Schomburgk, 1841 : 212 Lima, 2003 : 178 Brycon Müller & Troschel, 1844 : 90 Müller & Troschel, 1845 : 29 Günther, 1864 : 334 Goeldi, 1898 : 483 Eigenmann, 1912 : 371 Fowler, 1914 : 250 Cockerell, 1915 : 100 Steindachner, 1917 : 36 Géry, 1964 : 450 Lowe-McConnell, 1964 : 115 Richter & Nijssen, 1980 : 123 Howes, 1982 : 26 Vari, 1983 : 12 Lasso, 1992 : 11 Planquette et al. , 1996 : 226 Hardman et al. , 2002 : 234 Mol, 2002 : 71 Lima, 2003 : 176 Hoeinghaus et al. , 2003 : 383 Watkins et al. , 2004 : 46 Layman et al. , 2005 : 2532 Bejarano et al ., 2006 : 362 Blanco-Parra & Bejarano-Rodríguez, 2006 : 856 Mol et al. , 2006 : 114 Agostinho et al. , 2007 : 126 Agostinho et al. , 2007 : 163 Silva et al. , 2007 : 487 Ferreira et al. , 2007 : 125 Albrecht et al. , 2009 : 181 Melo et al. , 2009 : 424 Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2009 : 221 Antunes et al. , 2010 : 676 Lima & Ribeiro, 2011 : 149 Venere & Garutti, 2011 : 64 Bartolette et al. , 2012 : 61 Albrecht et al. , 2012 : 203 Rubio et al. , 2012 : 173 Pelicice & Agostinho, 2012 : 711 Lima et al. , 2013 : 228 Correa & Winemiller, 2014 : 214 Matos et al. , 2016 : 2016 2016 Saul, 1975 : 103 Müller & Troschel, 1844 : 91 Müller & Troschel, 1845 : 29 Eigenmann, 1912 : 372 B. falcatus Brycon hilarii Chalceus hilarii Castelnau, 1855 : 68 Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 815 Lima, 2003 : 176 Brycon falcatus Günther, 1864 : 335 Boulenger, 1897a : 297 Goeldi, 1898 : 483 Géry, 1964 : 448 Costi et al. , 1977 : 53 Santos et al. , 1984 : 41 Tejerina-Garro et al. , 1998 : 402 Bergleiter, 1999 : 23 Lima, 2003 : 176 Brycon falcatus Pellegrin, 1909a : 12 Howes, 1982 : 11 Taphorn, 1992 : 80 Royero et al. , 1992 : 49 Lima, 2003 : 175 Brycon melanopterus Steindachner, 1882a : 176 Steindachner, 1882b : 13 Amaral Campos, 1950 : 142 Characinus amazonicus Magalhães, 1931 : 141 Fowler, 1941 : 192 Géry, 1964 : 450 Myers & Weitzman, 1960 : 99 Lima et al. , 2005 : 164 Géry, 1964 : 450 Howes, 1982 : 45 Goulding et al. , 1988 : 124 Brycon aff. bicolor Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 800 Toledo-Piza, 2002 : 116 Mérona et al. , 2001 : 387 Zarske, 2003 : 16 Lima, 2003 : 176 Brycon falcatus Brycon falcatus Phillip et al. , 2013 : 8 Brycon bicolor Brycon falcatus Brycon Brycon bicolor Brycon bicolor B. melanopterus B. cephalus B. amazonicus B. falcatus Bryconinae Brycon melanopterus Brycon bicolor Brycon B. melanopterus B. melanopterus B. falcatus Brycon bicolor B. falcatus Brycon melanopterus B. falcatus Brycon matrinchao Brycon matrinchao Brycon Brycon hilarii Brycon matrinchao B. falcatus Brycon matrinchao B. falcatus Brycon falcatus Brycon Brycon orthotaenia Semaprochilodus (Castro & Vari, 2004: 151) Brycon Brycon falcatus B. matrinchao A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae) Lima, Flávio C. T. Zootaxa 2017 4222 1 1 189 NH7B Muller & Troschel, 1844 Muller & Troschel 1844 [151,655,1735,1762] Actinopterygii Bryconidae Brycon Animalia Characiformes 141 142 Chordata species falcatus     Chalceus labrosusJardine, in Jardine &  Schomburgk, 1841: 212–213, pl. 13, fig. 1 (Type locality, “river Paduiri”);  Lima, 2003: 178(listed; as a species inquirendaein  Brycon; type locality incorrectly stated as situated in Guyana).    Brycon falcatus  Müller & Troschel, 1844: 90(Type locality, “In Guiana et Surinam”);  Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1 (redescription); Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848: 635 (“allen flüssen von Britisch-Guiana”; common name);  Günther, 1864: 334–335 (Guyana; Essequibo River; Suriname);  Goeldi, 1898: 483(common name, rio Capim, Brazil);  Eigenmann, 1912: 371–372 (Guyana: Essequibo River at Rockstone; Potaro River at Tukeit);  Fowler, 1914: 250(Rupununi River, Guyana);  Cockerell, 1915: 100, pl. 26, fig. 6 (scale morphology; Guyana);  Steindachner, 1917: 36–37 (Albina, Suriname; Brasil, Roraima: Rio Surumú, Serra do Mello; Rio Branco, Bem Querer; Boa Vista; Serra Grande; Conceição; Amazonas: mouth of rio Negro);  Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key);  Lowe-McConnell, 1964: 115, 118, 120, 127, 132 (Rupununi and Ireng rivers, Guyana; natural history);  Richter & Nijssen, 1980: 123, 125 (Brokopondo reservoir, Suriname River, Suriname; occurrence; abundance, common name);  Howes, 1982: 26–29, fig. 18 (Guyana: Essequibo River; Tukeit; upper Cuyuni River; Rupununi district; Suriname: Nickerie district);  Vari, 1983: 12, 16, figs. 3, 13, 14 (branchial arches morphology);  Lasso, 1992: 11, 22, fig. 2 (río Suapure, Serranía de Los Pijiguaos, Venezuela);  Planquette et al., 1996: 226–227, fig. (French Guiana, Maroni and Mana rivers);  Hardman et al., 2002: 234(Essequibo and lower Potaro Rivers, Guyana);  Mol, 2002: 71(Kwitaro and Rewa Rivers, Rupununi, Guyana);  Lima, 2003: 176(synonymic list; primary type material; distribution; common names; maximum size);  Hoeinghaus et al., 2003: 383(Río Cinaruco, Rio Orinoco basin, Venezuela); Arrington & Winemiller, 2003: 449, 456 (Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela; sandbank use);  Watkins et al., 2004: 46(Burro-Burro, Siparuni and Essequibo Rivers, Iwokrama forest, Guyana);  Layman et al., 2005: 2532(Río Cinaruco, Río Orinoco basin, Venezuela; trophic position in relation to size);  Bejarano et al., 2006: 362, 365, 367–368 (Río Mesay, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia: abundance);  Blanco-Parra & Bejarano-Rodríguez, 2006: 856–857 (Río Mesay, Río Caquetá drainage, Colombia: diet, reproduction);  Mol et al., 2006: 114(Coppename and Rechter River, Suriname); Mol et al., 2007: 355, 365 (Suriname River, Brokopondo reservoir, Suriname; abundance before and after impoundment);  Agostinho et al., 2007: 126–127 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; density in fish ladder);  Agostinho et al., 2007: 163–165 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; presence in the fish ladder);  Silva et al., 2007: 487(Rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil);  Ferreira et al., 2007: 125(picture; rio Branco, Roraima);  Albrecht et al., 2009: 181–191 (Serra da Mesa dam, upper rio Tocantins basin, Brazil; weight-length relationships, reproduction, diet, persistence in the reservoir);  Melo et al., 2009: 424(Rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin, Mato Grosso, Brazil);  Camargo & Giarrizzo, 2009: 221, 227 (lower rio Xingu: biological parameters, estimated biomass);  Antunes et al., 2010: 676, 679–628 (Lajeado Dam, rio Tocantins, Tocantins, Brazil; nuclear and mitochondrial DNA analysis);  Lima & Ribeiro, 2011: 149(as an example of “Shield” distribution pattern);  Venere & Garutti, 2011: 64(Brazil, Mato Grosso, Parque Estadual da Serra Azul, rio Araguaia basin; short description, photo); Mol et al., 2012: 270 (Suriname: occurrence in Corantijn, Nickerie, Coppename, Saramacca, Suriname, and Marowijne rivers); Mol, 2012: 23, 283–285 (ocurrence in Suriname, local name, photos);  Bartolette et al., 2012: 61(Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam);  Albrecht et al., 2012: 203, 205 (Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam; trophic analysis);  Rubio et al., 2012: 173–182 (Mato Grosso, rio Guaporé: population structure, female maturity, size, age);  Pelicice & Agostinho, 2012: 711(Brazil Tocantins, Peixe Angical dam fish ladder);  Lima et al., 2013: 228–229 (Brazil, Rondônia, rio Madeira basin; distribution in the rio Madeira basin, short description, photo);   Correa& Winemiller, 2014: 214, 217, 218, 219, 220, 221 (Colombia, Depto.Vaupés, Río Apaporis: seasonal variation in diet, diet breadth and overlap with other frugivore fishes);  Matos et al., 2016:  2016: 1–6 (diet, impact of artificial food supply in wild specimens; Brazil, rio Teles Pires basin). [Doubtful records: Gilbert & Roberts, 1971: 26 (Ecuador, Amazon basin);  Saul, 1975: 103(Ecuador, Napo, Río Conejo, Río Putumayo basin)].    Brycon schomburgkii  Müller & Troschel, 1844: 91(Type locality, “In Guiana”);  Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 2 (redescription); Müller & Troschel in Schomburgk, 1848: 635 (lower Essequibo River);  Eigenmann, 1912: 372(synonymization with  B. falcatus).    Brycon hilarii(not Valenciennes, 1850): Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850): 248 (part; “l’Amazone”; syntypes of  Chalceus hilarii);  Castelnau, 1855: 68, pl. 36, fig. 1 (Brazil. Goiás, “Salinas”);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 815(part; paralectotypes from “Salinas”);  Lima, 2003: 176(type material; referred as putative specimens of  Brycon falcatus).    Brycon brevicauda  Günther, 1864: 335(Type locality, “Rio Jocintins, River Capin”);  Boulenger, 1897a: 297(Brazil, Pará, Ilha de Marajó);  Goeldi, 1898: 483(common name; upper rio Tapajós basin);  Géry, 1964: 448, 450, pl. 2, fig. a (Ilha do Bananal, rio Araguaia; diagnosis);  Costi et al., 1977: 53, fig. 23 (Pará, at the confluence of rio Araguaia and rio Tocantins);  Santos et al., 1984: 41–42, photo (Pará, rio Tocantins); Lowe-McConnell, 1991: (Mato Grosso, Xavantina: rio das Mortes, rio Araguaia basin; “Sangadina stream”; rio Suiá-Missú, rio Xingu basin);  Tejerina-Garro et al., 1998: 402(Goiás, São Miguel do Araguaia, floodplain lakes; relative abundance);  Bergleiter, 1999: 23, 29, 48, 74–75, 113–114, 149 (pl. 10) (Lower rio Xingu, between Porto de Moz and Souzel; diet, feeding habits, social behavior, visual communication);  Lima, 2003: 176(type material; as a synonym of  Brycon falcatus); Iglesias-Rios, 2012: 326 (Brazil, Goiás, Serra da Mesa dam: impacts of damming).    Brycon bicolor  Pellegrin, 1909a: 12–13 (Type locality, “Orénoque”);  Howes, 1982: 11, 13–14, fig.8 (syntypes, redescription);  Taphorn, 1992: 80–81, 128–130, figs. (Río Apure basin, Venezuela; description, ecology, biology);  Royero et al., 1992: 49(Rio Atabapo, Territorio Federal Amazonas, Venezuela); Machado-Allison et al., 1993: 66, 69 (Rio Aguaro and Rio Guariquito, Estado Guarico, rio Orinoco basin, Venezuela);  Lima, 2003: 175(type material; as a possible synonym of  Brycon melanopterus).    Brycon stübelli  Steindachner, 1882a: 176(Type locality, “Amazonenstome”; brief description);  Steindachner, 1882b: 13, pl. 1, fig. 1 (full description; type locality specified as “Rio Amazonas (Iquitos)”). [not  Amaral Campos, 1950: 142]    Characinus amazonicus(not Agassiz, in Spix & Agassiz):  Magalhães, 1931: 141–142 (Lower Amazon basin; Goiás; natural history, common name).    Brycon matrinchao  Fowler, 1941: 192–194, fig. 102 (Type locality, “Rio Parnahyba, Therezina, Piauhy”);  Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key).    Brycon melanopterus:  Myers & Weitzman, 1960: 99, 101–102 (Los Micos, Cordillera Macarena, 3°20´S 73°56´W, Río Guaviare, rio Orenoco basin, Colombia);  Lima et al., 2005: 164(Rio Tiquié, upper rio Negro basin, Brazil; description, natural history, figure, common indigenous names).    Brycon stuebeli:  Géry, 1964: 450(diagnosis in key).    Brycon stubelii:  Howes, 1982: 45(comments).    Bryconcf. falcatus:  Goulding et al., 1988: 124(Middle and lower rio Negrobasin; occurrence).    Bryconsp. ( aff. bicolor):  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 800–802 (Rio Aripuanã, Ilha do Castanhal).     Bryconsp. (  B. falcatusgroup):  Toledo-Piza, 2002: 116–117 (drawing by A.R. Wallace; “ RioUaupés”; common name).    Brycon carpophagus(not Valenciennes):  Mérona et al., 2001: 387, 391 ( Rio Tocantins, Tucuruí; diet before and after river impoundment).     Brycon stuebelli:  Zarske, 2003: 16, fig. 7 (holotype, MTDF 380);  Lima, 2003: 176(type material; as a synonym of  Brycon falcatus).    Brycon falcatusgroup:  Phillip et al., 2013: 8, 16 ( Trinidadsouthern coast; occurrence as a vagrant species).   Diagnosis.  Brycon falcatuscan be distinguished from all remaining cis-andean  Bryconspecies, with the exception of  B. gouldingi, by typically possessing a V- or crescent-shaped dark blotch on caudal peduncle and caudal fin.  Brycon falcatuscan be distinguished from  B. gouldingiby possessing possessing dark, longitudinal stripes formed by pigmentation concentrated on the mid-distal portion of scales (vs. dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins), paired fins typically clear (vs. paired fins black), and lower lateral line scale counts (47–69, modally 57, vs. 66–82, modally 74).  Brycon falcatusis morphologically more similar to  B. melanopterus, and an unequivocal diagnosis between both species based only on external morphological characters is not possible due to the great polymorphism in color pattern observed in the species. However, typically,  Brycon falcatusdoes not present an oblique dark solid stripe, presenting instead a V or crescent-shaped blotch on caudal fin (vs. black pigmentation restricted to the upper caudal-fin lobe in  B. melanopterus). In addition,  Brycon falcatusis typically a higher bodied fish, with higher vertebrae counts. See the item “Comparisons” under  Brycon melanopterus, and the item “Variation”, below, for thorough account on the subject.   Description.Morphometric data are presented in Tables 21–22; some meristic data (lateral line counts and scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line) in Tables 23–24. Middle- to large-sized species, largest examined specimen 434.7 mmSL. Body moderately slender to high. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, straight to moderately convex from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately to pronouncedly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly to pronouncedly convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Head profile slightly acute anteriorly, snout obtuse, mouth terminal. Jaws approximately isognathous to slightly anisognathous, outer row of premaxillary teeth partially exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Five (2), 6 (5), 7 (29), 8 (65), 9 (118), 10 (99), 11 (53), 12 (8), or 13 (1) relatively small tricuspidate teeth in outer series. Three (30), 4 (229), 5 (107), 6 (6), or 7 (1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 2 (2), 3 (150), 4 (218), or 5 (7) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, both pentacuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Fifteen to 28 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tricuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 7 (7), 8 (34), 9 (72), 10 (61), 11 (26), 12 (9), 13 (3), 14 (1), or 15 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, pentacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 13–21 small, aciculated, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of fourth to seventh main series dentary teeth. Symphyseal teeth may be lacking in larger (> 350 mmSL) specimens.   TABLE 21.Morphometric data of  Brycon falcatus.    n Range Mean  Standard length (SL) 385 84.6–434.7 -  Percentages of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin 379 28.8–42.8 36.4  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 384 46.9–56.6 50.6  Dorsal-fin base length 384 7.1–15.6 12.8  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 385 20.5–28.9 24.5  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 385 32.3–43.2 36.8  Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 385 45.2–54.6 48.9  Snout to anal-fin origin 384 65.0–75.7 69.9  Anal-fin base length 383 18.7–26.3 23.1  Caudal peduncle length 379 10.1–17.3 14.0  Dorsal-fin height 374 17.7–26.8 23.0  Pectoral-fin length 378 14.0–24.2 20.1  Pelvic-fin length 373 9.7–20.9 17.6  Caudal peduncle depth 380 8.4–13.1 10.0  Head length 388 22.5–32.2 26.0  Percentages of head length  Head height 382 76.7–1.14 90.6  Snout length 385 22.2–37.2 29.6  Upper jaw length 385 38.1–51.4 46.2  Horizontal eye diameter 385 20.9–41.7 30.3  Post-orbital length 385 36.9–52.2 43.7  Least interorbital width 385 31.1–53.6 41.3 Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Forty-seven (1), 48 (1), 49 (1), 50 (3), 51 (11), 52 (25), 53 (57), 54 (59), 55 (77), 56 (90), 57 (104), 58 (93), 59 (57), 60 (49), 61 (27), 62 (14), 63 (8), 64 (16), 67 (1), or 69 (1) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens up to 150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, three to six branches in specimens between 150–250 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules often overlapping each other in larger (> 270 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line eight (1), 9 (21), 10 (115), 11 (122), 12 (103), 13 (29), or 14 (3). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 4 (21), 5 (156), 6 (169), 7 (27), or 8 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 15 (1), 16 (27), 17 (75), 18 (125), 19 (67), 20 (51), 21 (32), or 22 (6). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead, or about at middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 11th (2), 12th (1), or 13th(1) vertebra. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in cs specimens), 18 (1), 19 (4), 20 (11), 21 (41), 22 (90), 23 (93), 24 (82), 25 (45), or 26 (6). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 22th (4), or 23th (1) vertebrae. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Anal fin displaying several (c. 5–12 per fin-ray main branch) small hooks on posterior main branch of branched rays 2–11, associated with dense, gelatinous tissue in 5 examined specimens (MZUSP 3845, 2, 196.2– 198.9 mmSL, MZUSP 16448, 1, 196.5 mmSL mm SL, MZUSP 91493, 1, 226.0 mm SL, MZUSP 94990, 1, 230.0 mm SL). Asingle hook per ray segment. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 21–25 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays 11 (3), 12 (76), 13 (229), or 14 (58). Pelvic-fin rays typically i, 7 (364), rarely i, 6 (4), or i, 8 (4). Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin forked, lobes slightly emarginated. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Small distal projection in the area of the laterosensory tube present in specimens with relatively intact caudal fin. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 12 (14), 13 (24), 14 (40), 15 (32), 16 (22), or 17 (2) lower, 1 at angle, and 11 (1), 12 (15), 13 (38), 14 (51), 15 (20), 16 (6), or 17 (2) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 39 (1), 40 (1), 41 (7), 42 (5), 43 (2), or 44 (1). Supraneurals 8(2), or 9 (2).   TABLE 22.Morphometric data of some type specimens referable to  Brycon falcatus(A: paralectotype of  Brycon hilarii, MNHN A.9894; B: syntypes of  Brycon brevicauda: BMNH 1849.4.8: 42; 49; C: syntypes of  Brycon bicolor, MNHN 87746-748; D: holotype of  Brycon matrinchao, ANSP 69619).    A B C D  Standard length (SL) 169.5 87.4–92.7 110.0–120.9 149.2  Percentages of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin - 31.2–33.4 31.8–37.6 38.3  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 50.6 50.6–51.6 50.9–53.9 51.1  Dorsal-fin base length 13.4 13.3–13.4 12.2–13.1 14.1  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 25.4 22.5–24.3 23.0–25.1 27.0  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 39.9 36.6–36.8 36.7–41.0 38.9  Snout to pelvic-fin insertion - 52.9–53.9 53.0–53.6 49.9  Snout to anal-fin origin 72.9 72.4–73.0 72.1–74.5 69.6  Anal-fin base length 23.4 21.7–23.3 22.9–23.4 22.9  Caudal peduncle length 9.0 13.4–14.2 10.8–12.5 15.8  Dorsal-fin height - 24.7–25.4 22.4–23.2 23.7  Pectoral-fin length - 18.4–19.6 18.3–20.1 20.2  Pelvic-fin length - 18.0–18.3 14.4–16.3 15.8  Caudal peduncle depth 9.8 9.0–9.9 9.5–10.2 11.0  Head length 23.7 29.7–30.0 28.1–29.4 26.1  Percentages of head length  Head height - 23.1–23.8 78.3–84.4 89.5  Snout length 28.4 27.0–30.0 28.8–31.7 30.3  Upper jaw length 48.9 46.8–48.8 48.9–50.0 47.7  Horizontal eye diameter 29.9 30.9–32.3 28.7–30.3 28.7  Post-orbital length 45.6 41.9–42.4 42.9–46.2 45.6  Least interorbital width 42.1 35.6–37.3 37.2–44.1 46.2  Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital light-grey to light-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-grey to dark-brown. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, opercle and cleithrum silvery in specimens retaining guanine, light-brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Dentary, maxillary, gular area, and lower portion of body light-brown. Lateral portion of body silvery in specimens retaining guanine, light brown in specimens that lost this pigment due to a long storage in formalin. Humeral blotch present, slightly to moderately conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of fourth to fifth lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Scales on lateral portions of body with dark pigmentation concentrated on their central portion, forming dark, straight longitudinal stripes, more conspicuous dorsally. Dark, solid, oblique dark stripe extending along anal-fin scales sheath and anal-fin basis in almost all specimens (see item “Variation”, below). Caudal peduncle blotch wide, extending across upper and lower caudalfin rays typically as a V- or crescent-shaped dark blotch, though with a great degree of variation in the development of the pigmentantion in the lower caudal-fin lobe (see item “Variation”, below). Dorsal, anal, pectoral, and pelvicfin rays with a variable amount of interradial dark pigmentantion but typically clear. Adipose-fin light- to darkgrey, with scattered dark spots in large specimens from the upper rio Tapajós basin.   FIGURE 84.  Brycon falcatus, BMNH 1849.4.8: 42, 49, 92.7 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, rio Capim. Syntype of  Brycon brevicaudaGünther.   FIGURE 85.  Brycon falcatus, ANSP 69619, 149.2 mm SL: Brazil, “Rio Parnahyba… Piauhy”. Holotype of  Brycon matrinchaoFowler. Photoby M.W. Littmann.   FIGURE 86.  Brycon falcatus, ANSP 176667, 165.3 mm SL: Guyana, Burro Burro River (trib. Essequibo River). Photo by M.H. Sabaj Pérez.   FIGURE 87.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 18077, 135.3 mm SL: Brazil, Pará, igarapé do Limão.   FIGURE 88.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 61056, 202.2 mm SL; Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Arinos.   FIGURE 89.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 48113, 197.7 mm SL: Brazil, Goiás, rio Araguaia.   FIGURE 90.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 98119, 310.0 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Culuene (freshly collected). Photo by C.R. Moreira.   FIGURE 91.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 61132, 434.7 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Arinos.   FIGURE 92.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 103036, 290.0 mm SL: Brazil, Mato Grosso, rio Aripuanã.   FIGURE 93.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 56782, 200.0 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Negro.   FIGURE 94.  Brycon falcatus, INHS 61479, 113.5 mm SL: Venezuela, Apure, Caño San Miguel.   FIGURE 95.  Brycon falcatus, ANSP 161212, 111 mm SL: Venezuela, Depto. Amazonas, Río Ventuari. Photo by M.H. Sabaj Pérez.   FIGURE 96.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 17530, 122.4 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Içá basin.   FIGURE 97.  Brycon falcatus, INHS 43928, 134.4 mm SL: Peru, Loreto, Río Nanay.   FIGURE 98.  Brycon falcatus, MZUSP 91493, 226.0 mm SL: Brazil, Amazonas, rio Tiquié.  Color in life.Description based on pictures of several specimens collected at the lower rio Japurá (Lago Amanã), upper rio Madeira, upper rio Tapajós, upper rio Xingu ( Fig. 90), and rio Tocantinsin Amazon basin, RíoInirida, Orinoco basin, and Kuribrong River, Essequibobasin, plus published pictures of living specimens ( Géry, 1977: 321, upper and lower; Planquette et al., 1996: 227; Ferreira et al., 2007: 125). Top of head and snout light- to dark-grey. Dorsum plumbeous. Lateral surfaces of head and body silvery. Humeral blotch relatively inconspicuous. Dark stripe extending along anal-fin basis and dark, V-shaped caudal peduncle/caudal-fin blotch very conspicuous. Distal border of caudal fin yellowish to reddish. Adipose fin yellowish grey. Remaining fins translucent, dorsal fin with some yellowish pigmentation.  Variation.  Brycon falcatusis one of the most widespread cis-andean  Bryconspecies, and perharps not unexpextedly, a great degree of variation in body shape and color pattern is observed across its range. Specific features that show a great degree of variation are body height, caudal-fin pigmentation, scale counts, maximum body size, and, to a lesser extent than the previous features, anal-fin pigmentation. Each of these features is treated sequentially below. Body height varies considerably in specimens of  Brycon falcatus, to an extent unequalled among cis-andean  Bryconspecies. Specimens range from being relatively elongated ( Fig. 89) to high-bodied ( Figs. 86, 88, 92). However, there is no consistent geographical variation in this character, and most river systems present specimens ranging from both extremes in body shape. Probably, most of the observed variation in this trait is simply a result of phenotypic plasticity. Caudal-fin pigmentation is the most significant trait to vary among  Brycon falcatuspopulations, and, contrary to body height, exhibits a clear geographical pattern.  Brycon falcatuspopulations from the Guianas, rio Branco, rio Capim, rio Tocantins, and rio Xingu basins possess the characteristic V- or crescent-shaped caudal-fin blotch, with the extent of dark pigmentation approximately symmetrical in both lobes ( Figs. 86–87). However, moving westwards into the Brazilian and Guyanese shields, dark pigmentantion on the lower caudal-fin lobe tend to decrease clinally in intensity. Specimens from the rio Tapajós and rio Madeirabasins range from possessing an almost symmetrical dark pigmentation in both fin lobes ( Figs. 88, 92) to a considerably less pigmented lower caudal-fin lobe. Specimens from the middle and lower rio Negroand middle and middle rio Orinoco basin possess a clearly asymmetrically pigmented caudal fin, with the dark pigmentation much more intense and extensive in the upper, than in the lower caudal-fin lobe ( Figs. 93–95). Moving westward into western Amazon, the apparently scattered populations of  Brycon falcatusoccurring in that vast area possess an even more asymmetrically pigmented caudal-fin, with the lower lobe almost ( Fig. 96) or completely ( Fig. 97) unpigmented, the latter condition found in specimens from Iquitos area, the most westward known locality for the species. Oddly, specimens from the upper rio Negro(above São Gabriel rapids) and upper rio Orinoco (above its junction with the Río Guaviare) basins present a similar color pattern to the specimens from Iquitos area, presenting no dark pigmentation at all at the lower caudal-fin lobe and the upper caudal-fin lobe pigmentation almost continuous with the anal-fin dark stripe ( Fig. 98). Specimens from the Iquitos area and upper rio Negroand upper RíoOrinoco basins are thus very similar in color pattern to  B. melanopterus, though  B. falcatusis typically a higher-bodied species, with lower vertebral counts (see item “Comparisons” of  B. melanopterus). See item “Putative examples of mimicry involving  Brycon”, below, for a possible explanation for this similarity. Scale counts vary considerably among distinct populations of  Brycon falcatus, with specimens from the Guianas clearly presenting lower counts when compared with specimens from the Orinoco and Amazon basins (see Tables 23and 24). The lower scale counts presented by Guyanese specimens when compared with specimens from rio Capim and rio Tocantinsbasins were the main reason supporting the recognition of  Brycon brevicaudaas a valid species (e.g., Géry, 1964: 450; Howes, 1982: 14). However, the examination of large series of specimens undertook during the present study demonstrated a continuous variation in scale counts among the several populations of  Brycon falcatus, thus failing to confirm the presumed distinctness of  B. brevicaudabased on this character ( Tables 23and 24). Another trait which shows a clear geographical component in  Brycon falcatusis the maximum length reached by different populations. Typically,  Brycon falcatusis a middle-sized species, generally does not exceeding 300 mmSL (e.g., the maximum size of 350 mmTL reported by Rubio et al., 2012, based on the examination of 279 specimenscollected at the rio Guaporé). However, extensive examination of both preserved and unpreserved specimens of  Brycon falcatusfrom the rio Teles Pires and rio Juruena in the upper rio Tapajós basin, and from the upper rio Xingu basin showed that individuals belonging to these populations often grow considerably above this upper limit. Maximum recorded sizes from specimens from these areas are, respectively, 435.0 and 401.0 mm SL, and specimens ranging between 300–400 mmSL are common. To complicate further the issue, in the upper rio Tapajós area apparently both morphotypes (“ large-sized” and “middle-sized”) co-exist (J.M. Mendes and H.F. Mendes, pers. comm.). The “large-sized” population from the upper rio Xingu is slightly different from the one from the upper rio Tapajós in being on average smaller-sized and by not possessing the dotted adipose fin present in the latter.   TABLE 23.Absolute frequency of lateral-line scales among distinct  Brycon falcatuspopulations.    47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57  Guyana and Suriname 1 1 2 1 5 10 12 12 6 4 2  Orinoco 1 5 2 5 3 3  Negro 1 1 3 5 3 4 6 9  Branco 1 4 5 4 4 4  Tocantins and Capim 1 2 1 1 1 4  Xingu 2 4 5 10 13  Tapajós 2 3 5 9 13 10  Madeira 2 4 7 6 8  Western Amazon 2 1 2 4 4  continued. 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 Guyana and Suriname Orinoco 4 1 1 1 Negro 6 2 1 Branco 4 2   Tocantinsand Capim11 12  11 8 22 5 Xingu 7 4 2 1 Tapajós 16 10 10 6 26 2 Madeira2 2 1 3 1 WesternAmazon 1 1 1 1 8 9 10 11 12 1314   TABLE 24.Absolute frequency of scales between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line among distinct  Brycon falcatuspopulations..   Guyanaand Suriname  1 22 33 Orinoco 10 7 16 Negro 14 24 1 Branco 12 18  Tocantinsand Capim 12 44 4Xingu 8 11 218 Tapajós 2 28 2325 7 Madeira 8 16 11  WesternAmazon 4 11 12  Brycon falcatustypically possess a conspicuous dark stripe along the basis of anal-fin, the intensity of which, however, varies considerably among populations and even within specimens collected in the same general area. Some specimens from the upper portion of the rio Araguaia in central Brazil(MZUSP 18628, MZUSP 62490, MZUSP 48113, MZUSP 52391) entirely lack the dark stripe. At the other extreme are the specimens from the upper RíoOrinoco and upper rio Negro, which possess a very well-developed dark stripe that extends from the origin of the pelvic fin to the caudal peduncle, much as the stripe found in  Brycon melanopterus(see above). It is interesting to notice that specimens collected in the rio Arinos at the upper rio Tapajós basin (e.g., MZUSP 56785, MZUSP 60423, MZUSP 61056) possess a well-developed dark stripe, while specimens collected in the same area but kept for some time in fish ponds (MZUSP 61132, MZUSP 61133) lack entirely the dark stripe. This suggests that the expression and the intensity of the dark stripe might vary as a response of some physiological factor. Finally, a considerable molecular divergence among samples the species from the Río Orinoco in Venezuela, rio Negro in Brazil and upper rio Xingu was detected by Abe et al.(2014). Abe et al.(2014: 12) considered that populations of  Brycon falcatusfrom the Río Orinoco and Río Negro basins were separated by the development of the Vaupes arch. However,  Brycon falcatuspossess a continuous distribution across the upper rio Negro and upper Río Orinoco afforded by the Río Casiquiare, from where the species is known (see Fig. 99), and consequently the genetic divergence between these samples cannot be ascribed to a supposed vicariant event that in fact did not isolated these populations. A much larger sampling is necessary to understand phylogeographical patterns and the possible existence of cryptic species within the populations herein assigned to  Brycon falcatus. Until such work is done, it is deemed more parsimonious to consider all these populations as belonging to a single species.  Common names.Brazil: “matrinchã”; “ piabanha” ( Santos et al., 1984: 41); “voadeira”, “avoadeira”, “matrinchã-pequena”; “jatuarana-miri” (Wallace, in Toledo-Piza, 2002: 116); “miõ wi” (Tukano language, upper rio Negro basin; Lima et al., 2005: 164); “wenawe” (Tuyuka language, upper rio Negro basin; Lima et al., 2005: 164); French Guiana: “moloko blanc”, “maloko”, “mbooko”, “molokoimo” ( Planquette et al., 1996); Suriname: “moroko” ( Richter & Nijssen, 1980: 123; Mol et al., 2007: 115); Guyana: “kurumi” ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29); Venezuela: “palambra”, “bócon” ( Taphorn, 1992: 128).   Distribution.Widespread in rivers draining the Brazilian and Guyanashields in the Amazon, Orinoco, and guyanese river systems, and also on scattered localities in western Amazon ( Fig. 99).  Brycon falcatusis recorded only from clear or dark water rivers and never occur at white/murky-water rivers. Records from the rio Madeirabasin are all from shield-draining, clear- to black-water tributaries such as rio Guaporé/Itenez, rio Jamari, rio Aripuanã, and rio Roosevelt. Likewise, records in the western Amazon came from black-water systems as the Lago Amanã near the mouth of rio Japurá in Brazilor the RíoNanay near Iquitos, Peru. From guyanese river systems, we have examined material from the Essequibo, Corantijn, and Maroni/ Marowijne Riversin Guyana, Surinameand  French Guiana, but the species is also reported from the Suriname River(e.g., Richter & Nijssen, 1980; Mol et al., 2007; Mol et al., 2012), Coppename River( Mol et al., 2006; Mol et al., 2012), Nickerie River(Mol et al., 2012) and Saramacca River(Mol et al., 2012) in Suriname, and Mana River( Planquette et al., 1996: 226–227) in  French Guiana. The present westernmost record for  Brycon falcatusis Iquitos and records from more westward localities (e.g.,  Ecuador; Gilbert & Roberts, 1971; Saul, 1975) need to be re-examined. Recorded as a vagrant species in a river from southern Trinidad( Phillip et al., 2013: 16; see item “Biogeography”, below).  Ecological notes.As noticed above,  Brycon falcatusinhabits exclusively clear- or black-water rivers. Like its congeners,  Brycon falcatusis a highly mobile fish and utilizes a great variety of habitats, ranging from river channels, flooded forest, floodplain lakes, to small tributaries. The species undertake massive spawning upstream migrations in the rio Culuene, upper rio Xingu basin, during September/November (pers. obs.), but spawning migrations in the rio Araguaia basin appear to be much more discrete and local (J.B. Nunes, pers. comm.). Specimens associated in small groups of up to 3 individuals were observed while snorkelling in clear-water tributaries of the upper rio Arinos, rio Tapajós basin, Mato Grossoduring the late wet season (pers. obs.). Lowe Mc-Connel (1964: 118, 120) noticed downstream migration of the species in the Ireng River(upper RioBranco basin, Guyana) during the early dry season, and specimens with ripening gonads in the Rupununi Riverin April (early wet season). At the rio Guaporé ( Mato Grosso, Brazil), mature females were collected at the beginning of the rainy season, between October and December ( Rubio et al., 2012). Scale rings indicated a maximum age of five years in specimens from the rio Guaporé ( Rubio et al., 2012). Afemale with 30 cmSL from the rio Culuene collected early October possessed mature gonads (pers. obs.). Migratory schools in the rio Culuene were observed being attacked by  Hydrolycus armatusspecimens, and some dying  Brycon falcatuswere found with deep parallel cuts which very likely were inflicted by this large predatory characin (pers. obs.). An osprey,  Pandion haliaetus, was observed with a  Brycon falcatusspecimen under its talons at the Kuribrong River, Guyana(pers. obs.).   FIGURE 99.Map of northern South America, showing known localities of  Brycon falcatus(red dots). Detailed studies on the diet of  Brycon falcatusare Borges (1986), who studied specimens from the middle and lower rio Negrobasin in Brazil, and Albrecht et al.(2009), studying specimens from the upper rio Tocantinsbasin in central Brazil. Borges (1986)found mainly vegetal itens (fruits and seeds) in stomach contents of specimens collected during the rainy season, while during the dry season, arthropods were the main dietary item. Leaves, flowers, and fishes were moderately consumed in both seasons. Fruits commonly found in stomach contents were  Ocoteasp. ( Lauraceae),  Tococasp. ( Melastomataceae), and  Macrolobium acacifolium(Fabaceae). Albrecht et al.(2009)also found seeds and fruits to be the most important dietary item for the species, followed by ants, coleopterans, fish and terrestrial vertebrates.  Correa& Winemiller (2014)reported that the species switched from fruits and seeds to terrestrial invertebrates as its main dietary item from rainy season to dry season in a site at the lower Río Caquetábasin (= RioJapurá in Brazil) in Colombia, although later than the syntopic  B. melanopterus. Matos et al.(2016)recorded invertebrates (mostly insects and Decapoda), fishes, flowers, seeds and fruits as the main itens ingested by  Brycon falcatusat the rio Teles Pires basin, and that specimens living in river stretches where an artificial food supply (soybeans and corn) was provided presented a better condition (i.e., more abdominal fat) than specimens living in river stretches where no artificial food supply was provided.   Remarks.Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk (1841: 212–213) described  Chalceus labrosusfrom the “river Paduiri” (= RioPadauari), a locality which lies in the middle rio Negrobasin, Amazonas, Brazil, an area visited by Schomburgk in March 1839( Schomburgk, 1840). No typematerial is known for this nominal species. Though poor, the description and plate of  Chalceus labrosusclearly correspond to the same species latter described by Müller & Troschel as  Brycon falcatus. Jardine, in Jardine & Schomburgk (1841: 212–213) mentions the three series of teeth in the premaxillary (“three rows on the roof of the mouth”), the dark stripe at the basis of anal fin (“a broad black mark running from the centre of its anterior edge for one-third of its length”), and the crescent-shaped blotch at the caudal fin (“a dark bluish black bar running across, parallel to the fork”). The name  Chalceus labrosuswas never used as a valid species after its original description, while  Brycon falcatushas been continuously used in the ichthyological literature during the last 160 years, by well more than 25 authors (see synonymic list, above). We consider thus that  Chalceus labrosusfulfills the necessary requisites to be considered as a nomen oblitum(Article 23.9.1 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 1999), and, as such, as not having precedence over  Brycon falcatus, which is herein considered a nomen protectum.  Müller & Troschel (1844: 90)briefly described  Brycon falcatus, based on an unspecified number of syntypes collected at Guiana and Suriname by Schomburgk and Dieppering. A little later, the same authors ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29, pl. 6, fig. 1) described the species in detail and provided a good illustration of it. Though the type specimens were not examined in the present study, the good description and illustration by Müller & Troschel (1845)leaves no doubt as to the identity of the species. Günther (1864: 335)identified three specimens from BMNH collected by Schomburgk as belonging to the type series, which probably prompted Eschmeyer (1998: 58)in considering this lot (BMNH 1969.12.12:1-3) as being part of the syntypical series of  B. falcatus. However, as remarked earlier by Howes (1982: 26), only the specimens deposited at the ZMB were cited in the original description ( Müller & Troschel, 1845: 29) and as such are the only specimens that should be considered as having typical status ( Lima, 2003: 176). In the same papers where  Brycon falcatuswas described, Müller & Troschel (1844: 91; 1845: 29–30, pl. 6, fig. 2) described  Brycon schomburgkiifrom Guyana. Müller & Troschel (1845)diagnosed the species from  Brycon falcatusonly by the possession of a longer inner row of dentary teeth, almost reaching the inner symphyseal teeth. However, there is a reasonable degree of intraspecific variation in the extension of the second dentary teeth row in  Bryconspecies, and the variation described by Müller & Troschel (1845)fits within this variation. Eigenmann (1912: 372), who examined the type specimens of both  Brycon falcatusand  B. schomburgkii, remarked that “the later is undoubtedly the young of the former”, thus considering  B. schomburgkiia synonym of  B. falcatus, an opinion with which we concur. Valenciennes (in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1850: 246–248), when describing  Chalceus hilarii, mentioned that part of the syntypical series was collected “dans l’Amazone” by Castelnau. Castelnau (1855: 68) noticed that these specimens were actually collected at Salinas, located at the rio Araguaia basin in Goiás state, Brazil ( Papavero, 1971: 152). Bertin (1948: 14–15)listed three syntypes for  Chalceus hilarii, two of which (MNHN 9893, MNHN 9894) were collected by Castelnau at the “Fl[euve]. Amazone”. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 815)selected the specimen MNHN A.8616 as the lectotype of  Brycon hilarii(see item “Remarks” of  B. hilarii). Consequently, the specimens MNHN 9893 and MNHN 9894 became paralectotypes of the species. Géry & Mahnert (1992)mentioned that these specimens were collected at Salinas, but incorrectly surmised that this locality was located at the rio Jequitinhonha (a river basin not visited by Castelnau). Due to the poor state of preservation of the paralectotypes, Géry & Mahnert (1992)were unsure whether they were in fact conspecific with the lectotype or not. The examination of one of these paralectotypes (MNHN A.9894) demonstrated, as should be expected by its provenance, that it refers not to  Brycon hilarii, but, actually, to  B. falcatus.  Günther (1864: 335)described  Brycon brevicaudabased on three syntypes, BMNH 1864.4.20: 13, from “ RioJocintins” (presumably a mispelling of rio Tocantins), and BMNH 1849.4.8: 42; 49, from rio Capim, Brazil. Géry (1964: 450)provided an identification key for what he supposed to be a group of species similar to  Brycon falcatus, identifiable by possessing a V-shaped caudal-fin blotch. In that key,  Brycon brevicaudawas diagnosed from  B. falcatusby possessing higher lateral-line and vertical scale counts, lower anal-fin counts, a smaller body depth, by lacking the dark stripe at the anal-fin basis and, possibly, by lacking the inner dentary symphyseal teeth. Howes (1982: 14)also considered  Brycon brevicaudaas being a valid species, distinct from  Brycon falcatusin scale counts, body depth, premaxillary teeth counts, and dentary teeth shape. The examination of large samples from the Guianas, Amazon and Orinoco basins undertook during the present study showed that all these characters are either not valid (i.e., premaxilary teeth counts, lack of symphyseal teeth, dentary teeth shape), or vary considerably within populations (i.e., body depth, anal-fin basis pigmentation), or else present a continuous variation among distinct populations (i.e., scale counts) (see item “Variation”, above). We consider thus  Brycon brevicaudaas a synonym of  B. falcatus.  Steindachner (1882a: 176)briefly described  Brycon stuebelii(originally spelled as  stübelii)having as its typelocality the Amazon basin (“Amazonestrome”). Soon thereafter Steindachner (1882b: 13–14)redescribed the species in detail, and specified its type-locality as being “ Rio Amazonas(Iquitos)”. Steindachner (1882b: 13)compared  Brycon stuebeliiwith a single congener,  B. melanopterus, from which he diagnoses it by possessing a shorter dark stripe at the anal-fin basis and a supposedly larger second infraorbital bone. Géry (1964: 450)considered  Brycon stuebeliias provisionally valid and considered it as belonging to a group of species similar to  B. falcatus, being supposedly distinct from the latter by possessing higher scales counts. Howes (1982: 45), however, considered  Brycon stuebellias a possible synonym of  B. falcatus. The holotypeof  Brycon stuebeliiwas not examined during the course of the present study, but Steindachner’s description and illustration show a typical  Brycon falcatusspecimen, with a well-defined crescent-shaped blotch on the caudal-fin, a color pattern no longer displayed by the now faded holotype( Zarske, 2003: 16, fig. 7). Curiously, all subsequent specimens of  Brycon falcatuscollected in the western portions of the Amazon basin, including specimens collected at Iquitos, does not possess a V- or crescent-shaped blotch on caudal fin, but instead, the dark pigmentation is considerably more developed or even entirely confined to the upper caudal-fin lobe (see item “Variation”, above).    Brycon bicolorwas described by Pellegrin (1909a: 12–13)based on three specimens collected at at the Rio Orinoco, without a precise locality. The collector of the type material, Jean Chaffanjon, was a French explorer who traveled between  1885–1890inthe Río Orinoco, and explored its upper reaches, including the Río Caura and upstream into the Río Orinoco to the rapids of the Raudal de los Guaharibos ( Huber, 1995). The species was compared by Pellegrin (1909a)with  Brycon falcatusand considered to be distinct due to the possession of smaller scales. Howes (1982: 11, 13–14)examined the syntypes and considered it a “very characteristic taxon hardly to be confused with any other  Bryconspecies”. The distinctiness of  Brycon bicolor, according to Howes (1982), relied in its color pattern, which consisted in a dark stripe extending across the base of anal fin and a blotch extending diagonally from caudal peduncle to the upper lobe of caudal fin. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 802)also examined the syntypes and considered  Brycon bicolorto be more related to  B. melanopterusand  B. cephalus(=  B. amazonicus) than to  B. falcatusdue to the presumably distinct V-shaped caudal-fin pigmentation present in the latter species. Lima (2003: 175), listing the valid species of Bryconinae, considered the species provisionally valid, but mentioned the possibility that the species might be a synonym of  Brycon melanopterus. This supposition was based on the fact that the syntypes exhibit a color pattern similar to the one found in this latter species. However, after we have examined the syntypes of  Brycon bicolor(MNHN 87746-748), and studied in more detail  Bryconspecimens from the upper Río Orinoco and upper rio Negro basins, it became obvious that these specimens does not belong to  B. melanopterus(see item “Comparisons” of  B. melanopterus, and item “Variation”, above), but instead are best interpreted as representing one extreme of variation in pigmentary features found within a polymorphic  B. falcatus. Accordingly,  Brycon bicoloris herein considered a synonym of  B. falcatus. Thus, records in the literature for  Brycon melanopterusin the upper rio Negro and upper Río Orinoco basins ( Myers & Weitzman, 1960; Lima et al., 2005) actually represent misidentifications of this unusually-pigmented color morph of  B. falcatus.  Fowler (1941: 192–194)described  Brycon matrinchaofor the rio Parnaíba, Piauí, northeastern Brazil. Fowler (1941: 194)did not compared  Brycon matrinchaowith any other  Bryconspecies, with the exception of  Brycon hilarii, and as a matter of fact did not put forward any reasoning justifying the description of the species. Géry (1964: 450)considered  Brycon matrinchaoas belonging to a putative group of species related to  B. falcatus, from which it would be diagnosed by possessing higher scales counts. The holotypeof  Brycon matrinchao(ANSP 69619) was examined during the course of the present study, and it is undoubtedly a specimen of  B. falcatusbelonging to the populations that display relatively high scale counts (see item “Variation”, above). Despite a considerable sampling effort in the last twenty years (e.g., Ramos et al., 2014), no additional specimens of  Brycon falcatuswere collected in the rio Parnaíba basin. In fact, the only other putative record of a  Bryconspecies occurring in the rio Parnaíba is a lot of  Brycon orthotaeniacollected by the Thayer Expedition, which also constitutes a doubtful record (see item “Distribution” of the latter species, and the item “Biogeography”, below). Several species recorded by Fowler (1941)from the rio Parnaíba and another drainages from northeastern Brazilwere never collected again in that area and clearly are mislabelled specimens which were rather probably collected in the rio Tocantinssystem (Roberts, 1973: 213; Vari, 1995: 80; Vari & Harold, 2001: 45–46; Castro & Vari, 2004: 151). It is very unlikely that fish species highly prized and exploited by fishermen such as a  Semaprochilodus(Castro & Vari, 2004: 151)or a  Bryconspecies would have escaped further notice, if in fact they were truly present in the rio Parnaíba basin. We consider thus that the reported occurrence of  Brycon falcatusin the rio Parnaíba basin to be based on a mislabelled specimen, and that the holotypeof  B. matrinchaowas actually collected somewhere in the Amazon basin, perharps in the rio Tocantinsbasin.   Géry & Mahnert (1992: 800–802)identified as a possible new species specimens of  Bryconbelonging to the INPA collection from the rio Aripuanã and Lago Amanã. These specimens were considered by Géry & Mahnert (1992)to be distinct from  Brycon brevicauda, and similar to  B. bicolor, by possessing the dark pigmentation confined to the upper caudal-fin lobe. We have examined one of the lots studied by Géry & Mahnert (1992)(INPA 16412, from the rio Aripuanã) and specimens from the Lago Amanã and nearby areas (MZUSP 99213, MCP 29776, MCP 29774, MCP 29771, MCP 29775). As noticed under the item “Variation”, above, the intensity of pigmentation in the lower caudal-fin lobe vary in intensity across the populations of  Brycon falcatus, with a distinct east-west clinal tendence of decrease of intensity of pigmentation in the lower caudal-fin lobe. The population of  Brycon falcatusfrom the rio Madeira basin is variable in this respect, and specimens ranging from a lower caudalfin lobe much less pigmented than the upper caudal-fin lobe to specimens presenting a almost symmetric, V-shaped caudal-fin blotches are present in the area, while specimens from the lago Amanã area typically possess a lower caudal-fin lobe much less pigmented than the upper caudal-fin lobe, a condition which is in fact a rule for  B. falcatuspopulations from the western Amazon (see item “Variation”, above). In sum, the purported specific distinctness of the populations from the rio Aripuanã and Lago Amanã hypothesized by Géry & Mahnert (1992)constitute actually only in the extreme of a continuous variation of the lower-caudal fin pigmentation within  Brycon falcatuspopulations.    Material examined. Typematerial. MNHNA.9894 ( 1, 169.5 mmSL): " L'Amazone" (= Brazil, Goiás, Salinas, c. 13°40’S, 50°14’W, rio Araguaiabasin); F. de Castelnau, 1844.  Paralectotypeof  Chalceus hilariiValenciennes(designated by  Géry& Mahnert, 1992: 815). BMNH1849.4.8: 42, 49 (2, 87.4–92.7 mmSL): “ RioCapin” (= Brazil, Pará, RioCapim); “purch. Stevens” (i.e., collected by H.W. Bates);  syntypesof  Brycon brevicauda Günther, 1864.  BMNH1842.4.20.13 (1, 232.0 mm SL): “ Rio Jocintins” (= Rio Tocantins, Brazil); “pres. by M. Gardiner”; syntype of  Brycon brevicaudaGünther.MNHN 87746-748 (3, 110.0– 120.9 mmSL): “Orénoque”, Chaffanjon.  Syntypesof  Brycon bicolorPellegrin.  ANSP69619( 1, 149.2 mmSL): Brazil: “ RioParnahyba; Therezina; Piauhy”; R. von Ihering, 1936. Holotype of  Brycon matrinchaoFowler.    Non types. French Guyana.  MNHN2000-4476( 1, 162.6 mmSL): Maroni Riverat Maripasoula, 3°38’48’’N, 54°2’27’’W; IRD-Cayenne,  15 June 1999.   MNHN1999-1451(1, 102.0 mm SL): Maroni River, Saut Singatelet, c. 4°20’N, 54°23’W; P. Planquette,  15 Oct 1979. MNHN 2004-0345 (1, 99.1 mmSL);   MNHN2004-0243(1, 70.9 mmSL):  Saint Laurent du Maroni, 5°28’N, 54°3’W;  O. Tostain, 2003.  MNHN1998-1822( 1, 257.9 mmSL):  Saint Laurent du Maroni, 5°28’N, 54°3’W; P.- Y. Le Bail, no date.   Suriname, Nickerie District:  MZUSP38255(4, 1 cs, 116.9–131.6 mmSL): woodland stream about 0.5 kminland of Camp Mataway, Corantijn Riverbasin, 4°48'N, 57°43'W; R.P. Vari,  21 Sept 1980.   USNM225975(2, 129.1–152.0 mm SL): small creek entering Corantijn River, on east side approx.  300 mnorth of Amotopoboat landing, 3°33’N, 57°40’W; R.P. Vari et al.,  19 Sept 1980.   USNM225625(3, 134.7– 141.2 mmSL): creek opposite logging camp, 2 and a half hours S of Matapi, approx. 2 kmdownstream Cow Falls, 4°59’N, 57°38’W; R.P. Vari et al.,  11 Sept 1980.   USNM226161(66, 77.1–108.1 mmSL): Corantijn Riverat km 180, side channel along Surinameseshore, 5°8’N, 57°18’W; R.P. Vari et al.,  Sept 1980.   USNM225624(4, 127.6– 136.6 mmSL): Mataway Creekapproximately 8 kmfrom its intersection with Corantjin River, 4°47'N, 57°45'W; R.P. Vari et al.,  11 Sept 1980.   USNM226122(9, 96.7–140.0 mm SL): Matapi Creekca. 1 kmfrom intersection with Corantijn River, 5°00'N, 57°16'W; R.P. Vari et al.,  9 Sept 1980.   AMNH54849( 98.9– 118.8 mmSL): stream near Camp Avanavaro, about 3 mi. downstream of Devis Falls(Kabalebo Riverdrainage); R.P. Vari et al.,  7 Dec 1979.   AMNH54976(5, 103.4– 114.2 mmSL): small stream just south of Tiger Fallson Corantijn Riverapprox. km 405, c. 4°0’N, 58°2’W; R.P. Vari et al.,  11 Dec. 1979.   AMNH54876(7, 100.2– 124.3 mmSL): Toeboeroe creek, trib. Corantjin Riverat km 220; R.P. Vari et al.,  8 Dec 1979.   AMNH54764(9, 97.4– 113.7 mmSL): Corantijndrainage, Kapoeri Creekabout 7 kmfrom intersection with Corantjin River; R.P. Vari et al.,  5 Dec 1979.   AMNH54904(10, 90.0– 105.9 mmSL): small inlets on sand bar opposite entrance of Matawai creekin Corantjin River; R.P. Vari et al.,  8 Dec 1979.  Guyana,  Essequibo Riverbasin. MCZ30162 ( 1, 193.3 mmSL);   FMNH53352(2, 196.5–222.0 mm SL): Tukeit, Potaro River, c. 5°16’N, 59°23’W;  C.H. Eigenmann, 1908.  FMNH7472( 1, 188.8 mmSL): same locality; S.E. Shideler, 1908.   AMNH73000(6, 82.5–124.9 mmSL): Mazaruni-Potaro District, Cuyuni River, just upstream of Caowry Creek, c. 6°23’N, 58°43’W; R.E. Schmidt, K. Schmidt& R. Pappantoniou,  18 Aug 1983.   UMMZ216328(2, 102.1–107.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, Bartica, 6°24’N, 58°37’W; Carslon & Persand, 12 Sept 1971. UMMZ 216215 (3, 41.4–50.6 mmSL): small creek trib.  Essequibo River, south of Bartica; F. Cichocki,  21 May 1972.   UMMZ216492(2, 51.2–66.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, opposite Bartica; F. Cichocki& Douglas,  4 June 1972.   UMMZ216401(1, 38.3 mmSL): Essequibo River, east bank up to Makouria Quarry; F. Cichocki et al.,  18 May 1972.  BMNH1972.19.17: 1398-1411(14, 82.7–125.6 mmSL): Essequibo River, Moraballi, c. 6°12’N, 58°34’W; R. Liley,  3 Nov 1959.   FMNH53350(1, 89.7 mmSL): Essequibo River, Rockstone, 6°1’N, 58°34’W;  C.H. Eigenmann, 1908.  ANSP177356(2, 185.0–255.0 mm SL): Siparuni River, Levi Falls Creek; G. Watkins et al.,  5 Dec 1997.   ANSP175740(1, 250.0 mm SL): Essequibo River, approx. 3 hours above Kupurukarifield station; W.G. Saul et al.,  30 Jan 1997.   ANSP178559(1, 248.0 mm SL): Burro Burro River: ca.35 minutes upstream from Burro Burrocampsite ( Water Dog Rapids), 4°10'48''N, 58°50'46''W; G.G. Watkins et al.,  22 Jan 1997.   ANSP175455(1, 106.0 mm SL): Siparuni  VIII-2, blackwater creek tributary of Burro Burro River, upstream from Burro Burrocampsite, 4°42'47''N, 58°51'46''W; G.G. Watkins et al., 21 Jan 1997.   ANSP175451( 1, 141.4 mmSL): Siparuni  VIII-2, clear water creek at campsite 3.1 milesfrom Kurupukari, field station on Kurupukari-Surema RiverRoad ( Tigercr.), 4°38'00''N, 58°42'59''W; W.G. Saul et al., 5 Febr 1997. ANSP 176666 (1, 252.0 mm SL);   ANSP176667( 1, 165.3 mmSL): Burro Burro River, Water Dog Falls, 4°10'48''N, 58°50'46''W; E. McBirney et al.,  17–20 Nov 1997.   ANSP176668( 1, 137.4 mmSL): Burro Burro River, Lunch Rock, 4°41'28''N, 58°51'8''W; C. Watson et al.,  20 Nov 1997.   ANSP176667( 1, 165.3 mmSL): same locality; G. Watkins et al.,  17 Nov 1997.   ANSP175456( 1, 134.4 mmSL): Siparuni  VIII-2, Paddle Rock lake, ca. 15 min downstream from Essequibocampsite,  Essequibo River, 4°43'57''N, 58°42'53''W; W.G. Saul,  27 Jan 1997.   ANSP176669( 1, 135.2 mmSL): Essequibo River, black water creek 2 kmdownstream from Paddle Rockcampsite, 4°45'40''N, 58°43'05''W; C. Watson et al.,  24 Nov 1997.   ANSP175454( 1, 100.7 mmSL): Siparuni  VIII- 2, Essequibo River, 180 yd. upstream from Essequibocampsite ( Maipuri), 4°45'43''N, 58°45'52''W;  D. Allicock,  27 Jan 1997.  ANSP176670(2, 128.4– 134.3 mmSL): Siparuni River, small side stream of Siparuninext to Tumble DownFalls, 4°48'39''N, 58°51'11''W; G. Watkins et al., 8 Dec 1997.   ANSP175457( 1, 121.3 mmSL): Siparuni  VIII-2, Essequibo River: sandbars in vicinity of Maipuricampsite, 4°34'17''N, 58°35'17''W;  W.G. Saul et al.,  2 Feb. 1997. ROM64251 (2, 93.1–101.9 mmSL): Region6 ( Kurupukari), about 1.6 kmdownstream from Tambikaboinlet, 4°48’40’’N, 58°49’20’’W;  E. Holm et al.,  13 Oct 1990.  ANSP39752(3, 86.3–109.1 mmSL): Rupununi River(no precise locality); J. Ogilvie, 1911.  BMNH1972.7.27:52-76 (25, 79.5–255.0 mm SL): Rupununi District(no precise locality); R.H. Lowe McConnel, no date.  MNHN A. 8614 ( 1, 244.3 mmSL, half skin);  MNHN A.9831 ( 1, 112.4 mmSL); MNHN 4388 (2, 110.0– 115.8 mmSL);   MNHN101(2, 205.3– 218.3 mmSL): “Fl. Essequibo,  GuyaneAnglaise”; R. Schomburgk, no date.   Venezuela, RíoOrinoco basin, Depto.  Amazonas:  AMNH93064( 1, 197.7 mmSL):  RioMavaca, upriver from base camp, at tributary, c. 2°31’N, 65°10’W; C.J. Ferraris,  A. Machado-Allison et al.,  18–20 March 1989.   AMNH93065( 1, 202.8 mmSL): RíoMavaca, at base camp, c. 2°31’N, 65°10’W; C.J. Ferraris& J. Daly,  17 March 1989.   ANSP159731(1, 114.0 mm SL): RíoSipapo, above Pendare, 4°51’N, 67°44’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  12 Nov 1985.   ANSP159734(1, 91.5 mmSL): Cañoentering RíoSipapo at raudal del Caldero, c. 3 kmabove confluence with RíoOrinoco, 5°4’N, 67°46’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  14 Nov 1985.   ANSP159732( 1, 110.1 mmSL): morichal 26.9 kmfrom Puerto Ayacucho, along PuertoAyacucho- Caicarahighway; B. Chernoff et al.,  15 Nov 1985.   ANSP159733( 1, 127.2 mmSL): RíoCataniapo at bridge on Puerto Ayacucho-Samariapocarretera, 3 kmS of Puerto Ayacucho, 5°32'N 67°31'W; B. Chernoff et al.,  11 Nov 1985.   FMNH85689(4, 2 cs, 92.4–147.7 mmSL): 50 kmtowards Puerto Ayacuchofrom Puerto Novo; J. Thomerson et al.,  14 Jan 1975.   USNM 270181(3, 97.3–120.0 mm SL): LagunaProvincial, approx. 20 kmnorth of Puerto Ayacucho, 5°50’N, 67°30’W;  R.P. Vari et al.,  1 Dec 1984.  INHS61580( 1, 118.3 mmSL): Caño Agua Linda(trib. RíoOrinoco), 5°50'24''N 67°27'10''W;  L.M. Page et al.,  22 Jan 1992.  ANSP159730(2, 83.9–97.7 mmSL): Cañocrossing PuertoAyacucho-El Burrohwy., c. 7 kmfrom intersection of Puerto Ayacucho-Caicarahwy., 5°56’N, 67°21’W; B. Chernoff et al., 14 Nov 1985.   ANSP159721( 1, 109.3 mmSL): RíoOrinoco at  El Burro, 6°12’N, 67°26’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  26 Nov 1985.  BMNHuncat. (1, 86.5 mmSL): RíoOrinoco, Puerto Ayacucho, 5°40’N, 67°38’W; Delmastro,  July 1980.   UMMZ240018(3, 94.8–136.0 mm SL): mouth of Río Guaviare, opposite San Fernandode Atabapo, 4°2’N, 67°43’W; J.S. Albert et al.,  2 Jan 1994.   UMMZ239924(1, 93.7 mmSL): RíoOrinoco, 5 kmupstream from San Fernandode Atabapo, c. 4°2’N, 67°40’W; J.S. Albert et al.,  27 Dec 1993.   ANSP 161212(8, 106.4– 149.8 mmSL): RíoVentuari ca. 12 kmfrom its confluence with RíoOrinoco, 4°4’N, 66°56’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  25 March 1987. FMNH 104026 ( 1, 100.4 mmSL); FMNH 104027 (1, 92.6 mmSL);   FMNH104028( 1, 117.5 mmSL): RíoVentuari, c. 12 kmabove mouth in RíoOrinoco,  LagunaPavón, 4°4’N, 66°56’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  24 Jan 1991.   FMNH 161210( 1, 157.1 mmSL): RíoIguapo (trib. RíoOrinoco), c. 1 hr. above its mouth, 3°7’N, 65°28’W; H. Lopez et al.,  13 March 1987.   CAS-SU52635 ( 1, 102.8 mmSL): RioOrinoco, Orinocobifurcation, Tamatamabeach, c. 3°9’N, 65°51’W; C. Ternetz,  14 March 1925.   CAS-SU64370( 1, 230 mmSL): RioOrinoco bifurcation, Cano Tamatamainto RioOrinoco, c. 3°9’N, 65°51’W; C. Ternetz,  17 March 1925.  Estado Bolívar:  ANSP159736( 1, 100.7 mmSL):  RíoCaura at Puerto Las Majadas, 7°38’N, 64°50’W; L. Aguana,  23 Nov 1985.   MZUSP96418(1, 54.2 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, RíoOrinoco, Puerto Cedeño, 7°39’6’’N, 66°10’34’’W; M.C.C. de Pinna& P. Hernadez,  20 July 2004. LBP 2187 (2, 98.4–147.6 mmSL): Caicaradel Orinoco, Lagunade Castilleros, 7°30’51’’W, 66°9’20’’W;  A.  Granado,  17 Jul 2004. LBP 3027 (4, 101.2–172.0 mm SL): Caicara del Orinoco,  RíoOrinoco, 7°38’11’’N, 66°19’4’’W;  C. Oliveira& A.  Granado,  2 Oct 2005.  CAS-SU68916( 1, 107.8 mmSL); CAS-SU 54649 ( 1, 101.4 mmSL); CAS-SU 56 784 ( 1, 103.3 mmSL);   CAS-SU54566( 1, 104.5 mmSL):  Caño de Quiribana, near Caicara, c. 7°36’N, 66°11’W; C. Ternetz,  April– May 1925. UF 80419 ( 1, 112.1 mmSL); UF 80474 ( 1, 125.3 mmSL): bridge on RíoChaviripa on  Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo(Puerto Ayacucho) road, c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; D.C. Taphorn et al.,  16 Apr 1984.   ANSP159729( 1, 102.9 mmSL): river and flooded area 15 kmN of Maniapureon Caicara-Puerto Ayacuchohwy. ( RíoChaviripa?), c. 7°0’N, 66°31’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  16 Nov 1985.   MZUSP96499(1, 69.2 mmSL): Cedeño, RíoParguaza, Puente Parhueña village, 5°53’30’’N, 67°24’14’’W; M.C.C. de Pinna& C. Oliveira,  19 Jul 2004.  Estado Apure:  MZUSP62447(2, 104.6– 124.4 mmSL):  Apure, laguna near Caño La Pica; F. Provenzano et al.,  14 May 1989.  INHS61479(3, 84.6–113.5 mmSL):  Apure,  Caño San Miguel(trib. RíoCínaruco), 6°34’24’’N 67°17’32’’W; L.M. Page et al.,  20 Jan 1992.   INHS61402( 1, 115.1 mmSL): LagunaLarga ( RíoCínaruco), 6°33’19’’N 67°24’49’’W; L.M. Page et al.,  19 Jan 1992. FMNH 69901 (1, 89.3 mmSL);   FMNH69902(8, 94.1– 169.4 mmSL): RíoCinaruco, c. 6°33’N, 67°18’W; W.P. Braker& Zunwalt,  Feb 1967.  Venezuela, Depto.  Amazonas,   RioNegrobasin:  ANSP 161211( 1, 102.4 mmSL):  RíoPamoni, lagoon ca. 0.5 kmfrom confluence of RíoCasiquiare, 2°50’N, 65°53’W; B. Chernoff et al.,  18 March 1987.   ANSP162802(1, 272.0 mm SL): mouth of RíoPamoni at RíoCasiquiare, 2°49’N, 65°55’W; W.G. Saul et al.,  18 March 1987. CAS-SU 56148 ( 1, 109.5 mmSL); CAS-SU 54738 ( 1, 127.7 mmSL); CAS-SU 54652 (2, not measured);   CAS-SU54652(2, 107.9– 117.2 mmSL): RioCasiquiare, Laje Curare(not located); C. Ternetz,  2 March 1925.   CAS-SU54653(2, 113– 124.6 mmSL): RioCasiquiare, Punta de la IslaGuachancho; C. Ternetz, 26 Febr1925.   USNM 270180( 1, 105.4 mmSL): San Carlos de  RíoNegro,   RíoNegroabove town landing, 1°55’N, 67°3’W;  A. Machado et al.,  3 Dec 1984.   USNM 270182(5, 80.8–99.8 mmSL):  RíoNegroabout 0.5 hour above  San Carlos de   RíoNegro, 1°58’N, 67°4’W; R.P. Vari et al., 4 Dec 1984. CAS-SU 54651 ( 1, 109.8 mmSL);   CAS-SU69885(1, 106.0 mm SL):  RioNegro, sandy point n. of “ Amanadona” (=  Santa Rosa de Amanadona, 1°28’30’’N, 66°54’30’’W); C. Ternetz, 21 Febr1925.   Colombia, RíoOrinoco basin: NRM26206 (1, 70.5 mmSL): Prov.  Guainía,  Río Guaviaredrainage, Caño Carbón, Cuayare, 3°56'N 67°50'W; T. Hongslo,  28 June1976.  Brazil, rio Capimbasin:  MZUSP17894( 1, 115.1 mmSL):  Pará, São Domingos do Capim, igarapé Pirajauara, trib. rio Capim, c. 1°44’S, 47°47’W; EPA,  12 Aug 1970.   MZUSP17957(5, 79.2–92.4 mmSL): Pará, Badajós, lago Maria Preta, rio Capim, c. 2°30’S, 47°40’W; EPA,  18 Aug 1970.  Rio Tocantinsbasin.  Pará:  MZUSP18051(9, 143.8– 160.1 mmSL):  ParanáSamuuma, mouth of rio Tocantins, c. 1°56’S, 49°12’W; EPA,  4 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18068(15, 100.4– 127.6 mmSL): Mocajuba, igarapé Oxipucu, 2°34’S, 49°31’W; EPA,  8 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18087(30, 1 cs, 98.1–113.9 mmSL): rio Tocantins, between Mocajubaand Baião, c. 2°39’S, 49°37’W; EPA,  9 Sept 1970. INPA 16424 ( 1, 191.9 mmSL); INPA 16368 ( 1, 119.7 mmSL); INPA 16386 (1, 168.0 mm SL);   INPA16382( 1, 146.4 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Acarí Pucu, 2°42’S, 49°43’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1981–1982.   MZUSP18089(5, 106.4–112.0 mm SL): Baião, rio Tocantins, 2°48’S, 49°41’W; EPA,  9–10 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18077(21, 103.4– 135.3 mmSL): Baião, igarapé do Limão, rio Tocantins; EPA,  9 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18195(3, 100.3–105.0 mm SL): igarapé dos Cinco, km 5 on road Tucuruí-Mato Grosso; EPA,  22 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18200( 1,111.5 mmSL): igarapé Urubu, near posto Trocará, rio Tocantins; EPA,  24 Sept 1970. INPA 16392 (2, 206.7– 210.9 mmSL);   INPA16373(2, 141.4– 146.7 mmSL): Icangui, rio Tocantins, 3°27’S, 49°36’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1980–1985.   MZUSP18115(4, 112.9– 196.6 mmSL): marginal lagoons of rio Tocantins, near Tucuruí; EPA,  14 Sept 1970.   MZUSP61991( 1, 109.9 mmSL): Tucuruí, rio Tocantins, downstream Tucuruídam, 3°42'S 49°40'W; F.C.T. Lima,  17 May 2000.   INPA16448( 1, 192.6 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Tucuruífish market; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  13 March 1982..   INPA16452(5, 43.3– 73.5 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Tucuruíreservoir, c. 4°2’S, 49°40’W; Martinho,  13 March 1986.   INPA16431(3, 185.6– 199.1 mmSL): rio Tocantins, Breu Branco, c. 4°11’S, 49°37’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 13 May 1981.   INPA16387(1, 95.3 mmSL): rio Tocantins, igarapé Pucuruizinho; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  9 July 1982. MZUSP 18145 (1, 84.3 mmSL);   MZUSP18134(3, 89.3–98.9 mmSL): pool facing Jatobal, rio Tocantins, 4°32’S, 49°32’W; EPA,  17–18 Sept 1970.   MZUSP18163(10, 88.9–111.1 mmSL): lagoon near canal do Capitariquara, near Jatobal, rio Tocantins; EPA,  18 Sept 1970.   INPA16362(1, 109.0 mm SL);: Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, 5°8’S, 49°19’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 1980–1981.   INPA16381(1, 84.6 mmSL): Itupiranga, rio Tocantins, Lago Gracílio; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  1 July 1982.   MZUSP26924(1, 96.8 mmSL): Marabá, rio Tocantins, 5°9’S, 49°6’W; N.J.H. Smith,  April 1979.   MZUSP19260( 1, 193.8 mmSL): São João do Araguaia, at the confluence of rio Araguaiaand rio Tocantins, 5°22’S, 48°43’W; SUDEPE,  1977–1978.   MZUSP31503( 1, 218.9 mmSL): Parauapebas, rio Itacaiúnas, igarapé Boa Vista; M. Goulding,  Nov 1983. MZUSP 56946 (2, 199.2– 211.6 mmSL);   MZUSP56943(3, 194.3– 212.9 mmSL): Parauapebas, rio Itacaiúnas, Caldeirão, Serra dos Carajás, c. 5°40’S, 50°16’W; M. Goulding,  April–July 1983.   MZUSP59100(5, 157.5– 164.1 mmSL): Parauapebas, Serra dos Carajás, rio Itacaiúnas, Cachoeira Carreira Comprida; M. Goulding,  14 Oct 1983.  Mato Grosso:LBP 4005 (4, 113.3–125.0 mm SL): São Félix do Araguaia, Lago Morto, 11°40’0’’S, 50°51’00’’W; R. Devidé & C. Martins, 24 Oct 2006. MZUSP 17023 ( 1, 111.8 mmSL);   MZUSP17024( 1, 113.7 mmSL): Santa Teresinha, rio Araguaia, 10°28’S, 50°30’W; H. A. Britski,  Oct 1964.   MZUSP54444(2, 127.1– 172.2 mmSL): rio Cristalino, c. 12°43’S, 50°42’W; R. A. Silvano,  3 Oct 1997.   MZUSP16448(24, 121.1– 209.1 mmSL): rio São Domingos, trib. rio das Mortes, São Domingos village, 13°33’S, 51°25’W; Exp. Inst. Butantã/ Depto. de Zoologia,  Sept–Oct 1949.   MZUSP3845(15, 130.1– 215.7 mmSL): same locality; A. Hoge, 1950.   MZUSP52332( 1, 190.9 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, 14°24’S, 50°59’W; R.S. A. Matias,  July 1997. LBP 12816 (1, 97.9 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, 13°18’37’’S, 50°36’48’’W; R. Devidé et al.,  29 Sept 2009.   MZUSP62537(3, 172.0– 197.7 mmSL): Cocalinho, rio Araguaia, near ilha do Biratã, c. 14°30’S, 50°59’W; W. Severi et al.,  25–26 July 1997.   MZUSP18628(2, 184.6– 214.7 mmSL): Cocalinho, Lago Dumbá, rio Araguaia, c. 14°30’S, 50°59’W; EMGOPA, 1976.   Maranhão: CAS68839 ( 1, 123.2 mmSL): rio Tocantinsbelow Imperatriz, 5°30’S, 47°31’W;  C. Ternetz,  16 Apr 1924.  Tocantins:  INPA20064( 1, 126.3 mmSL): Caseara, rio Araguaia, lago das Ariranhas, P.E.Cantão, 9o43’47” S, 50o 9’14” W; Eq. Ictiologia INPA, 20 May 2000.   UNT448( 1, 155.4 mmSL): Dueré, rio Formoso, c. 11°23’S, 49°41’W; NEAMB, 23 Aug 1997.   UNT1971( 1, 107.3 mmSL): Tocantinópolis, ribeirão Matrinchã, c. 6°19’S, 47°26’W; NEAMB, 26 June 2000. CAS 68824 ( 1, 214 mmSL);  CAS68825 (4, 181.5– 192.3 mmSL): Ribeirão Presídio, trib. Rio Tocantins, below Porto Nacional; C. Ternetz,  13 Feb 1924.   UNT3457( 1, 129.7 mmSL): rio Tocantins,  PortoNacional, 10°42’S, 48°25’W; NEAMB,  21 Feb 2002.   UNT3225(1, 96.6 mmSL):  Brejinho de Nazaré, riacho Sussuarana, c. 11°3’S, 48°35’W; NEAMB, 15 Feb 2002.   UNT2013( 1, 131.3 mmSL): Peixe, rio Santa Tereza(trib. rio Tocantins), 11°47’S, 48°38’W; NEAMB, 12 April 2000. UNT 451 ( 1, 193.8 mmSL);   UNT452( 1, 221.4 mmSL): Paranã, rio Paranã, 12°37’S, 47°53’W; NEAMB, 24–26 March 1998.   UNT1970( 1, 106.4 mmSL): Paranã, rio Maranhão; NEAMB, 21 Apr 1998.   Goiás: MCP17213 (1, 1, 190.2 mmSL): Luís Alves, rio Araguaia, marginal lagoons, 13°14'S, 50°35'W;  F.L.T. Garro,  21 April 1994.  MZUSP89614( 1, 111.7 mmSL): Luís Alves, rio Verde(trib. rio Araguaia), 13°9’28’’S, 50°30’22’’W;  A. Akama,  10 Apr 2004.  MZUSP52391( 1, 200.9 mmSL): rio Araguaia, Bandeirantes, 13°41’S, 50°48’W; R.S.  A. Matias,  July 1997.  MZUSP48113(4, 197.7– 224.6 mmSL): Aragarças, rio Araguaia, c. 15°54’S, 52°15’W;  W.P. Margarido,  6 July 1994.  MZUSP70418( 1, 179.5 mmSL):  Serra da Mesadam, rio Palmeirinha, 14°03'57'’S, 48°29'37'’W; D.F. Moraes& D.  A. Halboth,  8 June 1997.   MZUSP70415( 1, 243.7 mmSL): rio Maranhão, old bridge between Uruaçuand Niquelândia, 14°31'27'’S, 49°2'33'’W; D.F. Moraes et al.,  7 April 1998.   MZUSP70416(1, 85.4 mmSL): rio Maranhão, between the mouth of rio Bagagemand rio Tocantizinho, 13°56'S, 48°17'W; D.F. Moraes& D.  A. Halboth,  6 Dec 1996.   MZUSP70417(2, 109.9– 245.6 mmSL): Serra da Mesadam, córrego Boa Nova, 13°47'00'’S, 48°25'01'’W; D.F. Moraes,  6 Feb 1997.  RioXingu basin.  Pará:  MZUSP29922(3, 59.2–97.9 mmSL); MZUSP 56945 (151, 117.2– 193.5 mmSL); MZUSP 31448 ( 1, 153.5 mmSL); MZUSP 56811 ( 1, 155.7 mmSL); MZUSP 56947 ( 1, 194.3 mmSL); MZUSP 30755 (2, 82.6–93.8 mmSL);   MZUSP58985(3, 97.1–100.9 mmSL): Belo Monte, rio Xingu, 3°7'S 51°42'W; M. Goulding,  July–Aug 1983. MZUSP 29923 (3, 89.5–129.8 mmSL);   MZUSP58986(4, 93.6–107.8 mmSL): Belo Monte, rio Xingu(rocky pool), 3°7'S 51°42'W; M. Goulding,  26 Sept 1983.   MZUSP29928( 1, 103.4 mmSL): igarapé do Santo Antônio, near Belo Monte, rio Xingu; M. Goulding,  27 Sept 1983. INPA 15747 (4, 121.5– 130.4 mmSL); INPA 4225 (1, 86.4 mmSL);   INPA15745( 1, 166.5 mmSL): rio Xingu, Altamirim, ilha do Sr. Izaltino, 3°16’21’’S, 52°12’7’’W; J. Zuanon,  Oct 1996–   Aug 1997.  INPA15748( 1, 149.2 mmSL): rio Xingu, Souzel, ilha da Bela Vista, 3°24’22’S, 51°43’3’’W; J. Zuanon et al., 27–28 Sept 1996.   ZUEC4487(1, 98.9 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Buraco do Inferno; J. Zuanon,  7 Sept 1997.   INPA4226(4, 89.6–95.9 mmSL): rio Xingu,  Ilhade Babaguara; L. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon,  5 Oct 1990.  MZUSP105722( 1, 170.7 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Caitucá, 3°33’48’’S, 51°51’49’’W; Eq. Ictiologia UFPA, 14 Sept 2001.   MNHN1998-1197(3, 97.1–181.1 mmSL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Caitucá, 3°33’48’’S, 51°51’49’’W; M. Jégu,  Oct 1992.   MZUSP106211(1, 159.0 mm SL): Altamira, rio Xingu, Paquiçamba, 3°33’44’S, 51°52’37’’W; Eq. Ictiologia UFPA, 5–6 Nov 2000.   MZUSP36792(3, 106.9– 162.2 mmSL): rio Xingu, Cachoeira do Espelho, 3°39’2’’S, 52°22’46’’W; P.E. Vanzolini,  23–26 Oct 1986.   Mato Grosso:  MZUSP94946(2, 195.0–325.0 mm SL): Campinápolis,  RioSucuri, trib. rio Culuene, 13°55’40’’S, 53°17’10’’W;  A. Akama & J.L. Birindelli,  15–22 Jan 2006.  MZUSP91924(1, 318.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, below future PCH Paranatinga II, 13°49’S, 53°15’W; J.L. Birindelli et al., 21 Aug 2006.   MZUSP94962(3, 247.0–347.0 mm SL): same locality; F.C.T Lima et al.,  19–20 May 2007.   MZUSP94897(21, 4 skel., 278.0–355.0 mm SL): same locality; L.M. Sousa et al.,  July 2007.   MZUSP98119(13, 311.0–380.0 mm SL): same locality; F.C.T. Lima et al.,  Oct 2007.   MZUSP91857(1, c. 300 mmSL): Córrego do Lício, trib.  rio Culuene, below PCH Paranatinga II, 13°50’22’’S, 53°14’59’’W; J.L. Birindelli et al.,  21 Aug 2006.   MZUSP98118(2, 297.0–336.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, rio Corgão, at its mouth, 13°48’7’’S, 53°15’0’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al.,  4–14 Oct 2007.   MZUSP98131(2, 309.0–401.0 mm SL): Campinápolis, rio Culuene, Cachoeira do Adelino, 13°47’50’’S, 53°14’46’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al.,  2–14 Oct 2007.   MZUSP94377(3, 112.6– 187.3 mmSL): Canarana, lake at fazenda Miriam, rio Culuene, 13°25’48’’S, 53°2’24’’W; F.C.T. Lima et al.,  23 May 2007.   MZUSP56809( 1, 233.6 mmSL): Gaúcha do Norte, rio Xingu, confluence of rio Culueneand rio Sete de Setembro, 12°55’28’’S, 52°49’34’’W; M. Goulding et al.,  23 Aug 1984.   MZUSP 103199(1, 376.0 mm SL): Nova Ubiratã, rio Vonden Steinen, fazenda A.R.S., 13°5’35’’S, 54°49’8’’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  21 Jan 2006.   RioTapajós basin.  Pará:  MZUSP18255(8, 188.4– 210.1 mmSL);   MZUSP21988(2, 92.7–117.7 mmSL): São Luís, rio Tapajós, 4°27'S 56°15'W; EPA,  4–8 Nov 1970. MZUSP 56955 (5, 159.5– 182.3 mmSL);   MZUSP30759( 1, 114.7 mmSL): rio Tapajós, between Itaituba and São Luís, c. 4°23’S, 56°5’W; M. Goulding,  Sept–Oct 1983.   MZUSP58095(8, 103.2–146.0 mm SL): Itaituba, rio Tapajósabove Itaituba(rapids); M. Goulding,  22 Oct 1983.   MZUSP25585( 1, 175.7 mmSL): rio Tapajós, between National Parkheadquarters and Ramal Saita, km 67,  Parque Nacional da Amazônia, 4°33’S, 56°19’W; J.C. Oliveira,  4–6 Jan 1979.   MZUSP22026(8, 99.3–122.9 mmSL): lago da Santa Clara, Monte Cristo, rio Tapajós, c. 4°1’S, 55°39’W; EPA,  6 Dec 1970.   MZUSP25362(3, 88.6– 101.0 mm SL): igarapé Mambuaí, bridge at BR-230, Amazônia National Park, rio Tapajós; J.C. Oliveira,  15–31 Jul 1979.   MZUSP25452(1, 94.2 mmSL): rio Tapajós, PortoFlexal, below Amazônia National Parkheadquarters, c. 4°37’S, 56°18’W; J.C. Oliveira,  15–31 July 1979. MZUSP 25436 (1, 94.2 mmSL);   MZUSP25437(1, 84.4 mmSL): IlhaGrande, rio Tapajós, above Amazônia National Parkheadquarters; J.C. Oliveira,  15–31 July 1979.   MZUSP18251(2, 143.3–206.0 mm SL): rio Tapajós, Barreirinha; EPA,  Nov 1970.   MZUSP18287(5, 123.7– 137.1 mmSL): lake facing Monte Cristo, rio Tapajós; EPA,  8 Dec 1970.   MZUSP21876(1, 95.5 mmSL): Maloquinha, near Itaituba, rio Tapajós; EPA,  11–13 Nov 1970.   MZUSP22081(16, 115.4– 135.3 mmSL): ilha da Barrerinha, rio Tapajós, near São Luís; EPA,  21 Nov 1970.   MZUSP25504( 1, 139.9 mmSL): Furo do Sandro, rio Tapajós, above Pimental, Amazônia National Park; J.C. Oliveira,  6 Jan 1979.   MZUSP25619(2, 126.3–155.0 mm SL): rio Tapajós, between Ramal Saitaand igarapé da Boa Vista, Amazônia National Park; J.C. Oliveira,  16 Jan 1979.   MZUSP29926(8, 1 cs, 91.0– 103.4 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pederneiras, below Itaituba; M. Goulding,  14 Oct 1983. INPA 16410 (2, 146.5– 159.7 mmSL);   INPA7058( 1, 131.5 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pimental, 4°34’29’’S, 56°15’44’’W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon,  22–24 Oct 1991.   MZUSP92804( 1, 134.8 mmSL): Itaituba, rio Tapajós, 4°16’14’’S, 55°58’34’’W; J.L. Birindelli& L.M. Sousa,  7 Nov 2006. LBP 12871 (3, 147.4–225.0 mm SL): Itaituba, rio Tapajós, 4°33’10’’S, 56°18’00’’W; R. Britzke& CEPTAteam,  24 Sept 2011.   INPA7292( 1, 132.3 mmSL): rio Tapajós(no specific locality); L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon,  Oct 1991.   INPA6969(18, 85.8–129.6 mmSL): rio Tapajós, Pimental(rocky pool); L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel et al.,  23 Oct 1991. INPA 6793 (4, 93.7–144.0 mm SL);   INPA6636(2, 107.7– 132.3 mmSL): rio Jamanxim, trib.  rio Tapajós, IlhaTerra Preta, 4°47’S, 56°24’W; L.H. Rapp Py-Daniel& J. Zuanon,  19–20 Oct 1991.   MZUSP99926(3, 85.0– 102.9 mmSL): trib. rio Teles Pires, below Sete Quedasrapids, 9°18’27’’S, 56°47’38’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira,  9 June 2008.   MZUSP99874( 1, 110.3 mmSL): rio Teles Pires, below Sete Quedasrapids, 9°18’42’’S, 56°46’47’’W; L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira,  9 June 2008. MZUSP 99564 (1, 42.5 mmSL);   MZUSP99512(3, 191.7– 192.1 mmSL): rio Teles Pires, near Sete Quedasrapids, 9°20’20’’S, 56°46’30’’W; R. Hilário,  23–25 March 2008.   Mato Grosso:  MZUSP100055(3, 72.2–101.1 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, above Sete Quedas, 9°23’53’’S, 56°34’37’’W;  L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira,  16 June 2008.  MZUSP99996(2, 94.6–110.9 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, above Sete Quedas, 9°25’2’’S, 56°33’1’’W;  L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira,  16 June 2008.  MZUSP99574(1, 44.3 mmSL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, 9°25’5’’S, 56°32’21’’W;  R. Hilário,  2 April 2008.  MZUSP95620(14, 97.0–197.0 mm SL): Paranaíta, rio Teles Pires, near ferry at MT-416 road, 9°27’7’’S, 56°30’46’’W;  L.M. Sousa& A.L. Netto-Ferreira,  27 Sept 2007.  MZUSP106177(8, 250.0–405.0 mm SL): Alta Floresta, rio Cristalino, P.E. do Cristalino, c. 9°27’S, 55°50’W; S. A.  A. Silva,  2004–2006.  MZUSP100017(1, 120.0 mm SL): Novo Mundo, rio Nhandu(trib. rio Teles Pires), below Nhandudam, c. 9°53’S, 55°22’W;  K. de Silimon,  19 Nov 2006.  MZUSP62537( 1, 106.7 mmSL): Alta Floresta, rio Teles Pires, pesqueiro do Dentinho, c. 10°15’S, 55°49’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  29–30 July 1997.  MZUSP62508(2, 150.5– 174.8 mmSL): Alta Floresta, rio Teles Pires,  Portodo Alcindo ( 1 kmbelow mouth of rio Peixoto de Azevedo), 9°59'25'’S, 55°33'48'’W; F.  A. Machado et al.,  29–30 July 1997.  MZUSP96822(2, 210.0–220.0 mm SL):  Peixoto de Azevedo,  Cachoeira da Neblina, trib. rio Peixoto de Azevedo, 10°23’10’’S, 54°18’22’’W;  J.L. Birindelli et al.,  18 Oct 2007.  MZUSP95866(2, 157.5– 159.2 mmSL): Itaúba, rio Teles Pires, 10°58’30’’S, 55°44’3’’W;  J.L. Birindelli& P.H. Carvalho,  1 Oct 2007.  MZUSP99135(1, 290.0 mm SL): Itaúba, rio Renato(trib. rio Teles Pires), 11°4’24’’S, 55°14’35’’W;  P. Hollanda-Carvalho& S. Lima,  26 Feb 2008.  MZUSP99385(1, 392.0 mm SL): Itaúba, rio Teles Pires, below mouth of rio Renato, 11°3’44’’S, 55°19’8’’W;  P. Hollanda-Carvalho& S. Lima,  19 Feb 2008.  MZUSP62559( 1, 417.9 mmSL): Sinop, rio Teles Pires, Ilhado Peixeirinho, 11°34’55’’S, 55°38’53’’W: F.  A. Machado et al.,  1–2 Aug 1997.  ZUEC9190(1, 345.0 mm SL): Sinop, rio Teles Pires, 11°35’17’’S, 55°39’36’’W;  L. Matos& L.N. Carvalho,  19 Nov 2014.  MZUSP82015(1, 409.0 mm SL): Lucas do RioVerde, rio Verde(trib. rio Teles Pires), 13°3’S, 55°54’W;  K. de Silimon,  16 March 2001.  MZUSP56785(2, 199.5– 233.6 mmSL): Portodos Gaúchos, rio Arinos, 11°32’S, 57°25’W;  M. Goulding,  19 Aug 1984.  MZUSP92633(1, 279.0 mm SL): Sapezal, rio Juruena, below future PCH Telegráfica, 12°41’22’’S, 58°56’47’’W;  K. de Silimon et al.,  15 Sept 2006.  MZUSP95506(1, 271.0 mm SL): Sapezal, rio Papagaioat mouth of rio Buriti, road Sapezal/ Brasnorte, 12°47’6’’S, 58°23’5’’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  7–9 Oct 2006.  MZUSP61056( 1, 202.2 mmSL);   MZUSP60423(2, 255.7– 263.5 mmSL): Nova Mutum, rio Arinos, Fervedouro, fazenda Fervedouro, 14°13'10'’S 56°01'43'’W; F.C.T. Lima et al.,  18–19 Feb 2000. MZUSP 61133 (3, 219.3– 247.1 mmSL); MZUSP 61132 (9, 211.9– 434.7 mmSL);   MZUSP91506(3, 210.0–247.0 mm SL): Nova Mutum, rio Arinos, 14°13’S, 56°2’W; J. M. Mendes,  1999–2000. MZUSP 67832 (130, 11 cs, 16.9–53.2 mmSL): Nova Mutum, piscicultura Buriti (stocked juveniles); H.F. Mendes, 10 Feb 2000. USNM 194317 (1, 86.5 mmSL); USNM 199204 (3, 151.3– 194.8 mmSL);   USNM194390(2, 170.9– 177.5 mmSL): “ Upper Juruena-Arinos” (no precise locality); H. Schultz, 1962.  Rio Madeirabasin.  Rondônia:  MZUSP14028(6, 104.9– 130.7 mmSL): Cururu, rio Machado, c. 8°13’S, 62°46’W; M. Goulding,  April 1978. UF 100614( 1, 207.6 mmSL):  RioCandeias ca. 2 kmabove from its mouth, c. 8°38’S, 63°33’’W; J.P. Viana,  14 May 1994.   INPA16437( 1, 112.1 mmSL): rio Jamari, diverting channel of UHE Samuel(cofferdam), 8°45’S, 63°27’W; G.M. Santos,  7–9 June 1988.   INPA16413(6, 257.6– 272.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, below Samueldam (igapó); G.M. Santos,  27 March 1986.   INPA16457( 1, 284.8 mmSL): igarapé Japiim, c. 45 kmabove Samueldam, c. 9°12’S, 63°13’W; G.M. Santos,  13 June 1985.   INPA16458( 1, 319.8 mmSL): rio Jamari, above Samueldam; G.M. Santos,  7 Dec 1984. LBP 5146 (1, 215.0 mm SL): Ji-Paraná, rio Machado, 10°46’36’’S, 61°55’12’’W;  J. Damaceno& W. Troy,  22 Aug 2007.  INPA16459( 1, 325.2 mmSL): Ariquemes, rio Jamari, below rio Canaãmouth, 9°56’S, 63°5’W;  G.M. Santos,  15 Nov 1983.  INPA16363(6, 110.5– 148.3 mmSL): mouth of rio Guaporé, Surpresa, 11°53’S, 65°1’W;  G.M. Santos,  16 Jun 1984.  INPA16356(1, 246.0 mm SL): Pimenteiras do Oeste, rio Guaporé, 13°29’S, 61°3’W;  G.M. Santos,  30 Nov 1984. CAS68857 ( 1, 241.6 mmSL): RioGuaporé, Maciel, c. 12°34’S, 63°30’W;  J.D. Haseman,  26 Jul 1909.  Mato Grosso:  MZUSP77402( 1, 186.8 mmSL): Panelas, rio Roosevelt, above the rapids, 9°11’17’’S, 60°44’53’’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  17–18 July 1997.   INPA16389(3, 161.3– 191.1 mmSL): rio Aripuanã, Lago Genipapo; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  20 Aug 1976.   INPA16412(5, 102.0– 127.1 mmSL): rio Aripuanã,  Ilhado Castanhal; Eq. Ictiologia/ INPA,  20 Aug 1976.   INPA16395( 1, 283.2 mmSL): rio Aripuanã, 3 kmbelow Cachoeira Grande, c. 10°8’S, 59°26’W; Eq. Ictiologia/INPA, 8 Nov 1976.   MZUSP 103036(1, 290.0 mm SL): Aripuanã, rio Aripuanã, below Saltode Dardanelos, 10°10’6’’S, 59°26’50’’W; F. A. Machado et al.,  17 Sept 2004.   MZUSP 103037(1, 225.0 mm SL): rio Verde, trib.  rio Guaporé, Brazil/ Boliviaborder, 14°7’36’’S, 60°28’30’’W; O. A. Cantelmo & L. Barbosa,  13–21 Aug 2005.   MZUSP94990(2, 230.0–264.0 mm SL):  Vila Bela da Santíssima Trindade, rio Guaporé, 15°1’S, 59°49’W; R.O. Mascarenhas et al.,  5 Dec 2006.   RioNegrobasin.  Amazonas: CAS68836 (2, 116.4– 119 mmSL): market at Manaus; C. Ternetz,   Dec 1924.   MZUSP6136( 1, 162.8 mmSL): rio Negro, above Manaus, c. 3°4’S, 60°16’W; EPA,  22–25 April 1967. MZUSP 59076 (3, 143.7– 178.4 mmSL); MZUSP 59075 ( 1, 202.7 mmSL); MZUSP 59078 (1, 215.0 mm SL); MZUSP 59081 ( 1, 240.8 mmSL); MZUSP 59087 (2, 100.6– 196.5 mmSL): Anavilhanas, Lago do Prato; G. Borges, May 1981– June 1982. MZUSP 59084 (1, 190.0 mm SL):  rio Negro, Anavilhanas, lago Xilauá(igapó); G. Borges,  Aug 1981.  MZUSP56782(3, 182.8–200.0 mm SL); MZUSP 59083 (4, 102.0– 120.3 mmSL); MZUSP 59082 ( 1, 102.3 mmSL);   MZUSP59073(10, 89.4– 114.7 mmSL): rio Negro, Anavilhanas, c. 2°43’S, 60°41’W; M. Goulding,  Oct 1979–   Dec 1980.  MZUSP59077(1, 188.0 mm SL): Anavilhanas,  rio Negro, Lago Camauiri(igapó): G. Borges,  July 1981.   MZUSP59079( 1, 132.8 mmSL): rio Negro, Anavilhanas; G. Borges,  Oct 1981.   MZUSP27333(4, 81.1–96.4 mmSL): Ayrão Velho, mouth of rio Padauari, rio Negro, 2°6’S, 61°13’W; L.P. Portugal,  8 Nov 1982.  MZUSP27328( 1, 104.8 mmSL): Moura, Pedra do Gavião, rio Negro, c. 1°27’S, 61°38’W; L.P. Portugal,  13–14 Nov 1982.   MZUSP17658(1, 178.0 mm SL): RioJauaperi (trib. rio Negro), c. 1°16’S, 61°36’W; T.R. Roberts,  Nov 1968.  MCP46478 (1, 26.3 mmSL): igarapé Cambeua(trib. RioJauaperi), 1° 30’53’’S, 61° 27’33’’W;  P. Petry,  28 Jan 2011.  MZUSP59074(9, 91.6–113.9 mmSL): rio Negro, Cachoeira do Buiu-Açú, c. 0°30’S, 64°50’W;  M. Goulding,  Oct 1979.  MZUSP45526( 1, 103.3 mmSL): rio Negro, Tapera, c. 0°12’S, 64°4’W; EPA,  1 Nov 1972.  MZUSP59086(2, 144.7–206.0 mm SL): rio Negro, below rio Daraá(rapids), c. 0°27’S, 64°44’W;  M. Goulding,  16 Feb 1980.  MZUSP59080( 1, 285.3 mmSL): igarapé do Acará, São Pedro(igapó), c. 0°21’S, 66°36’W;  M. Goulding,  May 1979. LBP 6878 (2, 82.2–93.7 mmSL):  São Gabriel da Cachoeira, rio Negro, 0°8’ 9’’ S, 67°05’3’’ W;  C. Oliveira et al.,  11 Aug 2008.  MZUSP91576(3, 127.1– 138.1 mmSL): RioUaupés (no precise locality); J. Chernella, no date.   MZUSP91493(1, 226.0 mm SL): RioTiquié, between Caruruand Boca de Sal villages, 0°16’N, 69°54’W; M.C. Lopes,  2001– 2002.   RioBranco basin,  Roraima:  MZUSP59085(6, 120.8– 202.9 mmSL): Marará, rio Branco;  M. Goulding,  26 Oct 1979.  USNM202716( 1, 231.4 mmSL): RioXeruini, c. 60 kmabove mouth, c. 1°55’S, 61°55’W; M.R. Brittan, 28 April 1964. MZUSP 56944 ( 1, 198.1 mmSL); MZUSP 59621 (3, 207.9– 252.6 mmSL);   MZUSP56807(10, 203.2– 273.9 mmSL): rio Branco, cachoeira do Bem Querer, 1°55’N, 61°1’W; M. Goulding,  6–9 Jan 1984. MZUSP 29925 (1, 90.8 mmSL);   MZUSP56778( 1, 200.3 mmSL): igarapé 2 kmabove Cachoeira do Bem Querer, rio Branco; M. Goulding,  9 Jan 1984.   MZUSP29924(2, 84.6–86.8 mmSL): igarapé do Bota-Panela, near Cachoeira do Bem Querer, rio Branco; M. Goulding,  9 Jan 1984.   MZUSP17756(3, 122.9– 134.4 mmSL): igarapé do Pau Roxo, trib. rio Uraricoera, Fazenda Canadá; T.R. Roberts,  18 Feb 1969. MZUSP 56781 (2, 211.4– 233.9 mmSL);   MZUSP29927(5, 107.9– 116.7 mmSL): Igarapé do Cujobim, rio Branco, facing ilha de Maracá, c. 3°22’N, 61°22’W; M. Goulding,  13 Jan 1984.   INPA16388(1, 169.0 mm SL): rio Mucajaí, c. 1 kmbelow Paredão, 2°56’47’’N, 61°34’34’’W; M. Jégu& E. Ferreira,  4 Oct 1986.   INPA16394( 1, 262.6 mmSL): rio Mucajaí, c. 2 kmabove Paredão, 2°56’20’’N, 61°37’14’’W; M. Jégu& E. Ferreira,  3 Oct 1986.   Other riversystems: Brazil, Amazonas:  MZUSP99213(1, 117.0 mm SL): Lago Urini, mouth of rio Japurá, c. 2°9’S, 65°9’W; R.B. Barthem,  30 Sept 1979.  MCP29771 ( 1, 121.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°32’47’’S, 64°40’10’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  14 Dec 1997.  MCP29776 ( 1, 120.6 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of igarapé Uxi, 2°37’4’’S, 64°40’1’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  1 Dec 1998.  MCP29774 ( 1, 128.1 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°28’28’’S, 64°43’20’’W; W.G.R. Crampton,  15 Nov 1998.  MCP29775 (2, 128.9– 131.6 mmSL): Maraã, Lago Amanã, mouth of rio Baré, 2°27’23’’S, 64°43’35’’W;  W.G.R. Crampton,  13 Dec 1997.  MZUSP17592(1, 42.5 mmSL): rio Içapó, at mouth of rio Jutaí, c. 2°47’S, 66°49’W; EPA,  22 Oct 1968.  MZUSP17530(8, 72.2–134.4 mmSL): Santo Antônio do Içá, igarapé da Cachoeira, Cuiauá, trib. rio Içá, c. 3°6’S, 67°57’W; EPA,  18 Oct 1968.   MNRJ21470(1, 146.0 mm SL): rio Queixitoat mouth of rio Javari, 4°25’48’’S, 70°15’38’’W; A. Parko, 1952.   Peru, Depto. Loreto:  INHS106468(2, 97.1–134.4 mmSL);   INHS106470(6, 93.5–119.2 mmSL): RíoNanay, Pampa Chica, 3°45’1’’S, 73°17’0’’W; M.H. Sabaj et al.,  22–27 Jul 1997.  Bolivia, Depto.  Beni,  Rio Madeirabasin:  UMMZ204246(2, 164.1– 247.3 mmSL); UMMZ 204394 ( 1, 217.2 mmSL); UMMZ 204201 (1, 98.0 mm SL); UMMZ 204445 (2, 89.9–90.6 mmSL); UMMZ 204930 (1, 91.2 mmSL); UMMZ 204417 (1, 80.4 mmSL); UMMZ 204408 (2, 152.4– 204.1 mmSL);   UMMZ204649(1, 251.0 mm SL): RíoItenez (= RioGuaporé), near CostaMarques, 12°27’S, 64°14’W; R.M. Bailey et al.,  Aug– Oct 1964.   MNHN1989-1429(3, 120.2– 146.2 mmSL): RíoItenez, Boca Machupo, c. 12°27’S, 64°22’W; L. Lauzanne& G. Loubens, no date. 1425222878 2011-02-08 Capim 152 153 1 Tocantins 1425222888 [159,770,1506,1528] 1933-01-22 Guyana Guyana 152 153 1 1425222903 MNHN F. de Castelnau Brazil rio Araguaia -13.666667 L'Amazone 1290 -50.233334 Salinas 157 158 1 Goias holotype 1425222897 BMNH Stevens & H. W. Bates Brazil Gery Mahnert 157 158 1 Rio paralectotype 1425222895 BMNH M. Gardiner Brazil Rio Jocintins 157 158 BMNH 1842.4 1 Tocantins syntype 1425222919 ANSP Therezina & Piauhy & R. von Ihering Brazil Rio 157 158 ANSP 69619 1 Rio syntype 1425222902 1999-06-15 MNHN Guyana 3.6466665 Maripasoula 21 -54.040833 Non 157 158 MNHN 2000-4476 1 River holotype 1425222912 1979-10-15 MNHN P. Planquette Guyana 4.3333335 Saut Singatelet 1306 -54.383335 157 158 MNHN 1999-1451 1 River holotype 1425222891 MNHN Saint Laurent du Maroni Guyana 5.4666667 Saint Laurent du Maroni 1305 -54.05 157 158 MNHN 2004-0243 1 River holotype 1425222905 MNHN O. Tostain & Saint Laurent du Maroni & Y. Le Bail Guyana 5.4666667 Saint Laurent du Maroni 1305 -54.05 157 158 MNHN 1998-1822 1 River holotype 1425222935 1980-09-21 MZUSP R. P. Vari Suriname 4.8 Corantijn River 1306 -57.716667 Camp Mataway 157 158 MZUSP 38255 1 Nickerie District holotype 1425222904 1980-09-19 USNM R. P. Vari Suriname 300 3.55 Amotopo 1307 -57.666668 157 158 USNM 225975 1 River holotype 1425222916 1980-09-11 USNM R. P. Vari Suriname 4.9833336 Cow Falls 1306 -57.633335 Matapi 157 158 USNM 225625 1 River holotype 1425222889 1980-09 USNM R. P. Vari Suriname 5.133333 Surinamese 1305 -57.3 157 158 USNM 226161 1 River holotype 1425222879 1980-09-11 USNM R. P. Vari Suriname 4.7833333 Mataway Creek 1306 -57.75 157 158 USNM 225624 1 River holotype 1425222932 1980-09-09 USNM R. P. Vari Suriname 5.0 Matapi Creek 1305 -57.266666 157 158 USNM 226122 1 River holotype 1425222924 1979-12-07 AMNH Camp Avanavaro & R. P. Vari Suriname Devis Falls 157 158 AMNH 54849 1 River holotype 1425222931 1979-12-11 AMNH R. P. Vari Suriname 4.0 Tiger Falls 1307 -58.033333 157 158 AMNH 54976 1 River holotype 1425222928 1979-12-08 AMNH R. P. Vari Suriname Toeboeroe creek 157 158 AMNH 54876 1 River holotype 1425222920 1979-12-05 AMNH Corantijn & R. P. Vari Suriname Kapoeri Creek 157 158 AMNH 54764 1 River holotype 1425222921 1979-12-08 AMNH R. P. Vari Guyana Matawai creek 157 158 AMNH 54904 1 River holotype 1425222925 MCZ Guyana River 157 158 1 River holotype 1425222917 [209,1155,1556,1581] FMNH Guyana 5.266667 Tukeit 1305 -59.383335 157 158 FMNH 53352 1 River holotype 1425222934 FMNH C. H. Eigenmann & S. E. Shideler Guyana 5.266667 Tukeit 1305 -59.383335 157 158 FMNH 7472 1 River holotype 1425222918 1983-08-18 AMNH R. E. Schmidt & K. Schmidt & R. Pappantoniou Guyana 6.383333 Caowry Creek 1304 -58.716667 Mazaruni-Potaro District 157 158 AMNH 73000 1 River holotype 1425222901 UMMZ Guyana 6.4 Bartica 1304 -58.616665 157 158 UMMZ 216328 1 River holotype 1425222913 [151,851,1735,1761] 1972-05-21 F. Cichocki Guyana Bartica 157 158 1 River holotype 1425222929 1972-06-04 UMMZ Bartica & F. Cichocki Guyana River 157 158 UMMZ 216492 1 River holotype 1425222922 1972-05-18 UMMZ Makouria Quarry & F. Cichocki Guyana River 157 158 UMMZ 216401 1 River holotype 1425222923 1959-11-03 BMNH R. Liley Guyana 6.2 Moraballi 1305 -58.566666 157 158 1 River holotype 1425222944 FMNH Guyana 6.016667 Rockstone 1305 -58.566666 157 158 FMNH 53350 1 River holotype 1425222936 1997-12-05 ANSP C. H. Eigenmann & G. Watkins Guyana Levi Falls Creek 157 158 ANSP 177356 1 River holotype 1425222937 1997-01-30 ANSP Kupurukari & W. G. Saul Guyana River 157 158 ANSP 175740 1 River holotype 1425222915 1997-01-22 ANSP G. G. Watkins Guyana 158 159 4.18 Water Dog Rapids 21 -58.84611 Burro Burro 157 158 ANSP 178559 1 River holotype 1425222933 VIII- 2 ANSP Guyana 4.713055 Burro Burro 21 -58.862778 Siparuni 158 159 ANSP 175455 1 River holotype 1425222958 VIII- 2 ANSP W. G. Saul Guyana Siparuni 4.633333 Tiger 21 -58.71639 Kurupukari 158 159 ANSP 175451 1 River holotype 1425222927 1997-11-17 1997-11-20 1997-11-17 ANSP E. McBirney Guyana 4.18 Water Dog Falls 21 -58.84611 158 159 ANSP 176667 1 River holotype 1425222941 1997-11-20 ANSP C. Watson Guyana 4.691111 Lunch Rock 21 -58.852222 158 159 ANSP 176668 1 River holotype 1425222914 1997-11-17 ANSP G. Watkins Guyana 4.691111 Lunch Rock 21 -58.852222 158 159 ANSP 176667 1 River holotype 1425222909 VIII- 2 ANSP Siparuni Guyana Paddle Rock lake 158 159 ANSP 175456 1 holotype 1425222963 [683,1432,439,464] 1997-01-27 W. G. Saul Guyana 4.7325 River 21 -58.71472 158 159 1 River holotype 1425222945 1997-11-24 ANSP C. Watson Guyana 4.7611113 Paddle Rock 21 -58.718056 158 159 ANSP 176669 1 River holotype 1425222957 VIII- 2 ANSP Guyana Siparuni 4.7619443 Maipuri 21 -58.764446 Essequibo 158 159 ANSP 175454 1 River holotype 1425222953 1997-01-27 ANSP D. Allicock Guyana 4.8108335 Siparuni 21 -58.853054 158 159 ANSP 176670 1 River holotype 1425222943 VIII- 2 ANSP Guyana 4.5713887 Maipuri 21 -58.588055 Siparuni 158 159 ANSP 175457 1 River holotype 1425222946 1997-02-02 ROM W. G. Saul Guyana Region 4.8111115 Tambikabo 21 -58.82222 Kurupukari 158 159 1 River holotype 1425222950 1990-10-13 ANSP E. Holm & J. Ogilvie Guyana River 158 159 ANSP 39752 1 River holotype 1425222948 BMNH R. H. Lowe McConnel Guyana Rupununi District 158 159 1 Rupununi District holotype 1425222956 [747,1249,799,824] MNHN Guyana A 158 159 1 A holotype 1425222942 MNHN Guyana A 158 159 1 A holotype 1425222926 [822,1432,836,861] MNHN Guyana Essequibo 158 159 MNHN 101 1 holotype 1425222930 [151,652,871,896] R. Schomburgk French Guiana Guyane 158 159 1 holotype 1425222955 [672,1117,871,896] Venezuela Rio 158 159 1 Rio holotype 1425222947 [1130,1264,871,896] AMNH Venezuela Amazonas 158 159 AMNH 93064 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222949 [386,1393,908,933] C. J. Ferraris Venezuela 2.5166667 Rio 1307 -65.166664 158 159 1 Rio holotype 1425222971 1989-03-18 1989-03-20 1989-03-18 Venezuela A 158 159 1 A holotype 1425222964 1989-03-17 AMNH C. J. Ferraris & J. Daly Venezuela 2.5166667 Rio 1307 -65.166664 158 159 AMNH 93065 1 Rio holotype 1425222960 1985-11-12 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 4.85 Pendare 1306 -67.73333 158 159 ANSP 159731 1 Rio holotype 1425222938 1985-11-14 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 5.0666666 Caldero 1305 -67.76667 Cano 158 159 ANSP 159734 1 Rio holotype 1425222965 1985-11-15 ANSP Puerto & Caicara & B. Chernoff Venezuela Ayacucho 158 159 ANSP 159732 1 Ayacucho holotype 1425222984 1985-11-11 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 5.5333333 Puerto Ayacucho-Samariapo 1305 -67.51667 158 159 ANSP 159733 1 Rio holotype 1425222952 1975-01-14 FMNH Puerto Novo & J. Thomerson Venezuela Ayacucho 158 159 FMNH 85689 1 Ayacucho holotype 1425222966 USNM Venezuela 5.8333335 Laguna 1305 -67.5 158 159 USNM 270181 1 Laguna holotype 1425222940 1984-12-01 INHS R. P. Vari Venezuela 5.84 Cano Agua Linda 21 -67.452774 158 159 INHS 61580 1 Rio holotype 1425222939 1992-01-22 ANSP L. M. Page Venezuela Cano 5.9333334 Burro 1305 -67.35 Puerto 158 159 ANSP 159730 1 Rio holotype 1425222986 1985-11-26 ANSP El Burro & B. Chernoff Venezuela 6.2 El Burro 1305 -67.433334 158 159 ANSP 159721 1 Rio holotype 1425222972 1980-07 BMNH Delmastro Venezuela 5.6666665 Rio 1305 -67.63333 158 159 1 Rio holotype 1425222978 1994-01-02 UMMZ J. S. Albert Venezuela 4.0333333 Rio Guaviare 1307 -67.71667 158 159 UMMZ 240018 1 Rio Guaviare holotype 1425222979 1993-12-27 UMMZ J. S. Albert Venezuela 4.0333333 Rio 1307 -67.666664 158 159 UMMZ 239924 1 Rio holotype 1425222974 1987-03-25 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 4.0666666 Rio 1307 -66.933334 158 159 ANSP 161212 1 Rio holotype 1425222970 [354,1341,1628,1653] FMNH Venezuela Rio 158 159 FMNH 104028 1 Rio holotype 1425222975 1991-01-24 B. Chernoff Venezuela 4.0666666 Laguna 1307 -66.933334 158 159 1 Laguna holotype 1425222968 1987-03-13 FMNH H. Lopez Venezuela 3.1166666 Rio 1307 -65.46667 158 159 FMNH 161210 1 Rio holotype 1425222982 1925-03-14 CAS-SU C. Ternetz Venezuela 3.15 Tamatama 1307 -65.85 Orinoco 158 159 CAS-SU 52 1 Rio holotype 1425222967 1925-03-17 CAS-SU C. Ternetz Venezuela 3.15 Cano Tamatama 1307 -65.85 158 159 CAS-SU 64370 1 Rio holotype 1425222951 [344,931,1807,1832] ANSP Venezuela Bolivar 158 159 ANSP 159736 1 Bolivar holotype 1425222954 1985-11-23 L. Aguana Venezuela 7.633333 Puerto Las Majadas 1303 -64.833336 158 159 1 Rio holotype 1425222981 2004-07-20 MZUSP M. C. C. de Pinna & P. Hernadez Venezuela Caicara 7.6516666 Puerto Cedeno 21 -66.17611 Orinoco 158 159 MZUSP 96418 1 Rio holotype 1425222973 Venezuela Orinoco -66.155556 Caicara 158 159 1 Laguna holotype 1425222969 [996,1019,1916,1940] Venezuela A 158 159 1 A holotype 1425222995 2004-07-17 Venezuela Granado 158 159 1 Granado holotype 1425222987 [657,1093,1952,1977] Venezuela 7.636389 Rio 21 -66.31778 158 159 1 Rio holotype 1425222988 [1107,1296,1952,1977] C. Oliveira Venezuela A 158 159 1 A holotype 1425222959 2005-10-02 CAS-SU Venezuela Granado 158 159 CAS-SU 68916 1 Granado holotype 1425222991 1925-04 1925-05-31 1925-04 CAS-SU Cano de Quiribana & C. Ternetz Venezuela 7.6 Caicara 1303 -66.183334 Cano de Quiribana 159 160 CAS-SU 54566 1 Granado holotype 1425223008 1984-04-16 Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo & D. C. Taphorn Venezuela 7.0 Caicara-San Fernando de Atabapo 1303 -66.51667 159 160 1 Rio holotype 1425222977 1985-11-16 ANSP B. Chernoff Venezuela 7.0 Maniapure 1303 -66.51667 159 160 ANSP 159729 1 Ayacucho holotype 1425222989 2004-07-19 MZUSP M. C. C. de Pinna & C. Oliveira Venezuela 5.8916664 Puente Parhuena village 21 -67.40389 Cedeno 159 160 MZUSP 96499 1 Rio holotype 1425222961 MZUSP Venezuela Apure 159 160 MZUSP 62447 1 Apure holotype 1425222962 1989-05-14 INHS Cano La Pica & F. Provenzano Venezuela Apure 159 160 INHS 61479 1 Apure holotype 1425223014 [717,790,404,428] Venezuela Apure 159 160 1 Apure holotype 1425222997 1992-01-20 L. M. Page Venezuela 6.5733333 Cano San Miguel 21 -67.29222 159 160 1 San Miguel holotype 1425223004 1992-01-19 INHS L. M. Page Venezuela 6.555278 Laguna 21 -67.41361 159 160 INHS 61402 1 Laguna holotype 1425223005 1967-02 FMNH W. P. Braker Venezuela 6.55 Rio 1304 -67.3 159 160 FMNH 69902 1 Rio holotype 1425222999 [151,277,548,573] Venezuela Amazonas 159 160 1 Amazonas holotype 1425222996 [290,880,548,573] ANSP Venezuela Rio Negro 159 160 ANSP 161211 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425223001 1987-03-18 B. Chernoff Venezuela 2.8333333 Rio 1307 -65.88333 159 160 1 Rio holotype 1425222992 1987-03-18 ANSP W. G. Saul Venezuela 2.8166666 Rio 1307 -65.916664 159 160 ANSP 162802 1 Rio holotype 1425223009 1925-03-02 CAS-SU Laje Curare & C. Ternetz Venezuela Rio 159 160 CAS-SU 54652 1 Rio holotype 1425222994 CAS-SU C. Ternetz Iceland Febr 159 160 CAS-SU 54653 1 Rio holotype 1425222976 USNM Iceland San Carlos de Rio Negro 159 160 USNM 270180 1 San Carlos de Rio Negro holotype 1425222980 [443,988,764,789] Iceland 1.9166667 Rio Negro 1307 -67.05 159 160 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425223006 [999,1344,764,789] 1984-12-03 Iceland A 159 160 1 A holotype 1425222998 USNM San Carlos de Rio Negro Iceland 1.9666667 Rio Negro 1307 -67.066666 San Carlos de Rio Negro 159 160 USNM 270182 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425222993 CAS-SU Santa Rosa de Amanadona & C. Ternetz & Febr Iceland 1.475 Santa Rosa de Amanadona 21 -66.90833 Amanadona 159 160 CAS-SU 69885 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425223019 [151,971,908,933] NRM Prov Colombia Rio 159 160 1 Rio holotype 1425223011 [986,1078,908,933] Colombia Guainia 159 160 1 Guainia holotype 1425223010 1976-06-28 MZUSP T. Hongslo Brazil Cano Carbon 3.9333334 rio Capim 1307 -67.833336 Cuayare 159 160 MZUSP 17894 1 Rio Guaviare holotype 1425222983 1970-08-12 Brazil Sao Domingos do Capim -1.7333333 rio Capim 1308 -47.783333 Pirajauara 159 160 1 Para holotype 1425223015 1970-08-18 MZUSP Brazil Badajos -2.5 rio Capim 1307 -47.666668 Maria Preta 159 160 MZUSP 17957 1 Para holotype 1425223033 [393,639,1052,1077] Brazil Tocantins 159 160 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223003 [656,722,1052,1077] MZUSP Brazil Para 159 160 MZUSP 18051 1 Para holotype 1425223013 1970-09-04 Brazil -1.9333334 Parana 1307 -49.2 159 160 1 Parana holotype 1425222985 1970-09-08 MZUSP Brazil -2.5666666 Oxipucu 1307 -49.516666 Mocajuba 159 160 MZUSP 18068 1 Parana holotype 1425222990 1970-09-09 MZUSP Brazil -2.65 Mocajuba 1307 -49.616665 159 160 MZUSP 18087 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223042 INPA Brazil -2.7 Acari Pucu 1307 -49.716667 159 160 INPA 16382 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223020 1970-09-09 1970-09-10 1970-09-09 MZUSP Brazil -2.8 Baiao 1307 -49.683334 159 160 MZUSP 18089 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223025 1970-09-09 MZUSP Baiao & Limao Brazil Tocantins 159 160 MZUSP 18077 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223032 1970-09-22 MZUSP dos Cinco Brazil Tucurui-Mato Grosso 159 160 MZUSP 18195 1 Tucurui-Mato Grosso holotype 1425223024 1970-09-24 MZUSP Urubu & Trocara Brazil Tocantins 159 160 MZUSP 18200 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223022 INPA Brazil -3.45 Icangui 1307 -49.6 159 160 INPA 16373 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223029 1970-09-14 MZUSP Tucurui Brazil Tocantins 159 160 MZUSP 18115 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223021 MZUSP Brazil -3.7 Tucurui 1307 -49.666668 Tucurui 159 160 MZUSP 61991 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223035 [976,1284,1484,1509] 2000-05-17 Brazil Lima 159 160 1 Lima holotype 1425223017 1982-03-13 INPA Tucurui & Eq. Ictiologia Brazil Tocantins 159 160 INPA 16448 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223000 1986-03-13 INPA Martinho Brazil -4.0333333 Tucurui 1307 -49.666668 159 160 INPA 16452 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223002 INPA Brazil -4.1833334 Breu Branco 1307 -49.616665 159 160 INPA 16431 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223028 1982-07-09 INPA Pucuruizinho & Eq. Ictiologia Brazil Tocantins 159 160 INPA 16387 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223031 1970-09-17 1970-09-18 1970-09-17 MZUSP Brazil -4.5333333 Jatobal 1306 -49.533333 159 160 MZUSP 18134 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223018 1970-09-18 MZUSP Capitariquara & Jatobal Brazil Tocantins 159 160 MZUSP 18163 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223047 [511,1384,1735,1760] INPA Brazil -5.133333 Itupiranga 1305 -49.316666 159 160 INPA 16362 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223034 1982-07-01 INPA Itupiranga & Lago Gracilio & Eq. Ictiologia Brazil Tocantins 159 160 INPA 16381 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223036 1979-04 MZUSP N. J. H. Smith Brazil -5.15 Maraba 1305 -49.1 159 160 MZUSP 26924 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223007 1977 1978 1977 MZUSP Brazil -5.366667 rio Araguaia 1305 -48.716667 Sao Joao do Araguaia 159 160 MZUSP 19260 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223037 1983-11 MZUSP Parauapebas & Boa Vista & M. Goulding Brazil rio Itacaiunas 159 160 MZUSP 31503 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223045 1983-04 1983-07-31 1983-04 MZUSP Serra dos Carajas & M. Goulding Brazil Parauapebas -5.6666665 Caldeirao 1305 -50.266666 rio Itacaiunas 159 160 MZUSP 56943 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223027 1983-10-14 MZUSP Serra dos Carajas & M. Goulding Brazil Parauapebas 160 161 -11.666667 Cachoeira Carreira Comprida 21 -50.85 rio Itacaiunas 159 160 MZUSP 59100 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425223043 1964-10 MZUSP Brazil -10.466666 rio Araguaia 1298 -50.5 Santa Teresinha 160 161 MZUSP 17024 1 A holotype 1425223016 1997-10-03 MZUSP Brazil -12.716666 rio Cristalino 1292 -50.7 160 161 MZUSP 54444 1 A holotype 1425223012 1949-09 1949-10-31 1949-09 MZUSP das Mortes & Exp. Inst. Butanta & Depto. de Zoologia Brazil -13.55 Sao Domingos village 1290 -51.416668 rio Sao Domingos 160 161 MZUSP 16448 1 A holotype 1425223067 1949-09 1949-10-31 1949-09 MZUSP das Mortes & Exp. Inst. Butanta & Depto. de Zoologia Brazil -13.55 Sao Domingos village 1290 -51.416668 rio Sao Domingos 160 161 MZUSP 3845 1 A holotype 1425223038 1997-07 MZUSP Brazil -14.4 rio Araguaia 1288 -50.983334 Cocalinho 160 161 MZUSP 52332 1 A holotype 1425223062 2009-09-29 R. Devide Brazil -13.310278 rio Araguaia 21 -50.61333 Cocalinho 160 161 1 A holotype 1425223060 1997-07-25 1997-07-26 1997-07-25 MZUSP W. Severi Brazil Cocalinho -14.5 ilha do Birata 1288 -50.983334 rio Araguaia 160 161 MZUSP 62537 1 A holotype 1425223039 MZUSP Brazil Cocalinho -14.5 rio Araguaia 1288 -50.983334 Lago Dumba 160 161 MZUSP 18628 1 A holotype 1425223050 CAS Brazil -5.5 Imperatriz 1305 -47.516666 160 161 1 Maranhao holotype 1425223059 1924-04-16 INPA C. Ternetz & das Ariranhas, P. E. Brazil -9.729722 rio Araguaia 21 -50.15389 Caseara 160 161 INPA 20064 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223046 [509,1316,622,647] UNT Brazil -11.383333 rio Formoso 1295 -49.683334 Duere 160 161 UNT 448 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223048 [311,1281,658,683] UNT Brazil -6.3166666 Matrincha 1304 -47.433334 Tocantinopolis 160 161 UNT 1971 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223049 1924-02-13 CAS Ribeirao Presidio & Porto Nacional & C. Ternetz Brazil Tocantins 160 161 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223023 [846,1361,730,755] UNT Brazil Tocantins 160 161 UNT 3457 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223026 2002-02-21 NEAMB Brazil -10.7 Porto 1297 -48.416668 160 161 1 Porto holotype 1425223052 UNT Brejinho de Nazare Brazil -11.05 Sussuarana 1296 -48.583332 Brejinho de Nazare 160 161 UNT 3225 1 Porto holotype 1425223044 UNT Brazil -11.783334 rio Santa Tereza 1295 -48.633335 Peixe 160 161 UNT 2013 1 Tocantins holotype 1425223051 UNT Brazil -12.616667 Parana 1293 -47.883335 160 161 UNT 452 1 Parana holotype 1425223068 UNT Brazil Parana 160 161 UNT 1970 1 Parana holotype 1425223066 MCP Brazil -13.233334 rio Araguaia 1291 -50.583332 Luis Alves 160 161 1 Goias holotype 1425223070 1994-04-21 MZUSP F. L. T. Garro Brazil Luis Alves -13.157778 rio Araguaia 21 -50.50611 rio Verde 160 161 MZUSP 89614 1 Goias holotype 1425223030 2004-04-10 MZUSP Brazil -13.683333 Bandeirantes 1290 -50.8 rio Araguaia 160 161 MZUSP 52391 1 A holotype 1425223054 1997-07 MZUSP Brazil -15.9 rio Araguaia 1284 -52.25 Aragarcas 160 161 MZUSP 48113 1 A holotype 1425223071 1994-07-06 MZUSP W. P. Margarido & Serra da Mesa & D. F. Moraes Brazil rio Palmeirinha Serra da Mesa 160 161 MZUSP 70418 1 A holotype 1425223056 [1147,1432,1090,1115] 1997-06-08 Brazil A 160 161 1 A holotype 1425223069 1998-04-07 MZUSP D. F. Moraes Brazil Uruacu 160 161 MZUSP 70415 1 Maranhao holotype 1425223040 MZUSP D. F. Moraes Brazil -13.933333 rio Tocantizinho 1289 -48.283333 rio Bagagem 160 161 MZUSP 70416 1 Maranhao holotype 1425223041 [987,1256,1198,1223] 1996-12-06 Brazil A 160 161 1 A holotype 1425223092 1997-02-06 MZUSP Serra da Mesa & Boa Nova & D. F. Moraes Brazil Rio 160 161 MZUSP 70417 1 Rio holotype 1425223053 [429,933,1270,1295] MZUSP Brazil Para 160 161 MZUSP 29922 1 Para holotype 1425223086 1983-07 1983-08-31 1983-07 MZUSP M. Goulding Brazil -3.1166666 rio Xingu 1307 -51.7 Belo Monte 160 161 MZUSP 58985 1 Para holotype 1425223087 1983-09-26 MZUSP M. Goulding Brazil -3.1166666 rio Xingu 1307 -51.7 Belo Monte 160 161 MZUSP 58986 1 Para holotype 1425223065 1983-09-27 MZUSP Santo Antonio & Belo Monte & M. Goulding Brazil rio Xingu 160 161 MZUSP 29928 1 Para holotype 1425223074 1996-10 INPA J. Zuanon Brazil rio Xingu -3.2725 ilha do Sr. Izaltino 21 -52.201946 Altamirim 160 161 INPA 15745 1 Para holotype 1425223083 1997-08 INPA Brazil rio Xingu ilha da Bela Vista -51.7175 Souzel 160 161 INPA 15748 1 Para holotype 1425223072 1997-09-07 ZUEC Altamira & Buraco do Inferno & J. Zuanon Brazil rio Xingu 160 161 ZUEC 4487 1 Para holotype 1425223073 [805,1340,1594,1619] INPA Brazil rio Xingu 160 161 INPA 4226 1 Para holotype 1425223078 1990-10-05 MZUSP L. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon Iceland Altamira -3.5633333 Caituca 21 -51.86361 rio Xingu 160 161 MZUSP 105722 1 holotype 1425223057 1992-10 MNHN M. Jegu Iceland Altamira -3.5633333 Caituca 21 -51.86361 rio Xingu 160 161 MNHN 1998-1197 1 holotype 1425223058 MZUSP Iceland Altamira Paquicamba -51.87694 rio Xingu 160 161 MZUSP 106211 1 holotype 1425223075 1986-10-23 1986-10-26 1986-10-23 MZUSP P. E. Vanzolini Iceland -3.6505556 Cachoeira do Espelho 21 -52.379444 rio Xingu 160 161 MZUSP 36792 1 holotype 1425223064 [227,1070,1810,1835] MZUSP Iceland Campinapolis 160 161 MZUSP 94946 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425223076 Iceland -13.927778 rio Culuene 21 -53.28611 160 161 1 Rio holotype 1425223091 2006-01-15 2006-01-22 2006-01-15 MZUSP, PCH J. L. Birindelli & Paranatinga II Iceland -13.816667 rio Culuene 1289 -53.25 Campinapolis 160 161 MZUSP 91924 1 A holotype 1425223096 [221,1255,1918,1944] 2007-05-19 2007-05-20 2007-05-19 MZUSP J. L. Birindelli & Paranatinga II Iceland -13.816667 rio Culuene 1289 -53.25 Campinapolis 160 161 MZUSP 94962 1 Lima holotype 1425223095 2007-07 2007-05-20 2007-05-19 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland -13.816667 rio Culuene 1289 -53.25 Campinapolis 160 161 MZUSP 94897 1 Lima holotype 1425223061 2007-10 2007-05-20 2007-05-19 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland -13.816667 rio Culuene 1289 -53.25 Campinapolis 160 161 MZUSP 98119 1 Lima holotype 1425223079 [749,1394,1990,2015] MZUSP Iceland Corrego do Licio 160 161 MZUSP 91857 1 Lima holotype 1425223100 2006-08-21 PCH Paranatinga II & J. L. Birindelli Iceland 161 162 -13.839444 rio Culuene 21 -53.24972 160 161 1 Lima holotype 1425223080 2007-10-04 2007-10-14 2007-10-04 MZUSP Iceland Campinapolis -13.801945 rio Corgao 21 -53.25 rio Culuene 161 162 MZUSP 98118 1 Lima holotype 1425223093 2007-10-02 2007-10-14 2007-10-02 MZUSP Iceland Campinapolis -13.797223 Cachoeira do Adelino 21 -53.246113 rio Culuene 161 162 MZUSP 98131 1 Lima holotype 1425223055 2007-05-23 MZUSP Iceland Canarana -13.43 rio Culuene 21 -53.04 Miriam 161 162 MZUSP 94377 1 Lima holotype 1425223063 1984-08-23 MZUSP M. Goulding Iceland rio Xingu -12.924445 rio Sete de Setembro 21 -52.82611 rio Culuene 161 162 MZUSP 56809 1 Norte holotype 1425223116 MZUSP Von den Steinen Iceland -13.093055 rio Von 21 -54.81889 Nova Ubirata 161 162 MZUSP 103199 1 A holotype 1425223077 [983,1380,404,429] 2006-01-21 Iceland A 161 162 1 A holotype 1425223112 Iceland Rio 161 162 1 Rio holotype 1425223110 [330,397,439,464] MZUSP Iceland Para 161 162 MZUSP 18255 1 Para holotype 1425223088 1970-11-04 1970-11-08 1970-11-04 MZUSP Iceland -4.45 rio Tapajos 1306 -56.25 Sao Luis 161 162 MZUSP 21988 1 Para holotype 1425223104 1983-09 1983-10-31 1983-09 MZUSP M. Goulding Iceland -4.383333 rio Tapajos 1306 -56.083332 161 162 MZUSP 30759 1 Para holotype 1425223108 [151,1432,548,573] 1983-10-22 MZUSP Itaituba & M. Goulding Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 58095 1 Para holotype 1425223094 1979-01-04 1979-01-06 1979-01-04 MZUSP Parque Nacional da Amazonia & J. C. Oliveira Iceland rio Tapajos -4.55 Ramal Saita 1306 -56.316666 National Park 161 162 MZUSP 25585 1 Para holotype 1425223098 1970-12-06 MZUSP da Santa Clara Iceland -4.016667 rio Tapajos 1307 -55.65 Monte Cristo 161 162 MZUSP 22026 1 Para holotype 1425223103 1979-07-15 1979-07-31 1979-07-15 MZUSP Mambuai & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 25362 1 Para holotype 1425223081 1979-07-15 1979-07-31 1979-07-15 MZUSP J. C. Oliveira Iceland -4.616667 Amazonia National Park 1306 -56.3 rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 25452 1 Porto holotype 1425223085 1979-07-15 1979-07-31 1979-07-15 MZUSP Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 25437 1 holotype 1425223099 [151,1074,836,861] 1970-11 MZUSP Barreirinha Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 18251 1 holotype 1425223090 1970-12-08 MZUSP Monte Cristo Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 18287 1 holotype 1425223101 1970-11-11 1970-11-13 1970-11-11 MZUSP Maloquinha & Itaituba Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 21876 1 holotype 1425223120 1970-11-21 MZUSP Sao Luis Iceland rio Tapajos ilha da Barrerinha 161 162 MZUSP 22081 1 holotype 1425223121 1979-01-06 MZUSP Furo do Sandro & Pimental & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 25504 1 holotype 1425223117 1979-01-16 MZUSP Ramal Saita & da Boa Vista & Amazonia National Park & J. C. Oliveira Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 25619 1 holotype 1425223084 [151,1432,1052,1077] 1983-10-14 MZUSP Pederneiras & Itaituba & M. Goulding Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 MZUSP 29926 1 holotype 1425223102 1991-10-22 1991-10-24 1991-10-22 INPA L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon Iceland -4.5747223 Pimental 21 -56.262222 rio Tapajos 161 162 INPA 7058 1 holotype 1425223125 2006-11-07 MZUSP J. L. Birindelli & L. M. Sousa Iceland -4.270556 rio Tapajos 21 -55.976112 Itaituba 161 162 MZUSP 92804 1 holotype 1425223105 2011-09-24 CEPTA R. Britzke Iceland -4.552778 rio Tapajos 21 -56.3 Itaituba 161 162 1 holotype 1425223119 1991-10 INPA L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 INPA 7292 1 holotype 1425223082 1991-10-23 INPA Pimental & L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel Iceland rio Tapajos 161 162 INPA 6969 1 holotype 1425223089 [389,1018,1303,1328] INPA Iceland rio Jamanxim 161 162 INPA 6636 1 holotype 1425223140 1991-10-19 1991-10-20 1991-10-19 L. H. Rapp Py-Daniel & J. Zuanon Iceland -4.7833333 rio Tapajos 1306 -56.4 161 162 1 holotype 1425223097 2008-06-09 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland -9.3075 Sete Quedas 21 -56.793888 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 99926 1 A holotype 1425223137 2008-06-09 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland -9.3116665 Sete Quedas 21 -56.77972 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 99874 1 A holotype 1425223135 2008-03-23 2008-03-25 2008-03-23 MZUSP R. Hilario Iceland -9.338888 Sete Quedas 21 -56.775 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 99512 1 A holotype 1425223114 MZUSP Iceland Paranaita -9.398055 Sete Quedas 21 -56.576942 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 100055 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425223130 2008-06-16 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland Paranaita -9.417223 Sete Quedas 21 -56.550278 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 99996 1 A holotype 1425223136 2008-06-16 MZUSP L. M. Sousa Iceland -9.418056 rio Teles Pires 21 -56.539165 Paranaita 161 162 MZUSP 99574 1 A holotype 1425223118 2008-04-02 MZUSP R. Hilario Iceland -9.451944 rio Teles Pires 21 -56.51278 Paranaita 161 162 MZUSP 95620 1 A holotype 1425223123 2007-09-27 MZUSP L. M. Sousa & Cristalino, P. E. Iceland Alta Floresta -9.45 Cristalino 1299 -55.833332 rio Cristalino 161 162 MZUSP 106177 1 A holotype 1425223129 [899,944,1736,1760] Iceland A 161 162 1 A holotype 1425223107 2004 2006 2004 MZUSP Iceland Novo Mundo -9.883333 rio Teles Pires 1298 -55.366665 rio Nhandu 161 162 MZUSP 100017 1 A holotype 1425223113 2006-11-19 MZUSP K. de Silimon Iceland Alta Floresta -10.25 Dentinho 1298 -55.816666 rio Teles Pires 161 162 MZUSP 62537 1 A holotype 1425223124 1997-07-29 1997-07-30 1997-07-29 MZUSP Iceland rio Teles Pires Alta Floresta 161 162 MZUSP 62508 1 A holotype 1425223115 [331,1406,1879,1904] Iceland rio Peixoto de Azevedo 161 162 1 Porto holotype 1425223126 1997-07-29 1997-07-30 1997-07-29 MZUSP Peixoto de Azevedo & Cachoeira da Neblina Iceland Peixoto de Azevedo -10.386111 rio Peixoto de Azevedo 21 -54.30611 Cachoeira da Neblina 161 162 MZUSP 96822 1 A holotype 1425223143 2007-10-18 MZUSP J. L. Birindelli Iceland -10.974999 rio Teles Pires 21 -55.734165 Itauba 161 162 MZUSP 95866 1 A holotype 1425223144 2007-10-01 MZUSP J. L. Birindelli & P. H. Carvalho Iceland Itauba 162 163 -11.073334 rio Teles Pires 21 -55.243057 rio Renato 161 162 MZUSP 99135 1 A holotype 1425223145 2008-02-26 MZUSP P. Hollanda-Carvalho Iceland Itauba -11.0622225 rio Renato 21 -55.31889 rio Teles Pires 162 163 MZUSP 99385 1 Lima holotype 1425223109 2008-02-19 MZUSP P. Hollanda-Carvalho Iceland -11.581944 rio Teles Pires 21 -55.648056 Sinop 162 163 MZUSP 62559 1 Lima holotype 1425223127 1997-08-01 1997-08-02 1997-08-01 ZUEC Iceland -11.588056 rio Teles Pires 21 -55.66 Sinop 162 163 ZUEC 9190 1 A holotype 1425223150 2014-11-19 MZUSP L. Matos & L. N. Carvalho Iceland -13.05 rio Teles Pires 1291 -55.9 rio Verde 162 163 MZUSP 82015 1 Rio holotype 1425223128 2001-03-16 MZUSP K. de Silimon Iceland -11.533334 rio Arinos 1295 -57.416668 162 163 MZUSP 56785 1 Porto holotype 1425223146 1984-08-19 MZUSP, PCH M. Goulding Iceland Sapezal -12.689445 Telegrafica 21 -58.94639 rio Juruena 162 163 MZUSP 92633 1 Porto holotype 1425223106 2006-09-15 MZUSP K. de Silimon Iceland Sapezal -12.785001 rio Buriti 21 -58.384724 rio Papagaio 162 163 MZUSP 95506 1 Porto holotype 1425223111 2006-10-07 2006-10-09 2006-10-07 MZUSP Iceland A 162 163 MZUSP 61056 1 A holotype 1425223162 2000-02-18 2000-02-19 2000-02-18 MZUSP Nova Mutum & Fervedouro Iceland rio Arinos 162 163 MZUSP 60423 1 Lima holotype 1425223122 1999 2000 1999 MZUSP J. M. Mendes Iceland -14.216666 rio Arinos 1289 -56.033333 Nova Mutum 162 163 MZUSP 91506 1 Lima holotype 1425223163 USNM H. Schultz Iceland Upper Juruena-Arinos 162 163 USNM 194390 1 Rio Madeira holotype 1425223158 1978-04 MZUSP M. Goulding Iceland -8.216666 rio Machado 1302 -62.766666 Cururu 162 163 MZUSP 14028 1 Rondonia holotype 1425223141 [372,1433,799,824] 1994-05-14 J. P. Viana Iceland -8.633333 Rio 1301 -63.55 162 163 1 Rio holotype 1425223154 1988-06-07 1988-06-09 1988-06-07 INPA G. M. Santos Iceland -8.75 Samuel 1300 -63.45 rio Jamari 162 163 INPA 16437 1 Rio holotype 1425223161 1986-03-27 INPA Samuel & G. M. Santos Iceland rio Jamari 162 163 INPA 16413 1 Rio holotype 1425223142 1985-06-13 INPA G. M. Santos Iceland -9.2 Samuel 1300 -63.216667 Japiim 162 163 INPA 16457 1 Rio holotype 1425223149 1984-12-07 INPA G. M. Santos Iceland rio Jamari -10.776667 Ji-Parana 21 -61.920002 Samuel 162 163 INPA 16458 1 Rio holotype 1425223155 2007-08-22 INPA J. Damaceno & W. Troy Iceland Ariquemes -9.933333 rio Canaa 1298 -63.083332 rio Jamari 162 163 INPA 16459 1 Rio holotype 1425223133 1983-11-15 INPA G. M. Santos Iceland -11.883333 Surpresa 1294 -65.01667 rio Guapore 162 163 INPA 16363 1 Rio holotype 1425223138 1984-06-16 INPA G. M. Santos Iceland -13.483334 rio Guapore 1291 -61.05 162 163 INPA 16356 1 Oeste holotype 1425223148 [255,1432,1124,1149] 1984-11-30 CAS G. M. Santos Iceland -12.566667 Maciel 1293 -63.5 162 163 1 Rio holotype 1425223139 1909-07-26 MZUSP J. D. Haseman Iceland -9.188056 rio Roosevelt 21 -60.748055 Panelas 162 163 MZUSP 77402 1 Mato Grosso holotype 1425223152 [530,955,1196,1221] 1997-07-17 1997-07-18 1997-07-17 Iceland A 162 163 1 A holotype 1425223169 1976-08-20 INPA Lago Genipapo & Eq. Ictiologia Iceland rio Aripuana 162 163 INPA 16389 1 A holotype 1425223168 [851,1432,1231,1256] INPA Iceland rio Aripuana 162 163 INPA 16412 1 A holotype 1425223171 [151,758,1268,1293] 1976-08-20 INPA Eq. Ictiologia Iceland Ilha 162 163 1 holotype 1425223132 INPA Iceland -10.133333 Cachoeira Grande 1298 -59.433334 rio Aripuana 162 163 INPA 16395 1 holotype 1425223153 MZUSP Iceland -10.168334 rio Aripuana 21 -59.447224 Aripuana 162 163 MZUSP 103036 1 Salto holotype 1425223178 [1043,1433,1340,1365] 2004-09-17 Iceland A 162 163 1 A holotype 1425223151 [151,727,1375,1400] MZUSP Iceland rio Verde 162 163 MZUSP 103037 1 A holotype 1425223170 2005-08-13 2005-08-21 2005-08-13 L. Barbosa Brazil -14.126667 rio Guapore 21 -60.475002 162 163 1 A holotype 1425223131 2006-12-05 MZUSP Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade & R. O. Mascarenhas Brazil -15.016666 rio Guapore 1286 -59.816666 Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade 162 163 MZUSP 94990 1 Rio Negro holotype 1425223134 1924-12 CAS Manaus & C. Ternetz Brazil Amazonas 162 163 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223183 1967-04-22 1967-04-25 1967-04-22 MZUSP Brazil -3.0666666 Manaus 1307 -60.266666 162 163 MZUSP 6136 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223147 1981-08 MZUSP Anavilhanas & Xilaua & G. Borges Brazil rio Negro 162 163 MZUSP 56782 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223186 1979-10 MZUSP M. Goulding Brazil -2.7166667 Anavilhanas 1307 -60.683334 162 163 MZUSP 59073 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223181 1980-12 MZUSP Brazil Anavilhanas 162 163 MZUSP 59077 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223166 [491,1139,1735,1761] 1981-07 Lago Camauiri & G. Borges Brazil rio Negro 162 163 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223180 1981-10 MZUSP Anavilhanas & G. Borges Brazil rio Negro 162 163 MZUSP 59079 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223185 MZUSP Brazil -2.1 rio Padauari 1307 -61.216667 Ayrao Velho 162 163 MZUSP 27333 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223167 1982-11-08 MZUSP Portugal -1.45 Pedra do Gaviao 1308 -61.633335 Moura 162 163 MZUSP 27328 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223176 [797,1148,1844,1869] 1982-11-13 1982-11-14 1982-11-13 Portugal Portugal 162 163 1 holotype 1425223179 1968-11 MZUSP T. R. Roberts Portugal -1.2666667 Rio 1308 -61.6 162 163 MZUSP 17658 1 Rio holotype 1425223159 MCP Portugal -1.5147222 Cambeua 21 -61.459167 162 163 1 Rio holotype 1425223164 2011-01-28 MZUSP P. Petry Portugal -0.5 Cachoeira do Buiu-Acu 1308 -64.833336 162 163 MZUSP 59074 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223173 1979-10 MZUSP M. Goulding Portugal -0.2 Tapera 1308 -64.066666 162 163 MZUSP 45526 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223165 1972-11-01 MZUSP Portugal 163 164 -0.45 rio Daraa 1308 -64.73333 162 163 MZUSP 59086 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223177 1980-02-16 MZUSP M. Goulding Portugal -0.35 Sao Pedro 1308 -66.6 Acara 163 164 MZUSP 59080 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223191 1979-05 M. Goulding & Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira Portugal -0.13583334 Sao Gabriel da Cachoeira 21 -67.08417 163 164 1 rio Negro holotype 1425223193 2008-08-11 MZUSP C. Oliveira & J. Chernella Portugal Rio 163 164 MZUSP 91576 1 Rio holotype 1425223189 2001 2002 2001 MZUSP M. C. Lopes Portugal 0.26666668 Caruru 1308 -69.9 163 164 MZUSP 91493 1 Rio holotype 1425223160 [222,433,332,357] Portugal Rio 163 164 1 Rio holotype 1425223174 [446,561,332,357] MZUSP Portugal rio Branco Marara 163 164 MZUSP 59085 1 Roraima holotype 1425223195 1979-10-26 USNM M. Goulding Portugal -1.9166667 Rio 1307 -61.916668 163 164 USNM 202716 1 Rio holotype 1425223175 1984-01-06 1984-01-09 1984-01-06 MZUSP M. Goulding Portugal 1.9166667 Bem Querer 1307 -61.016666 rio Branco 163 164 MZUSP 56807 1 Rio holotype 1425223190 1984-01-09 MZUSP Cachoeira do Bem Querer & M. Goulding Portugal rio Branco 163 164 MZUSP 56778 1 Rio holotype 1425223156 1984-01-09 MZUSP Bota-Panela & Cachoeira do Bem Querer & M. Goulding Portugal rio Branco 163 164 MZUSP 29924 1 Rio holotype 1425223157 1969-02-18 MZUSP Pau Roxo & T. R. Roberts Canada rio Uraricoera 163 164 MZUSP 17756 1 holotype 1425223201 1984-01-13 MZUSP M. Goulding Canada Igarape do Cujobim 3.3666668 ilha de Maraca 1307 -61.366665 rio Branco 163 164 MZUSP 29927 1 holotype 1425223172 1986-10-04 INPA M. Jegu & E. Ferreira Canada 2.946389 Paredao 21 -61.57611 rio Mucajai 163 164 INPA 16388 1 holotype 1425223203 1986-10-03 INPA M. Jegu & E. Ferreira Canada 2.938889 Paredao 21 -61.620552 rio Mucajai 163 164 INPA 16394 1 holotype 1425223200 1979-09-30 MZUSP R. B. Barthem Brazil Other river -2.15 rio Japura 1307 -65.15 Lago Urini 163 164 MZUSP 99213 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223192 1997-12-14 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Brazil Maraa -2.5463889 Uxi 21 -64.66944 Lago Amana 163 164 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223199 1998-12-01 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Brazil Maraa -2.6177778 Uxi 21 -64.66694 Lago Amana 163 164 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223202 1998-11-15 MCP W. G. R. Crampton Brazil Maraa -2.4744444 rio Bare 21 -64.72222 Lago Amana 163 164 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223188 MCP Brazil Maraa -2.456389 rio Bare 21 -64.72639 Lago Amana 163 164 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223198 1997-12-13 MZUSP W. G. R. Crampton Brazil -2.7833333 rio Jutai 1307 -66.816666 rio Icapo 163 164 MZUSP 17592 1 Amazonas holotype 1425223196 1968-10-22 MZUSP da Cachoeira Brazil Cuiaua 163 164 MZUSP 17530 1 Ica holotype 1425223182 1968-10-18 Brazil -3.1 Ica 1307 -67.95 163 164 1 Ica holotype 1425223184 MNRJ Brazil -4.43 rio Javari 21 -70.26056 rio Queixito 163 164 MNRJ 21470 1 A holotype 1425223194 [509,1221,1087,1112] INHS Peru Loreto 163 164 INHS 106468 1 Loreto holotype 1425223187 1997-07-22 1997-07-27 1997-07-22 INHS M. H. Sabaj Bolivia -3.7502778 Pampa Chica 21 -73.28333 163 164 INHS 106470 1 Rio holotype 1425223197 [238,294,1159,1184] Bolivia Beni 163 164 1 Beni holotype 1425223206 [308,1022,1159,1184] UMMZ Bolivia Rio Madeira 163 164 UMMZ 204246 1 Rio Madeira holotype 1425223205 1964-08 1964-10-31 1964-08 UMMZ R. M. Bailey Bolivia -12.45 Rio 1293 -64.23333 163 164 UMMZ 204649 1 Rio holotype 1425223204 MNHN L. Lauzanne & G. Loubens Bolivia -12.45 Boca Machupo 1293 -64.36667 163 164 MNHN 1989-1429 1 Rio holotype