1425222897
BMNH
Stevens & H. W. Bates
Brazil
Gery
Mahnert
157
158
1
Rio
paralectotype
1425222895
BMNH
M. Gardiner
Brazil
Rio Jocintins
157
158
BMNH 1842.4
1
Tocantins
syntype
1425222919
ANSP
Therezina & Piauhy & R. von Ihering
Brazil
Rio
157
158
ANSP 69619
1
Rio
syntype
1425222902
1999-06-15
MNHN
Guyana
3.6466665
Maripasoula
21
-54.040833
Non
157
158
MNHN 2000-4476
1
River
holotype
1425222912
1979-10-15
MNHN
P. Planquette
Guyana
4.3333335
Saut Singatelet
1306
-54.383335
157
158
MNHN 1999-1451
1
River
holotype
1425222891
MNHN
Saint Laurent du Maroni
Guyana
5.4666667
Saint Laurent du Maroni
1305
-54.05
157
158
MNHN 2004-0243
1
River
holotype
1425222905
MNHN
O. Tostain & Saint Laurent du Maroni & Y. Le Bail
Guyana
5.4666667
Saint Laurent du Maroni
1305
-54.05
157
158
MNHN 1998-1822
1
River
holotype
1425222935
1980-09-21
MZUSP
R. P. Vari
Suriname
4.8
Corantijn River
1306
-57.716667
Camp Mataway
157
158
MZUSP 38255
1
Nickerie District
holotype
1425222904
1980-09-19
USNM
R. P. Vari
Suriname
300
3.55
Amotopo
1307
-57.666668
157
158
USNM 225975
1
River
holotype
1425222916
1980-09-11
USNM
R. P. Vari
Suriname
4.9833336
Cow Falls
1306
-57.633335
Matapi
157
158
USNM 225625
1
River
holotype
1425222889
1980-09
USNM
R. P. Vari
Suriname
5.133333
Surinamese
1305
-57.3
157
158
USNM 226161
1
River
holotype
1425222879
1980-09-11
USNM
R. P. Vari
Suriname
4.7833333
Mataway Creek
1306
-57.75
157
158
USNM 225624
1
River
holotype
1425222932
1980-09-09
USNM
R. P. Vari
Suriname
5.0
Matapi Creek
1305
-57.266666
157
158
USNM 226122
1
River
holotype
1425222924
1979-12-07
AMNH
Camp Avanavaro & R. P. Vari
Suriname
Devis Falls
157
158
AMNH 54849
1
River
holotype
1425222931
1979-12-11
AMNH
R. P. Vari
Suriname
4.0
Tiger Falls
1307
-58.033333
157
158
AMNH 54976
1
River
holotype
1425222928
1979-12-08
AMNH
R. P. Vari
Suriname
Toeboeroe creek
157
158
AMNH 54876
1
River
holotype
1425222920
1979-12-05
AMNH
Corantijn & R. P. Vari
Suriname
Kapoeri Creek
157
158
AMNH 54764
1
River
holotype
1425222921
1979-12-08
AMNH
R. P. Vari
Guyana
Matawai creek
157
158
AMNH 54904
1
River
holotype
1425222925
MCZ
Guyana
River
157
158
1
River
holotype
1425222917
[209,1155,1556,1581]
FMNH
Guyana
5.266667
Tukeit
1305
-59.383335
157
158
FMNH 53352
1
River
holotype
1425222934
FMNH
C. H. Eigenmann & S. E. Shideler
Guyana
5.266667
Tukeit
1305
-59.383335
157
158
FMNH 7472
1
River
holotype
1425222918
1983-08-18
AMNH
R. E. Schmidt & K. Schmidt & R. Pappantoniou
Guyana
6.383333
Caowry Creek
1304
-58.716667
Mazaruni-Potaro District
157
158
AMNH 73000
1
River
holotype
1425222901
UMMZ
Guyana
6.4
Bartica
1304
-58.616665
157
158
UMMZ 216328
1
River
holotype
1425222913
[151,851,1735,1761]
1972-05-21
F. Cichocki
Guyana
Bartica
157
158
1
River
holotype
1425222929
1972-06-04
UMMZ
Bartica & F. Cichocki
Guyana
River
157
158
UMMZ 216492
1
River
holotype
1425222922
1972-05-18
UMMZ
Makouria Quarry & F. Cichocki
Guyana
River
157
158
UMMZ 216401
1
River
holotype
1425222923
1959-11-03
BMNH
R. Liley
Guyana
6.2
Moraballi
1305
-58.566666
157
158
1
River
holotype
1425222944
FMNH
Guyana
6.016667
Rockstone
1305
-58.566666
157
158
FMNH 53350
1
River
holotype
1425222936
1997-12-05
ANSP
C. H. Eigenmann & G. Watkins
Guyana
Levi Falls Creek
157
158
ANSP 177356
1
River
holotype
1425222937
1997-01-30
ANSP
Kupurukari & W. G. Saul
Guyana
River
157
158
ANSP 175740
1
River
holotype
1425222915
1997-01-22
ANSP
G. G. Watkins
Guyana
158
159
4.18
Water Dog Rapids
21
-58.84611
Burro Burro
157
158
ANSP 178559
1
River
holotype
1425222933
VIII- 2
ANSP
Guyana
4.713055
Burro Burro
21
-58.862778
Siparuni
158
159
ANSP 175455
1
River
holotype
1425222958
VIII- 2
ANSP
W. G. Saul
Guyana
Siparuni
4.633333
Tiger
21
-58.71639
Kurupukari
158
159
ANSP 175451
1
River
holotype
1425222927
1997-11-17
1997-11-20
1997-11-17
ANSP
E. McBirney
Guyana
4.18
Water Dog Falls
21
-58.84611
158
159
ANSP 176667
1
River
holotype
1425222941
1997-11-20
ANSP
C. Watson
Guyana
4.691111
Lunch Rock
21
-58.852222
158
159
ANSP 176668
1
River
holotype
1425222914
1997-11-17
ANSP
G. Watkins
Guyana
4.691111
Lunch Rock
21
-58.852222
158
159
ANSP 176667
1
River
holotype
1425222909
VIII- 2
ANSP
Siparuni
Guyana
Paddle Rock lake
158
159
ANSP 175456
1
holotype
1425222963
[683,1432,439,464]
1997-01-27
W. G. Saul
Guyana
4.7325
River
21
-58.71472
158
159
1
River
holotype
1425222945
1997-11-24
ANSP
C. Watson
Guyana
4.7611113
Paddle Rock
21
-58.718056
158
159
ANSP 176669
1
River
holotype
1425222957
VIII- 2
ANSP
Guyana
Siparuni
4.7619443
Maipuri
21
-58.764446
Essequibo
158
159
ANSP 175454
1
River
holotype
1425222953
1997-01-27
ANSP
D. Allicock
Guyana
4.8108335
Siparuni
21
-58.853054
158
159
ANSP 176670
1
River
holotype
1425222943
VIII- 2
ANSP
Guyana
4.5713887
Maipuri
21
-58.588055
Siparuni
158
159
ANSP 175457
1
River
holotype
1425222946
1997-02-02
ROM
W. G. Saul
Guyana
Region
4.8111115
Tambikabo
21
-58.82222
Kurupukari
158
159
1
River
holotype
1425222950
1990-10-13
ANSP
E. Holm & J. Ogilvie
Guyana
River
158
159
ANSP 39752
1
River
holotype
1425222948
BMNH
R. H. Lowe McConnel
Guyana
Rupununi District
158
159
1
Rupununi District
holotype
1425222956
[747,1249,799,824]
MNHN
Guyana
A
158
159
1
A
holotype
1425222942
MNHN
Guyana
A
158
159
1
A
holotype
1425222926
[822,1432,836,861]
MNHN
Guyana
Essequibo
158
159
MNHN 101
1
holotype
1425222930
[151,652,871,896]
R. Schomburgk
French Guiana
Guyane
158
159
1
holotype
1425222955
[672,1117,871,896]
Venezuela
Rio
158
159
1
Rio
holotype
1425222947
[1130,1264,871,896]
AMNH
Venezuela
Amazonas
158
159
AMNH 93064
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222949
[386,1393,908,933]
C. J. Ferraris
Venezuela
2.5166667
Rio
1307
-65.166664
158
159
1
Rio
holotype
1425222971
1989-03-18
1989-03-20
1989-03-18
Venezuela
A
158
159
1
A
holotype
1425222964
1989-03-17
AMNH
C. J. Ferraris & J. Daly
Venezuela
2.5166667
Rio
1307
-65.166664
158
159
AMNH 93065
1
Rio
holotype
1425222960
1985-11-12
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
4.85
Pendare
1306
-67.73333
158
159
ANSP 159731
1
Rio
holotype
1425222938
1985-11-14
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
5.0666666
Caldero
1305
-67.76667
Cano
158
159
ANSP 159734
1
Rio
holotype
1425222965
1985-11-15
ANSP
Puerto & Caicara & B. Chernoff
Venezuela
Ayacucho
158
159
ANSP 159732
1
Ayacucho
holotype
1425222984
1985-11-11
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
5.5333333
Puerto Ayacucho-Samariapo
1305
-67.51667
158
159
ANSP 159733
1
Rio
holotype
1425222952
1975-01-14
FMNH
Puerto Novo & J. Thomerson
Venezuela
Ayacucho
158
159
FMNH 85689
1
Ayacucho
holotype
1425222966
USNM
Venezuela
5.8333335
Laguna
1305
-67.5
158
159
USNM 270181
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222940
1984-12-01
INHS
R. P. Vari
Venezuela
5.84
Cano Agua Linda
21
-67.452774
158
159
INHS 61580
1
Rio
holotype
1425222939
1992-01-22
ANSP
L. M. Page
Venezuela
Cano
5.9333334
Burro
1305
-67.35
Puerto
158
159
ANSP 159730
1
Rio
holotype
1425222986
1985-11-26
ANSP
El Burro & B. Chernoff
Venezuela
6.2
El Burro
1305
-67.433334
158
159
ANSP 159721
1
Rio
holotype
1425222972
1980-07
BMNH
Delmastro
Venezuela
5.6666665
Rio
1305
-67.63333
158
159
1
Rio
holotype
1425222978
1994-01-02
UMMZ
J. S. Albert
Venezuela
4.0333333
Rio Guaviare
1307
-67.71667
158
159
UMMZ 240018
1
Rio Guaviare
holotype
1425222979
1993-12-27
UMMZ
J. S. Albert
Venezuela
4.0333333
Rio
1307
-67.666664
158
159
UMMZ 239924
1
Rio
holotype
1425222974
1987-03-25
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
4.0666666
Rio
1307
-66.933334
158
159
ANSP 161212
1
Rio
holotype
1425222970
[354,1341,1628,1653]
FMNH
Venezuela
Rio
158
159
FMNH 104028
1
Rio
holotype
1425222975
1991-01-24
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
4.0666666
Laguna
1307
-66.933334
158
159
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222968
1987-03-13
FMNH
H. Lopez
Venezuela
3.1166666
Rio
1307
-65.46667
158
159
FMNH 161210
1
Rio
holotype
1425222982
1925-03-14
CAS-SU
C. Ternetz
Venezuela
3.15
Tamatama
1307
-65.85
Orinoco
158
159
CAS-SU 52
1
Rio
holotype
1425222967
1925-03-17
CAS-SU
C. Ternetz
Venezuela
3.15
Cano Tamatama
1307
-65.85
158
159
CAS-SU 64370
1
Rio
holotype
1425222951
[344,931,1807,1832]
ANSP
Venezuela
Bolivar
158
159
ANSP 159736
1
Bolivar
holotype
1425222954
1985-11-23
L. Aguana
Venezuela
7.633333
Puerto Las Majadas
1303
-64.833336
158
159
1
Rio
holotype
1425222981
2004-07-20
MZUSP
M. C. C. de Pinna & P. Hernadez
Venezuela
Caicara
7.6516666
Puerto Cedeno
21
-66.17611
Orinoco
158
159
MZUSP 96418
1
Rio
holotype
1425222973
Venezuela
Orinoco
-66.155556
Caicara
158
159
1
Laguna
holotype
1425222969
[996,1019,1916,1940]
Venezuela
A
158
159
1
A
holotype
1425222995
2004-07-17
Venezuela
Granado
158
159
1
Granado
holotype
1425222987
[657,1093,1952,1977]
Venezuela
7.636389
Rio
21
-66.31778
158
159
1
Rio
holotype
1425222988
[1107,1296,1952,1977]
C. Oliveira
Venezuela
A
158
159
1
A
holotype
1425222959
2005-10-02
CAS-SU
Venezuela
Granado
158
159
CAS-SU 68916
1
Granado
holotype
1425222991
1925-04
1925-05-31
1925-04
CAS-SU
Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz
Venezuela
7.6
Caicara
1303
-66.183334
Cano de Quiribana
159
160
CAS-SU 54566
1
Granado
holotype
1425223008
1984-04-16
Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo & D. C. Taphorn
Venezuela
7.0
Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo
1303
-66.51667
159
160
1
Rio
holotype
1425222977
1985-11-16
ANSP
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
7.0
Maniapure
1303
-66.51667
159
160
ANSP 159729
1
Ayacucho
holotype
1425222989
2004-07-19
MZUSP
M. C. C. de Pinna & C. Oliveira
Venezuela
5.8916664
Puente Parhuena village
21
-67.40389
Cedeno
159
160
MZUSP 96499
1
Rio
holotype
1425222961
MZUSP
Venezuela
Apure
159
160
MZUSP 62447
1
Apure
holotype
1425222962
1989-05-14
INHS
Cano La Pica & F. Provenzano
Venezuela
Apure
159
160
INHS 61479
1
Apure
holotype
1425223014
[717,790,404,428]
Venezuela
Apure
159
160
1
Apure
holotype
1425222997
1992-01-20
L. M. Page
Venezuela
6.5733333
Cano San Miguel
21
-67.29222
159
160
1
San Miguel
holotype
1425223004
1992-01-19
INHS
L. M. Page
Venezuela
6.555278
Laguna
21
-67.41361
159
160
INHS 61402
1
Laguna
holotype
1425223005
1967-02
FMNH
W. P. Braker
Venezuela
6.55
Rio
1304
-67.3
159
160
FMNH 69902
1
Rio
holotype
1425222999
[151,277,548,573]
Venezuela
Amazonas
159
160
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425222996
[290,880,548,573]
ANSP
Venezuela
Rio Negro
159
160
ANSP 161211
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425223001
1987-03-18
B. Chernoff
Venezuela
2.8333333
Rio
1307
-65.88333
159
160
1
Rio
holotype
1425222992
1987-03-18
ANSP
W. G. Saul
Venezuela
2.8166666
Rio
1307
-65.916664
159
160
ANSP 162802
1
Rio
holotype
1425223009
1925-03-02
CAS-SU
Laje Curare & C. Ternetz
Venezuela
Rio
159
160
CAS-SU 54652
1
Rio
holotype
1425222994
CAS-SU
C. Ternetz
Iceland
Febr
159
160
CAS-SU 54653
1
Rio
holotype
1425222976
USNM
Iceland
San Carlos de Rio Negro
159
160
USNM 270180
1
San Carlos de Rio Negro
holotype
1425222980
[443,988,764,789]
Iceland
1.9166667
Rio Negro
1307
-67.05
159
160
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425223006
[999,1344,764,789]
1984-12-03
Iceland
A
159
160
1
A
holotype
1425222998
USNM
San Carlos de Rio Negro
Iceland
1.9666667
Rio Negro
1307
-67.066666
San Carlos de Rio Negro
159
160
USNM 270182
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425222993
CAS-SU
Santa Rosa de Amanadona & C. Ternetz & Febr
Iceland
1.475
Santa Rosa de Amanadona
21
-66.90833
Amanadona
159
160
CAS-SU 69885
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425223019
[151,971,908,933]
NRM
Prov
Colombia
Rio
159
160
1
Rio
holotype
1425223011
[986,1078,908,933]
Colombia
Guainia
159
160
1
Guainia
holotype
1425223010
1976-06-28
MZUSP
T. Hongslo
Brazil
Cano Carbon
3.9333334
rio Capim
1307
-67.833336
Cuayare
159
160
MZUSP 17894
1
Rio Guaviare
holotype
1425222983
1970-08-12
Brazil
Sao Domingos do Capim
-1.7333333
rio Capim
1308
-47.783333
Pirajauara
159
160
1
Para
holotype
1425223015
1970-08-18
MZUSP
Brazil
Badajos
-2.5
rio Capim
1307
-47.666668
Maria Preta
159
160
MZUSP 17957
1
Para
holotype
1425223033
[393,639,1052,1077]
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223003
[656,722,1052,1077]
MZUSP
Brazil
Para
159
160
MZUSP 18051
1
Para
holotype
1425223013
1970-09-04
Brazil
-1.9333334
Parana
1307
-49.2
159
160
1
Parana
holotype
1425222985
1970-09-08
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.5666666
Oxipucu
1307
-49.516666
Mocajuba
159
160
MZUSP 18068
1
Parana
holotype
1425222990
1970-09-09
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.65
Mocajuba
1307
-49.616665
159
160
MZUSP 18087
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223042
INPA
Brazil
-2.7
Acari Pucu
1307
-49.716667
159
160
INPA 16382
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223020
1970-09-09
1970-09-10
1970-09-09
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.8
Baiao
1307
-49.683334
159
160
MZUSP 18089
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223025
1970-09-09
MZUSP
Baiao & Limao
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
MZUSP 18077
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223032
1970-09-22
MZUSP
dos Cinco
Brazil
Tucurui-Mato Grosso
159
160
MZUSP 18195
1
Tucurui-Mato Grosso
holotype
1425223024
1970-09-24
MZUSP
Urubu & Trocara
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
MZUSP 18200
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223022
INPA
Brazil
-3.45
Icangui
1307
-49.6
159
160
INPA 16373
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223029
1970-09-14
MZUSP
Tucurui
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
MZUSP 18115
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223021
MZUSP
Brazil
-3.7
Tucurui
1307
-49.666668
Tucurui
159
160
MZUSP 61991
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223035
[976,1284,1484,1509]
2000-05-17
Brazil
Lima
159
160
1
Lima
holotype
1425223017
1982-03-13
INPA
Tucurui & Eq. Ictiologia
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
INPA 16448
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223000
1986-03-13
INPA
Martinho
Brazil
-4.0333333
Tucurui
1307
-49.666668
159
160
INPA 16452
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223002
INPA
Brazil
-4.1833334
Breu Branco
1307
-49.616665
159
160
INPA 16431
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223028
1982-07-09
INPA
Pucuruizinho & Eq. Ictiologia
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
INPA 16387
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223031
1970-09-17
1970-09-18
1970-09-17
MZUSP
Brazil
-4.5333333
Jatobal
1306
-49.533333
159
160
MZUSP 18134
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223018
1970-09-18
MZUSP
Capitariquara & Jatobal
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
MZUSP 18163
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223047
[511,1384,1735,1760]
INPA
Brazil
-5.133333
Itupiranga
1305
-49.316666
159
160
INPA 16362
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223034
1982-07-01
INPA
Itupiranga & Lago Gracilio & Eq. Ictiologia
Brazil
Tocantins
159
160
INPA 16381
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223036
1979-04
MZUSP
N. J. H. Smith
Brazil
-5.15
Maraba
1305
-49.1
159
160
MZUSP 26924
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223007
1977
1978
1977
MZUSP
Brazil
-5.366667
rio Araguaia
1305
-48.716667
Sao Joao do Araguaia
159
160
MZUSP 19260
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223037
1983-11
MZUSP
Parauapebas & Boa Vista & M. Goulding
Brazil
rio Itacaiunas
159
160
MZUSP 31503
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223045
1983-04
1983-07-31
1983-04
MZUSP
Serra dos Carajas & M. Goulding
Brazil
Parauapebas
-5.6666665
Caldeirao
1305
-50.266666
rio Itacaiunas
159
160
MZUSP 56943
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223027
1983-10-14
MZUSP
Serra dos Carajas & M. Goulding
Brazil
Parauapebas
160
161
-11.666667
Cachoeira Carreira Comprida
21
-50.85
rio Itacaiunas
159
160
MZUSP 59100
1
Mato Grosso
holotype
1425223043
1964-10
MZUSP
Brazil
-10.466666
rio Araguaia
1298
-50.5
Santa Teresinha
160
161
MZUSP 17024
1
A
holotype
1425223016
1997-10-03
MZUSP
Brazil
-12.716666
rio Cristalino
1292
-50.7
160
161
MZUSP 54444
1
A
holotype
1425223012
1949-09
1949-10-31
1949-09
MZUSP
das Mortes & Exp. Inst. Butanta & Depto. de Zoologia
Brazil
-13.55
Sao Domingos village
1290
-51.416668
rio Sao Domingos
160
161
MZUSP 16448
1
A
holotype
1425223067
1949-09
1949-10-31
1949-09
MZUSP
das Mortes & Exp. Inst. Butanta & Depto. de Zoologia
Brazil
-13.55
Sao Domingos village
1290
-51.416668
rio Sao Domingos
160
161
MZUSP 3845
1
A
holotype
1425223038
1997-07
MZUSP
Brazil
-14.4
rio Araguaia
1288
-50.983334
Cocalinho
160
161
MZUSP 52332
1
A
holotype
1425223062
2009-09-29
R. Devide
Brazil
-13.310278
rio Araguaia
21
-50.61333
Cocalinho
160
161
1
A
holotype
1425223060
1997-07-25
1997-07-26
1997-07-25
MZUSP
W. Severi
Brazil
Cocalinho
-14.5
ilha do Birata
1288
-50.983334
rio Araguaia
160
161
MZUSP 62537
1
A
holotype
1425223039
MZUSP
Brazil
Cocalinho
-14.5
rio Araguaia
1288
-50.983334
Lago Dumba
160
161
MZUSP 18628
1
A
holotype
1425223050
CAS
Brazil
-5.5
Imperatriz
1305
-47.516666
160
161
1
Maranhao
holotype
1425223059
1924-04-16
INPA
C. Ternetz & das Ariranhas, P. E.
Brazil
-9.729722
rio Araguaia
21
-50.15389
Caseara
160
161
INPA 20064
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223046
[509,1316,622,647]
UNT
Brazil
-11.383333
rio Formoso
1295
-49.683334
Duere
160
161
UNT 448
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223048
[311,1281,658,683]
UNT
Brazil
-6.3166666
Matrincha
1304
-47.433334
Tocantinopolis
160
161
UNT 1971
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223049
1924-02-13
CAS
Ribeirao Presidio & Porto Nacional & C. Ternetz
Brazil
Tocantins
160
161
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223023
[846,1361,730,755]
UNT
Brazil
Tocantins
160
161
UNT 3457
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223026
2002-02-21
NEAMB
Brazil
-10.7
Porto
1297
-48.416668
160
161
1
Porto
holotype
1425223052
UNT
Brejinho de Nazare
Brazil
-11.05
Sussuarana
1296
-48.583332
Brejinho de Nazare
160
161
UNT 3225
1
Porto
holotype
1425223044
UNT
Brazil
-11.783334
rio Santa Tereza
1295
-48.633335
Peixe
160
161
UNT 2013
1
Tocantins
holotype
1425223051
UNT
Brazil
-12.616667
Parana
1293
-47.883335
160
161
UNT 452
1
Parana
holotype
1425223068
UNT
Brazil
Parana
160
161
UNT 1970
1
Parana
holotype
1425223066
MCP
Brazil
-13.233334
rio Araguaia
1291
-50.583332
Luis Alves
160
161
1
Goias
holotype
1425223070
1994-04-21
MZUSP
F. L. T. Garro
Brazil
Luis Alves
-13.157778
rio Araguaia
21
-50.50611
rio Verde
160
161
MZUSP 89614
1
Goias
holotype
1425223030
2004-04-10
MZUSP
Brazil
-13.683333
Bandeirantes
1290
-50.8
rio Araguaia
160
161
MZUSP 52391
1
A
holotype
1425223054
1997-07
MZUSP
Brazil
-15.9
rio Araguaia
1284
-52.25
Aragarcas
160
161
MZUSP 48113
1
A
holotype
1425223071
1994-07-06
MZUSP
W. P. Margarido & Serra da Mesa & D. F. Moraes
Brazil
rio Palmeirinha
Serra da Mesa
160
161
MZUSP 70418
1
A
holotype
1425223056
[1147,1432,1090,1115]
1997-06-08
Brazil
A
160
161
1
A
holotype
1425223069
1998-04-07
MZUSP
D. F. Moraes
Brazil
Uruacu
160
161
MZUSP 70415
1
Maranhao
holotype
1425223040
MZUSP
D. F. Moraes
Brazil
-13.933333
rio Tocantizinho
1289
-48.283333
rio Bagagem
160
161
MZUSP 70416
1
Maranhao
holotype
1425223041
[987,1256,1198,1223]
1996-12-06
Brazil
A
160
161
1
A
holotype
1425223092
1997-02-06
MZUSP
Serra da Mesa & Boa Nova & D. F. Moraes
Brazil
Rio
160
161
MZUSP 70417
1
Rio
holotype
1425223053
[429,933,1270,1295]
MZUSP
Brazil
Para
160
161
MZUSP 29922
1
Para
holotype
1425223086
1983-07
1983-08-31
1983-07
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Brazil
-3.1166666
rio Xingu
1307
-51.7
Belo Monte
160
161
MZUSP 58985
1
Para
holotype
1425223087
1983-09-26
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Brazil
-3.1166666
rio Xingu
1307
-51.7
Belo Monte
160
161
MZUSP 58986
1
Para
holotype
1425223065
1983-09-27
MZUSP
Santo Antonio & Belo Monte & M. Goulding
Brazil
rio Xingu
160
161
MZUSP 29928
1
Para
holotype
1425223074
1996-10
INPA
J. Zuanon
Brazil
rio Xingu
-3.2725
ilha do Sr. Izaltino
21
-52.201946
Altamirim
160
161
INPA 15745
1
Para
holotype
1425223083
1997-08
INPA
Brazil
rio Xingu
ilha da Bela Vista
-51.7175
Souzel
160
161
INPA 15748
1
Para
holotype
1425223072
1997-09-07
ZUEC
Altamira & Buraco do Inferno & J. Zuanon
Brazil
rio Xingu
160
161
ZUEC 4487
1
Para
holotype
1425223073
[805,1340,1594,1619]
INPA
Brazil
rio Xingu
160
161
INPA 4226
1
Para
holotype
1425223078
1990-10-05
MZUSP
L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon
Iceland
Altamira
-3.5633333
Caituca
21
-51.86361
rio Xingu
160
161
MZUSP 105722
1
holotype
1425223057
1992-10
MNHN
M. Jegu
Iceland
Altamira
-3.5633333
Caituca
21
-51.86361
rio Xingu
160
161
MNHN 1998-1197
1
holotype
1425223058
MZUSP
Iceland
Altamira
Paquicamba
-51.87694
rio Xingu
160
161
MZUSP 106211
1
holotype
1425223075
1986-10-23
1986-10-26
1986-10-23
MZUSP
P. E. Vanzolini
Iceland
-3.6505556
Cachoeira do Espelho
21
-52.379444
rio Xingu
160
161
MZUSP 36792
1
holotype
1425223064
[227,1070,1810,1835]
MZUSP
Iceland
Campinapolis
160
161
MZUSP 94946
1
Mato Grosso
holotype
1425223076
Iceland
-13.927778
rio Culuene
21
-53.28611
160
161
1
Rio
holotype
1425223091
2006-01-15
2006-01-22
2006-01-15
MZUSP, PCH
J. L. Birindelli & Paranatinga II
Iceland
-13.816667
rio Culuene
1289
-53.25
Campinapolis
160
161
MZUSP 91924
1
A
holotype
1425223096
[221,1255,1918,1944]
2007-05-19
2007-05-20
2007-05-19
MZUSP
J. L. Birindelli & Paranatinga II
Iceland
-13.816667
rio Culuene
1289
-53.25
Campinapolis
160
161
MZUSP 94962
1
Lima
holotype
1425223095
2007-07
2007-05-20
2007-05-19
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-13.816667
rio Culuene
1289
-53.25
Campinapolis
160
161
MZUSP 94897
1
Lima
holotype
1425223061
2007-10
2007-05-20
2007-05-19
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-13.816667
rio Culuene
1289
-53.25
Campinapolis
160
161
MZUSP 98119
1
Lima
holotype
1425223079
[749,1394,1990,2015]
MZUSP
Iceland
Corrego do Licio
160
161
MZUSP 91857
1
Lima
holotype
1425223100
2006-08-21
PCH
Paranatinga II & J. L. Birindelli
Iceland
161
162
-13.839444
rio Culuene
21
-53.24972
160
161
1
Lima
holotype
1425223080
2007-10-04
2007-10-14
2007-10-04
MZUSP
Iceland
Campinapolis
-13.801945
rio Corgao
21
-53.25
rio Culuene
161
162
MZUSP 98118
1
Lima
holotype
1425223093
2007-10-02
2007-10-14
2007-10-02
MZUSP
Iceland
Campinapolis
-13.797223
Cachoeira do Adelino
21
-53.246113
rio Culuene
161
162
MZUSP 98131
1
Lima
holotype
1425223055
2007-05-23
MZUSP
Iceland
Canarana
-13.43
rio Culuene
21
-53.04
Miriam
161
162
MZUSP 94377
1
Lima
holotype
1425223063
1984-08-23
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Iceland
rio Xingu
-12.924445
rio Sete de Setembro
21
-52.82611
rio Culuene
161
162
MZUSP 56809
1
Norte
holotype
1425223116
MZUSP
Von den Steinen
Iceland
-13.093055
rio Von
21
-54.81889
Nova Ubirata
161
162
MZUSP 103199
1
A
holotype
1425223077
[983,1380,404,429]
2006-01-21
Iceland
A
161
162
1
A
holotype
1425223112
Iceland
Rio
161
162
1
Rio
holotype
1425223110
[330,397,439,464]
MZUSP
Iceland
Para
161
162
MZUSP 18255
1
Para
holotype
1425223088
1970-11-04
1970-11-08
1970-11-04
MZUSP
Iceland
-4.45
rio Tapajos
1306
-56.25
Sao Luis
161
162
MZUSP 21988
1
Para
holotype
1425223104
1983-09
1983-10-31
1983-09
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Iceland
-4.383333
rio Tapajos
1306
-56.083332
161
162
MZUSP 30759
1
Para
holotype
1425223108
[151,1432,548,573]
1983-10-22
MZUSP
Itaituba & M. Goulding
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 58095
1
Para
holotype
1425223094
1979-01-04
1979-01-06
1979-01-04
MZUSP
Parque Nacional da Amazonia & J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
rio Tapajos
-4.55
Ramal Saita
1306
-56.316666
National Park
161
162
MZUSP 25585
1
Para
holotype
1425223098
1970-12-06
MZUSP
da Santa Clara
Iceland
-4.016667
rio Tapajos
1307
-55.65
Monte Cristo
161
162
MZUSP 22026
1
Para
holotype
1425223103
1979-07-15
1979-07-31
1979-07-15
MZUSP
Mambuai & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 25362
1
Para
holotype
1425223081
1979-07-15
1979-07-31
1979-07-15
MZUSP
J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
-4.616667
Amazonia National Park
1306
-56.3
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 25452
1
Porto
holotype
1425223085
1979-07-15
1979-07-31
1979-07-15
MZUSP
Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 25437
1
holotype
1425223099
[151,1074,836,861]
1970-11
MZUSP
Barreirinha
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 18251
1
holotype
1425223090
1970-12-08
MZUSP
Monte Cristo
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 18287
1
holotype
1425223101
1970-11-11
1970-11-13
1970-11-11
MZUSP
Maloquinha & Itaituba
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 21876
1
holotype
1425223120
1970-11-21
MZUSP
Sao Luis
Iceland
rio Tapajos
ilha da Barrerinha
161
162
MZUSP 22081
1
holotype
1425223121
1979-01-06
MZUSP
Furo do Sandro & Pimental & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 25504
1
holotype
1425223117
1979-01-16
MZUSP
Ramal Saita & da Boa Vista & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 25619
1
holotype
1425223084
[151,1432,1052,1077]
1983-10-14
MZUSP
Pederneiras & Itaituba & M. Goulding
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
MZUSP 29926
1
holotype
1425223102
1991-10-22
1991-10-24
1991-10-22
INPA
L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon
Iceland
-4.5747223
Pimental
21
-56.262222
rio Tapajos
161
162
INPA 7058
1
holotype
1425223125
2006-11-07
MZUSP
J. L. Birindelli & L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-4.270556
rio Tapajos
21
-55.976112
Itaituba
161
162
MZUSP 92804
1
holotype
1425223105
2011-09-24
CEPTA
R. Britzke
Iceland
-4.552778
rio Tapajos
21
-56.3
Itaituba
161
162
1
holotype
1425223119
1991-10
INPA
L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
INPA 7292
1
holotype
1425223082
1991-10-23
INPA
Pimental & L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel
Iceland
rio Tapajos
161
162
INPA 6969
1
holotype
1425223089
[389,1018,1303,1328]
INPA
Iceland
rio Jamanxim
161
162
INPA 6636
1
holotype
1425223140
1991-10-19
1991-10-20
1991-10-19
L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon
Iceland
-4.7833333
rio Tapajos
1306
-56.4
161
162
1
holotype
1425223097
2008-06-09
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-9.3075
Sete Quedas
21
-56.793888
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 99926
1
A
holotype
1425223137
2008-06-09
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-9.3116665
Sete Quedas
21
-56.77972
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 99874
1
A
holotype
1425223135
2008-03-23
2008-03-25
2008-03-23
MZUSP
R. Hilario
Iceland
-9.338888
Sete Quedas
21
-56.775
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 99512
1
A
holotype
1425223114
MZUSP
Iceland
Paranaita
-9.398055
Sete Quedas
21
-56.576942
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 100055
1
Mato Grosso
holotype
1425223130
2008-06-16
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
Paranaita
-9.417223
Sete Quedas
21
-56.550278
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 99996
1
A
holotype
1425223136
2008-06-16
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa
Iceland
-9.418056
rio Teles Pires
21
-56.539165
Paranaita
161
162
MZUSP 99574
1
A
holotype
1425223118
2008-04-02
MZUSP
R. Hilario
Iceland
-9.451944
rio Teles Pires
21
-56.51278
Paranaita
161
162
MZUSP 95620
1
A
holotype
1425223123
2007-09-27
MZUSP
L. M. Sousa & Cristalino, P. E.
Iceland
Alta Floresta
-9.45
Cristalino
1299
-55.833332
rio Cristalino
161
162
MZUSP 106177
1
A
holotype
1425223129
[899,944,1736,1760]
Iceland
A
161
162
1
A
holotype
1425223107
2004
2006
2004
MZUSP
Iceland
Novo Mundo
-9.883333
rio Teles Pires
1298
-55.366665
rio Nhandu
161
162
MZUSP 100017
1
A
holotype
1425223113
2006-11-19
MZUSP
K. de Silimon
Iceland
Alta Floresta
-10.25
Dentinho
1298
-55.816666
rio Teles Pires
161
162
MZUSP 62537
1
A
holotype
1425223124
1997-07-29
1997-07-30
1997-07-29
MZUSP
Iceland
rio Teles Pires
Alta Floresta
161
162
MZUSP 62508
1
A
holotype
1425223115
[331,1406,1879,1904]
Iceland
rio Peixoto de Azevedo
161
162
1
Porto
holotype
1425223126
1997-07-29
1997-07-30
1997-07-29
MZUSP
Peixoto de Azevedo & Cachoeira da Neblina
Iceland
Peixoto de Azevedo
-10.386111
rio Peixoto de Azevedo
21
-54.30611
Cachoeira da Neblina
161
162
MZUSP 96822
1
A
holotype
1425223143
2007-10-18
MZUSP
J. L. Birindelli
Iceland
-10.974999
rio Teles Pires
21
-55.734165
Itauba
161
162
MZUSP 95866
1
A
holotype
1425223144
2007-10-01
MZUSP
J. L. Birindelli & P. H. Carvalho
Iceland
Itauba
162
163
-11.073334
rio Teles Pires
21
-55.243057
rio Renato
161
162
MZUSP 99135
1
A
holotype
1425223145
2008-02-26
MZUSP
P. Hollanda-Carvalho
Iceland
Itauba
-11.0622225
rio Renato
21
-55.31889
rio Teles Pires
162
163
MZUSP 99385
1
Lima
holotype
1425223109
2008-02-19
MZUSP
P. Hollanda-Carvalho
Iceland
-11.581944
rio Teles Pires
21
-55.648056
Sinop
162
163
MZUSP 62559
1
Lima
holotype
1425223127
1997-08-01
1997-08-02
1997-08-01
ZUEC
Iceland
-11.588056
rio Teles Pires
21
-55.66
Sinop
162
163
ZUEC 9190
1
A
holotype
1425223150
2014-11-19
MZUSP
L. Matos & L. N. Carvalho
Iceland
-13.05
rio Teles Pires
1291
-55.9
rio Verde
162
163
MZUSP 82015
1
Rio
holotype
1425223128
2001-03-16
MZUSP
K. de Silimon
Iceland
-11.533334
rio Arinos
1295
-57.416668
162
163
MZUSP 56785
1
Porto
holotype
1425223146
1984-08-19
MZUSP, PCH
M. Goulding
Iceland
Sapezal
-12.689445
Telegrafica
21
-58.94639
rio Juruena
162
163
MZUSP 92633
1
Porto
holotype
1425223106
2006-09-15
MZUSP
K. de Silimon
Iceland
Sapezal
-12.785001
rio Buriti
21
-58.384724
rio Papagaio
162
163
MZUSP 95506
1
Porto
holotype
1425223111
2006-10-07
2006-10-09
2006-10-07
MZUSP
Iceland
A
162
163
MZUSP 61056
1
A
holotype
1425223162
2000-02-18
2000-02-19
2000-02-18
MZUSP
Nova Mutum & Fervedouro
Iceland
rio Arinos
162
163
MZUSP 60423
1
Lima
holotype
1425223122
1999
2000
1999
MZUSP
J. M. Mendes
Iceland
-14.216666
rio Arinos
1289
-56.033333
Nova Mutum
162
163
MZUSP 91506
1
Lima
holotype
1425223163
USNM
H. Schultz
Iceland
Upper Juruena-Arinos
162
163
USNM 194390
1
Rio Madeira
holotype
1425223158
1978-04
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Iceland
-8.216666
rio Machado
1302
-62.766666
Cururu
162
163
MZUSP 14028
1
Rondonia
holotype
1425223141
[372,1433,799,824]
1994-05-14
J. P. Viana
Iceland
-8.633333
Rio
1301
-63.55
162
163
1
Rio
holotype
1425223154
1988-06-07
1988-06-09
1988-06-07
INPA
G. M. Santos
Iceland
-8.75
Samuel
1300
-63.45
rio Jamari
162
163
INPA 16437
1
Rio
holotype
1425223161
1986-03-27
INPA
Samuel & G. M. Santos
Iceland
rio Jamari
162
163
INPA 16413
1
Rio
holotype
1425223142
1985-06-13
INPA
G. M. Santos
Iceland
-9.2
Samuel
1300
-63.216667
Japiim
162
163
INPA 16457
1
Rio
holotype
1425223149
1984-12-07
INPA
G. M. Santos
Iceland
rio Jamari
-10.776667
Ji-Parana
21
-61.920002
Samuel
162
163
INPA 16458
1
Rio
holotype
1425223155
2007-08-22
INPA
J. Damaceno & W. Troy
Iceland
Ariquemes
-9.933333
rio Canaa
1298
-63.083332
rio Jamari
162
163
INPA 16459
1
Rio
holotype
1425223133
1983-11-15
INPA
G. M. Santos
Iceland
-11.883333
Surpresa
1294
-65.01667
rio Guapore
162
163
INPA 16363
1
Rio
holotype
1425223138
1984-06-16
INPA
G. M. Santos
Iceland
-13.483334
rio Guapore
1291
-61.05
162
163
INPA 16356
1
Oeste
holotype
1425223148
[255,1432,1124,1149]
1984-11-30
CAS
G. M. Santos
Iceland
-12.566667
Maciel
1293
-63.5
162
163
1
Rio
holotype
1425223139
1909-07-26
MZUSP
J. D. Haseman
Iceland
-9.188056
rio Roosevelt
21
-60.748055
Panelas
162
163
MZUSP 77402
1
Mato Grosso
holotype
1425223152
[530,955,1196,1221]
1997-07-17
1997-07-18
1997-07-17
Iceland
A
162
163
1
A
holotype
1425223169
1976-08-20
INPA
Lago Genipapo & Eq. Ictiologia
Iceland
rio Aripuana
162
163
INPA 16389
1
A
holotype
1425223168
[851,1432,1231,1256]
INPA
Iceland
rio Aripuana
162
163
INPA 16412
1
A
holotype
1425223171
[151,758,1268,1293]
1976-08-20
INPA
Eq. Ictiologia
Iceland
Ilha
162
163
1
holotype
1425223132
INPA
Iceland
-10.133333
Cachoeira Grande
1298
-59.433334
rio Aripuana
162
163
INPA 16395
1
holotype
1425223153
MZUSP
Iceland
-10.168334
rio Aripuana
21
-59.447224
Aripuana
162
163
MZUSP 103036
1
Salto
holotype
1425223178
[1043,1433,1340,1365]
2004-09-17
Iceland
A
162
163
1
A
holotype
1425223151
[151,727,1375,1400]
MZUSP
Iceland
rio Verde
162
163
MZUSP 103037
1
A
holotype
1425223170
2005-08-13
2005-08-21
2005-08-13
L. Barbosa
Brazil
-14.126667
rio Guapore
21
-60.475002
162
163
1
A
holotype
1425223131
2006-12-05
MZUSP
Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade & R. O. Mascarenhas
Brazil
-15.016666
rio Guapore
1286
-59.816666
Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade
162
163
MZUSP 94990
1
Rio Negro
holotype
1425223134
1924-12
CAS
Manaus & C. Ternetz
Brazil
Amazonas
162
163
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223183
1967-04-22
1967-04-25
1967-04-22
MZUSP
Brazil
-3.0666666
Manaus
1307
-60.266666
162
163
MZUSP 6136
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223147
1981-08
MZUSP
Anavilhanas & Xilaua & G. Borges
Brazil
rio Negro
162
163
MZUSP 56782
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223186
1979-10
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Brazil
-2.7166667
Anavilhanas
1307
-60.683334
162
163
MZUSP 59073
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223181
1980-12
MZUSP
Brazil
Anavilhanas
162
163
MZUSP 59077
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223166
[491,1139,1735,1761]
1981-07
Lago Camauiri & G. Borges
Brazil
rio Negro
162
163
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223180
1981-10
MZUSP
Anavilhanas & G. Borges
Brazil
rio Negro
162
163
MZUSP 59079
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223185
MZUSP
Brazil
-2.1
rio Padauari
1307
-61.216667
Ayrao Velho
162
163
MZUSP 27333
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223167
1982-11-08
MZUSP
Portugal
-1.45
Pedra do Gaviao
1308
-61.633335
Moura
162
163
MZUSP 27328
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223176
[797,1148,1844,1869]
1982-11-13
1982-11-14
1982-11-13
Portugal
Portugal
162
163
1
holotype
1425223179
1968-11
MZUSP
T. R. Roberts
Portugal
-1.2666667
Rio
1308
-61.6
162
163
MZUSP 17658
1
Rio
holotype
1425223159
MCP
Portugal
-1.5147222
Cambeua
21
-61.459167
162
163
1
Rio
holotype
1425223164
2011-01-28
MZUSP
P. Petry
Portugal
-0.5
Cachoeira do Buiu-Acu
1308
-64.833336
162
163
MZUSP 59074
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223173
1979-10
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Portugal
-0.2
Tapera
1308
-64.066666
162
163
MZUSP 45526
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223165
1972-11-01
MZUSP
Portugal
163
164
-0.45
rio Daraa
1308
-64.73333
162
163
MZUSP 59086
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223177
1980-02-16
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Portugal
-0.35
Sao Pedro
1308
-66.6
Acara
163
164
MZUSP 59080
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223191
1979-05
M. Goulding & Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira
Portugal
-0.13583334
Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira
21
-67.08417
163
164
1
rio Negro
holotype
1425223193
2008-08-11
MZUSP
C. Oliveira & J. Chernella
Portugal
Rio
163
164
MZUSP 91576
1
Rio
holotype
1425223189
2001
2002
2001
MZUSP
M. C. Lopes
Portugal
0.26666668
Caruru
1308
-69.9
163
164
MZUSP 91493
1
Rio
holotype
1425223160
[222,433,332,357]
Portugal
Rio
163
164
1
Rio
holotype
1425223174
[446,561,332,357]
MZUSP
Portugal
rio Branco
Marara
163
164
MZUSP 59085
1
Roraima
holotype
1425223195
1979-10-26
USNM
M. Goulding
Portugal
-1.9166667
Rio
1307
-61.916668
163
164
USNM 202716
1
Rio
holotype
1425223175
1984-01-06
1984-01-09
1984-01-06
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Portugal
1.9166667
Bem Querer
1307
-61.016666
rio Branco
163
164
MZUSP 56807
1
Rio
holotype
1425223190
1984-01-09
MZUSP
Cachoeira do Bem Querer & M. Goulding
Portugal
rio Branco
163
164
MZUSP 56778
1
Rio
holotype
1425223156
1984-01-09
MZUSP
Bota-Panela & Cachoeira do Bem Querer & M. Goulding
Portugal
rio Branco
163
164
MZUSP 29924
1
Rio
holotype
1425223157
1969-02-18
MZUSP
Pau Roxo & T. R. Roberts
Canada
rio Uraricoera
163
164
MZUSP 17756
1
holotype
1425223201
1984-01-13
MZUSP
M. Goulding
Canada
Igarape do Cujobim
3.3666668
ilha de Maraca
1307
-61.366665
rio Branco
163
164
MZUSP 29927
1
holotype
1425223172
1986-10-04
INPA
M. Jegu & E. Ferreira
Canada
2.946389
Paredao
21
-61.57611
rio Mucajai
163
164
INPA 16388
1
holotype
1425223203
1986-10-03
INPA
M. Jegu & E. Ferreira
Canada
2.938889
Paredao
21
-61.620552
rio Mucajai
163
164
INPA 16394
1
holotype
1425223200
1979-09-30
MZUSP
R. B. Barthem
Brazil
Other river
-2.15
rio Japura
1307
-65.15
Lago Urini
163
164
MZUSP 99213
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223192
1997-12-14
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Brazil
Maraa
-2.5463889
Uxi
21
-64.66944
Lago Amana
163
164
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223199
1998-12-01
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Brazil
Maraa
-2.6177778
Uxi
21
-64.66694
Lago Amana
163
164
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223202
1998-11-15
MCP
W. G. R. Crampton
Brazil
Maraa
-2.4744444
rio Bare
21
-64.72222
Lago Amana
163
164
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223188
MCP
Brazil
Maraa
-2.456389
rio Bare
21
-64.72639
Lago Amana
163
164
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223198
1997-12-13
MZUSP
W. G. R. Crampton
Brazil
-2.7833333
rio Jutai
1307
-66.816666
rio Icapo
163
164
MZUSP 17592
1
Amazonas
holotype
1425223196
1968-10-22
MZUSP
da Cachoeira
Brazil
Cuiaua
163
164
MZUSP 17530
1
Ica
holotype
1425223182
1968-10-18
Brazil
-3.1
Ica
1307
-67.95
163
164
1
Ica
holotype
1425223184
MNRJ
Brazil
-4.43
rio Javari
21
-70.26056
rio Queixito
163
164
MNRJ 21470
1
A
holotype
1425223194
[509,1221,1087,1112]
INHS
Peru
Loreto
163
164
INHS 106468
1
Loreto
holotype
1425223187
1997-07-22
1997-07-27
1997-07-22
INHS
M. H. Sabaj
Bolivia
-3.7502778
Pampa Chica
21
-73.28333
163
164
INHS 106470
1
Rio
holotype
1425223197
[238,294,1159,1184]
Bolivia
Beni
163
164
1
Beni
holotype
1425223206
[308,1022,1159,1184]
UMMZ
Bolivia
Rio Madeira
163
164
UMMZ 204246
1
Rio Madeira
holotype
1425223205
1964-08
1964-10-31
1964-08
UMMZ
R. M. Bailey
Bolivia
-12.45
Rio
1293
-64.23333
163
164
UMMZ 204649
1
Rio
holotype
1425223204
MNHN
L. Lauzanne & G. Loubens
Bolivia
-12.45
Boca Machupo
1293
-64.36667
163
164
MNHN 1989-1429
1
Rio
holotype