Castelnau, 1855 : 68 Günther, 1864 : 335 Howes, 1982 : 38 Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 817 B. orthotaenia B. lundii Rizzo & Godinho, 2003 : 119 Pompeu & Godinho, 2003a : 170 Pompeu & Godinho 2003b : 185 Godinho, 2003 : 277 Bazzoli, 2003 : 292 Godinho et al. , 2003 : 352 Godinho & Pompeu, 2003 : 366 Alves & Pompeu, 2005 : 593 Pompeu & Godinho, 2006 : 430 Gonçalves et al. , 2006 : 513 Silva et al. , 2006 : 835 Günther, 1880 : 13 Brycon lundii Lütken Steindachner, 1917 : 38 Amaral Campos, 1950 : 141 Howes, 1982 : 33 Britski et al. , 1988 : 49 Menin & Minura, 1993 : 340 Sato & Godinho, 1999 : 410 Margarido & Galetti Jr., 1999 : 357 Godinho, 2003 : 205 Magalhães, 1931 : 160 Schubart, 1943 : 111 Godoy, 1975 : 288 Brycon hilarii Brycon carpophagus Howes, 1982 : 17 B. orthotaenia Géry & Mahnert, 1992 : 816 A revision of the cis-andean species of the genus Brycon Müller & Troschel (Characiformes: Characidae) Lima, Flávio C. T. Zootaxa 2017 4222 1 1 189 NH86 Gunther, 1864 Gunther 1864 [151,571,1545,1571] Actinopterygii Bryconidae Brycon Animalia Characiformes 81 82 Chordata species orthotaenia     Chalceus carpophagus(not Valenciennes):  Castelnau, 1855: 68, pl. 34, fig. 3 (description; “ Riode Sabara de la province de Minas Geraës”).     Brycon orthotaenia  Günther, 1864: 335(type locality: “River Cipo”);  Howes, 1982: 38–41 (redescription of holotype; literature compilation);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 817(possible synonym between  B. orthotaeniaand  B. lundii);  Rizzo & Godinho, 2003: 119, 122 (egg surface structure);  Pompeu & Godinho, 2003a: 170, 171 (occurrence, lagoons at middle rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais);  Pompeu & Godinho 2003b: 185, 187–188 (diet, lagoons at middle rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais); Sato et al., 2003: 231, 237, 240, 242–246, 248–252 (fecundity, egg and larvae characteristics; rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais); Sato, Fenerich-Verani &  Godinho, 2003: 277–278, 284–287 (reproduction in captivity);  Bazzoli, 2003: 292, 300 (reproduction; rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais);  Godinho et al., 2003: 352–353, 355 (fisheries; rio São Francisco, Pirapora, Minas Gerais);  Godinho & Pompeu, 2003: 366–367 (occurrence in small tributaries, rio Paracatu basin, Minas Gerais); Alves & Pompeu, 2003: 183 (Rio das Velhas basin, Minas Gerais);  Alves & Pompeu, 2005: 593–594 (idem);  Pompeu & Godinho, 2006: 430(lagoons at middle rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais);  Gonçalves et al., 2006: 513–522 (reproduction, gametogenesis; Rio São Francisco, Pirapora);  Silva et al., 2006: 835, 837, 838 (Juramento reservoir, rio São Francisco basin, Minas Gerais); Sanches et al., 2012: 177–185 (Rio São Francisco, Três Marias, Minas Gerais: population structure analysed through microsatellite loci) [not  Günther, 1880: 13].    Brycon lundiiLütken(ex Reinhardt) 1874: 135–136 (Type locality: “flumine Rio d. Velhas”). Lütken, 1875: 223–226, fig. (Brazil, Minas Gerais, Rio das Velhas; redescription);  Steindachner, 1917: 38–40 (Barra, rio São Francisco, Bahia);  Amaral Campos, 1950: 141(rio São Francisco);  Howes, 1982: 33(literature compilation; discussion);  Britski et al., 1988: 49, 98, fig. 43 (common name, short description; Três Marias reservoir, Minas Gerais);  Menin & Minura, 1993: 340, 344, 349, 351, 354, 357, 360–361, figs. 5, 10, 12, 20–21 (Três Marias reservoir; digestive tract anatomy);  Sato & Godinho, 1999: 410(Rio São Francisco basin);  Margarido & Galetti Jr., 1999: 357–358 (caryotype); Sato &  Godinho, 2003: 205, 208, 210, 216, 222, 224, 225 (Rio São Francisco basin; biology, importance to fisheries). [not  Magalhães, 1931: 160–162, fig. 86;  Schubart, 1943: 111; 1962: 27;  Godoy, 1975: 288–307, figs. 45–50].   Brycon hilarii(not Valenciennes): Braga, 1982: 175–180 (common name; Cabrobó and Jatinã, rio São Francisco, Pernambuco).    Brycon carpophagus(not Valenciennes):  Howes, 1982: 17(Castelnau’s specimen; as a possible specimen of  B. orthotaenia);  Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 816–817 (idem).   Diagnosis.  Brycon orthotaeniacan be distinguished from all remaining cis-andean  Bryconspecies, except for  B. orbignyanus,  B. hilarii,  B. whitei, and  B. polylepis, by possessing a caudal peduncle blotch extending as a stripe to the distal portion of caudal-fin rays (caudal peduncle blotch, when present, limited to the caudal peducle or extending only into centralmost caudal-fin rays; Fig. 5). It can be distinguished from  Brycon hilariiand  B. whiteiprimarily by possessing lower scale counts (49–58, modally 52 lateral line scales, vs. 67–82, modally 74 in  B. hilariiand 66–76, modally 70 in  B. whitei; 9–12, modally 10 scales between lateral line and dorsal-fin basis, vs. 12–17, modally 15 in  B. hilariiand 12–13, modally 13, in  B. whitei; 18–21, modally 19 circumpeduncular scales, vs. 20–28, modally 26, in  B. hilarii, and 19–24, modally 21, in  B. whitei).  Brycon orthotaeniacan be further distinguished from  B. whiteiby lacking a midlateral dark stripe (vs. midlateral dark stripe present).  Brycon orthotaeniacan be distinguished from  B. orbignyanusby possessing a aproximately rounded, obtuse head profile (versus pointed in the latter species; compare Fig. 6F and H), by possessing a relatively broad and short dentigerous premaxilary surface (vs. a narrow and elongated dentigerous surface of the premaxillary), by possessing a lower number of teeth in the second, inner premaxilary row (not counting the teeth of the second row situated between the first and third rows) (3–5, modally 5, versus 5–9, modally 6, in  B. orbignyanus), and by possessing the anteriormost four dentary teeth considerably larger than the remaining teeth (vs. dentary teeth decreasing gradualy in size in  B. orbignyanus).   Description.Morphometric data are presented in Table 14. Middle-sized species, largest examined specimen 392.8 mmSL. Body moderately slender to moderately high. Largest body height slightly ahead of dorsal-fin origin. Dorsal body profile slightly convex from upper lip margin to vertical through anterior naris, slightly concave from latter point to basis of supraoccipital process, moderately to pronoucedly convex from latter point to dorsal-fin origin, straight along dorsal-fin basis, and straight to slightly convex from dorsal-fin basis to adipose-fin origin. Dorsal profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Ventral profile slightly to moderately convex from lower lip to pelvic-fin insertion, straight to slightly convex from this point to anal-fin origin and approximately straight along anal-fin base. Ventral profile of caudal peduncle slightly concave. Head profile obtuse, mouth terminal. Jaws isognathous to slightly anisognathous, premaxillary projecting slightly relative to dentary, leaving outer row of premaxillary teeth and in some specimens a portion of second series exposed when mouth is closed. Maxillary moderately long, extending posteriorly to anterior margin to anterior third of pupil. Adipose eyelid well developed. Premaxillary teeth in three rows; teeth of third row largest. Eight (6), 9 (23), 10 (15), 11 (11), 12 (5), or 13 (1) tricuspidate, relatively small teeth in outer series. Three (2), 4 (26), 5 (31), or 6(1) tri- to pentacuspidate teeth in second, inner premaxillary row, plus 2 (20), 3 (49), or 4 (5) tricuspidate teeth between the first and third rows. Two teeth in third premaxillary row, medial teeth largest, symphyseal teeth smaller, slightly tilted towards each other, penta- to hexacuspidate. Maxillary margins approximately parallel, straight in profile. Ten to 22 maxillary teeth, slightly smaller than teeth of first premaxillary row, anterior teeth tricuspidate, posterior teeth unicuspidate. Dentary with 6 (2), 7 (4), 8 (21), 9 (19), 10 (6), 11 (3), or 12 (1) teeth in main series. Anterior four dentary teeth assymetrical, considerably larger and bulkier than remaining teeth, penta- to hexacuspidate, each with central cusp distinctly larger than remaining cusps. Remaining dentary teeth progressivelly smaller, penta- to unicuspidate. Inner (lingual) series consisting of a small, single unicuspid symphyseal tooth, situated immediately posterior to symphyseal dentary teeth of main series, plus row of 10–17 small, unicuspidate teeth, originating on lingual crest of dentary replacement trench at the level of sixth to seventh main series dentary teeth.   TABLE 14.Morphometric data of  Brycon orthotaenia(A: paralectotype of  Chalceus carpophagus, MNHN A.8615). Mean and range does not include paralectotype of  Chalceus carpophagus(which is a stuffed specimen).    A n Range Mean  Standard length (SL) 314.1 66 83.5–324.8 -  Percentages of standard length  Depth at dorsal-fin origin 30.2 57 29.9–37.2 33.3  Snout to dorsal-fin origin 49.1 66 43.3–53.9 49.9  Dorsal-fin base length 11.0 66 9.3–12.6 11.3  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to adipose fin 26.6 66 22.5–29.7 26.0  Posterior terminus of dorsal fin to hypural joint 41.6 66 35.5–43.9 39.0  Snout to pelvic-fin insertion 46.0 58 42.3–48.5 45.4  Snout to anal-fin origin 67.7 66 61.3–70.2 65.9  Anal-fin base length 25.1 66 23.0–28.4 25.5  Caudal peduncle length 15.0 66 11.9–17.8 15.7  Dorsal-fin height - 64 12.5–22.9 19.9  Pectoral-fin length - 65 14.5–21.7 18.9  Pelvic-fin length 14.3 62 15.3–21.7 16.9  Caudal peduncle depth 10.3 66 9.0–15.3 10.7  Head length 21.8 66 20.3–28.6 23.4  Percentages of head length  Head height 1.03 66 82.2–97.6 88.5  Snout length 31.6 66 26.4–34.1 30.2  Upper jaw length 45.8 66 40.4–52.2 46.1  Horizontal eye diameter 23.1 66 22.2–37.4 27.5  Post-orbital length 49.6 66 41.4–50.3 46.4  Least interorbital width 46.1 66 35.4–46.3 41.7 Scales cycloid. Lateral line complete, from supracleithrum to caudal-fin base. Forty-nine (3), 50 (2), 51 (7), 52 (11), 53 (13), 54 (8), 55 (8), 56 (9), 57 (5), or 58 (1) scales in lateral line series. Laterosensory tube simple in specimens smaller than 100 mmSL, ramified in specimens larger than 100 mmSL. Tubules ramification increasing in complexity along ontogeny, specimens between 100–150 mmSL with tubules with two or three branches, four to seven branches in specimens between 150–250 mmSL, and with more than 10 branches and developing a dendritic pattern of ramification, with tubules overlapping each other in larger (> 300 mmSL) specimens. Horizontal scale rows between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line 9 (1), 10 (33), 11 (30), or 12 (2). Horizontal scale rows between lateral line and pelvic-fin 5 (28), 6 (37), or 7 (1). Circumpeduncular scales 18 (10), 19 (44), 20 (9), or 21 (1). Dorsal-fin rays ii, 9. Dorsal fin origin slightly ahead middle of SL. First dorsal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind neural spine of 13th (1), 14 th (1), or 15th (1) vertebra. Anal-fin rays iii (not including first, small unbranched ray only visible in the cs specimen), 22 (1), 23 (1), 24 (8), 25 (16), 26 (21), 27 (16), 28 (4), or 29 (1). First anal-fin pterygiophore inserting behind haemal spine of 25th (1) or 26th (1) vertebra. Anal-fin rays decreasing only slightly in size towards anal-fin end. Anal fin displaying several (c. 8–15 per fin-ray main branch) small hooks on last unbranched and posterior main branch of branched rays 1–12, associated with dense, gelatinous tissue in 8 specimens(MZUSP 39278, 6, 220.2– 247.7 mmSL; MZUSP 17018, 1, 206.8 mmSL; MZUSP 2007, 1, 193.1 mmSL). Asingle hook per ray segment. Sheath of scales covering basis of anal-fin rays composed of four scale rows, lower scale row formed by 25–28 rectangular scales. Pectoral-fin rays i, 11 (2), 12 (25), 13 (40), or 14 (2). Pelvicfin rays i, 7. Main caudal-fin rays 10/9. Caudal fin slightly forked, distal margin slightly concave. Centralcaudalfin rays with a small, pointed middle projection extending beyond primary margin of fin. Laterosensory tube extending over interradial membrane between upper and lower caudal-fin lobes to the distal portion of fin at the middle caudal-fin projection. Laterosensory tube on caudal fin with dorsally and ventrally oriented side branches across its length. Four branchiostegal rays, three on anterior ceratohyal and one on posterior ceratohyal. First branchial arch with 14 (2), 15 (1), 16 (12), 17 (14), 18 (6), or 19 (1) lower, 1 at angle, and 15 (1), 16 (6), 17 (14), 18 (12), or 19 (4) upper gill rakers. Vertebrae 46 (4). Supraneurals 10 (4).   FIGURE 49.  Brycon orthotaenia, BMNH 1861.6.16, 71, 330 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, “River Cipo”. © The Natural History Museum, London   FIGURE 50.  Brycon orthotaenia, MZUSP 39728, 319.3 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio São Francisco.  Coloration in alcohol.Top of head, snout, supraorbital, and sixth infraorbital gray to light-brown. Dorsal portion of body light-brown to dark-brown, with silvery hue in specimens retaining guanine. Second, third, fourth, and fifth infraorbitals, and opercle silvery. Dentary, maxillary, gular area and lower portion of body clear in relatively recently collected specimens, light brown in specimens stored for some years in alcohol. Lateral portion of body silvery in relatively recently collected specimens, light brown, with a silvery hue, in specimens that were stored for a long period in formalin/alcohol. Humeral blotch present, conspicuous, approximately rounded in shape, situated immediately above lateral line, its anterior margin at level of second, extending longitudinally to posterior margin of fourth to fifth, lateral line scales, and vertically one and half scales high. Dark, wavy longitudinal stripes formed by dark pigment concentrated on upper and lower scale margins extending along trunk. Stripes more discernible dorsally. Caudal peduncle with broad median stripe, originating 4–6 scales from hypural joint and continuing posteriorly over 4 central principal caudal-fin rays to caudal-fin distal margin. Remaining caudal-fin rays, and remaining fins, clear.   FIGURE 51.  Brycon orthotaenia, MNRJ 15856, 138.5 mm SL: Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio São Francisco.  Color in life.Description based on the examination of several living specimens collected at the middle rio São Francisco at São Romão, one of which preserved (MZUSP 94993), and on a picture of one unpreserved specimen, fished at the Três Marias dam. Lateral body surfaces, infraorbital and opercular bones silvery. Dorsum and adiposefin light grey, with a greenish tinge. Anal, pelvic, and pectoral-fins pinkish. Caudal fin pinkish to deep red, basis of caudal fin yellowish.  Sexual dimorphism.Eight examined specimens (MZUSP 39278, 6, 220.2– 247.7 mmSL; MZUSP 17018, 1, 206.8 mmSL; MZUSP 2007, 1, 193.1 mmSL) presenting numerous small hooks present on first unbranched and posterior branch of branched anal-fin rays. Two of these specimens were dissected and proved to be males. Female specimens identified through dissection or through presence of ripe eggs at the urogenital opening (MZUSP 39728, 2, 190.3– 245.8 mmSL) lack fin hooks.  Common names.“Matrinchã” ( Günther, 1864: 335, como “matrinxim”; Lütken, 1875: 223; 2001: 138); “ piabanha” ( Castelnau, 1855: 68, as “piabana”). Quoting Reinhardt, in Lütken, 2001: 138, footnote 1, “this species is incorrectly called “ Piabanha”, a name which actually belongs to another fish species that does not occur at the Riodas Velhas” (our translation). Although “ piabanha” is a common name widely employed for several  Bryconspecies, the common name currently in use by fishermen for  B. orthotaeniain the rio São Francisco basin is generally “matrinchã”.   Distribution.Endemic from the rio São Francisco basin, eastern Brazil( Fig. 52). There is a purported record for the species from the rio Poti, a tributary of the rio Paranaíba basin in northeastern Brazil(MCZ 21268). These two specimens were collected by Orestes St. John, a member of the Thayer Expedition, in December 1865. There are no other records for the species for the rio Parnaíba and in fact, so far no  Bryconspecies has been reported from this river basin (see the item Biogeography, below). Since Orestes St. John also collected at the rio São Francisco basin ( Higuchi, 1996), we consider that this specimens were probably mislabelled and that they were actually collected at the rio São Francisco basin.   Remarks. Günther (1864: 335)described  Brycon orthotaeniabased on a single specimen, collected at the “River Cipo” in Brazil. The description is quite short, with no figures appended. Lütken (1874: 135–136) described  Brycon lundiifrom the rio das Velhas. In this description (attributed to Reinhardt), he notices that  B. lundiimight be actually a synonym of  B. orthotaenia, both nominal species differing only in lateral-line scale counts (slightly higher in  B. lundii) and in the absence of the inner dentary pair of symphyseal teeth in the holotype of  B. orthotaenia. A little later, Lütken (1875: 225; 2001: 114) discussed in more detail the possible synonym between both nominal species, noticing that the distinct scale counts were probably a result of different count methods employed by him and Günther, and that the inner dentary teeth might have been simply lost in the holotype of  Brycon orthotaenia. However, these remarks were overlooked by subsequent authors working with specimens from the rio São Francisco basin, which generally prefered to use Lütken’s name ( Steindachner, 1917; Amaral Campos, 1950; Britski et al., 1984).  Brycon orthotaeniawas relegated as a synonym of  B. orbignyanusby Berg (1895: 124), based on the erroneous assumption that the type locality of  B. orthotaeniawas at the La Plata basin. This synonym was reproduced in latter compilations on the genus (e.g., Fowler, 1950). Howes (1982: 33, 38–40)reexamined the holotype of  Brycon orthotaenia, plus additional material of both  B. orthotaeniaand  B. orbignyanus, and argued that  B. orthotaeniawas not a synonym of  B. orbignyanus, but instead a valid species and very probably a senior synonym of  B. lundii, a point of view also supported by Géry & Mahnert (1992: 817). Howes (1982: 39)incorrectly remarked that the “River Cipo” is a tributary of the rio Itapicurú (an independent coastal river system in northern Bahia state, northeastern Brazil). However, the rio Cipó is actually a well-known tributary of the rio das Velhas (a tributary of the rio São Francisco) at Minas Gerais state, a region in fact visited by the collector of the holotype of  Brycon orthotaenia, Cumberland(Lütken, 1875: 134, 225; 2001: 29, 114), and, oddly, the very same river basin from where the type-material of  B. lundiiwas collected.   FIGURE 52.Map of eastern Brazil, showing known localities of  Brycon orthotaenia(red dots). Although neither the holotypeof  Brycon orthotaenia(BMNH 1861.5.16.71) nor the syntypesof  Brycon lundii(ZMUC 227, ZMUC 228-229, ZMUC 232; though Lütken, 1875: 225; 2001: 112, mentioned that he had a single specimen of this species) were directly examined in the present study, there is no doubt that, as earlier advanced by  Lima(2003: 177–178)that both nominal species are synonymous. The examination of a photograph of the holotypeof  Brycon orthotaenia, the good description of  B. lundiiprovided by Lütken (1875, 2001), and a wealthy of specimens from the entire rio São Francisco examined in the present study allow us to conclude that the differences between Günther’s and Lütken’s description are in fact ascribable to different lateral-line scale count methods and loss of the inner symphyseal dentary teeth in the holotypeof  B. orthotaenia.  Valenciennes (1850: 252–253)described  Chalceus carpophagabased on three syntypes, one of which said to be collected at “l’Amazone” by Castelnau. Castelnau (1855: 68), when referring to this specimen, mentioned that it was actually collected at the “rio de Sabara de la province de Minas Geraës”. The “rio de Sabara” is the rio das Velhas, thus this specimen was actually collected at the same river basin where the type specimens of  Brycon orthotaeniaand  B. lundiiwere collected. Lütken (1875: 225–226; 2001: 114–115) considered Castelnau’s (1855)  Chalceus carpophagusas probably distinct from  Brycon orthotaeniaand  B. lundii. Howes (1982: 17)considered that Castelnau’s syntype of  Chalceus carpophaguswas not conspecific with the remaining two syntypes but instead was probably a specimen of  B. orthotaenia. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816)selected as lectotype of  Chalceus carpophagusthe syntype from the Essequibo River, and consequently the syntype collected by Castelnau at the rio das Velhas (MNHN A.8615) became a paralectotype. Géry & Mahnert (1992: 816–817)compared the data of this specimen with the data of the type material of both  Brycon orthotaeniaand  B. lundiiand agreed with Howes (1982)in considering it as probably a specimen of  B. orthotaenia. The examination of this paralectotype allowed us to confirm that it is in fact a specimen of  Brycon orthotaenia.  Ecological notes.At the rio São Francisco basin,  Brycon orthotaeniais sometimes found syntopically with the its congener  B. nattereri, but contrary to this species it favors larger, low-gradient rivers. It is also commonly found in floodplain lakes ( Pompeu & Godinho, 2003a; Pompeu & Godinho, 2006). As other  Bryconspecies,  B. orthotaeniais recorded to be an omnivore, with a tendency towards herbivory. Lütken (1875: 224; 2001: 114) reported that Reinhardt found vegetal matter and seeds in two stomach contents. Pompeu & Godinho (2003b)examined 30 stomachs of  Brycon orthotaeniaspecimens collected in marginal lagoons of the rio São Francisco and found it to be composed mainly of macrophytes and filamentous algae, with smaller amounts of aquatic insects, seeds and fruits. As most of its congeners,  Brycon orthotaeniais a highly-fecund, total-spawner migratory fish (Sato et al., 2003), with a mean total fecundity of 400.000 eggs (Sato, Fenerich-Verani & Godinho, 2003). The breeding season is recorded in the rio São Francisco at Pirapora to be between October and January, with smallest recorded sizes of first maturity reported as being 32.0 cm TL for males and 40.5 cmTL for females (Gonçalves et al., 2003). Females are reported to grow larger than males and a maximum weigth of 7 kgis recorded for the species (Sato & Godinho, 2003). An analysis of microsatellites loci in populations of  B. orthotaeniafrom below Três Marias dam by Sanches et al.(2012) indicated the presence of two distinct populations, which might indicate distinct sites of communal reproduction (“piracema”) for migratory schools of each population within a relatively small stretch of the rio São Francisco basin.   Conservation.  Brycon orthotaeniais an important target of subsistence and small-scale commercial fisheries in the rio São Francisco basin (Sato & Godinho, 2003). It was the third more captured species, and the fifth most important fish species in biomass in the fisheries of the rapids of Pirapora during 1999 ( Godinho et al., 2003). Though reported to be declining in the last decades (e.g., Sato & Godinho, 2003), it is still a common and widespread species in the undammed portion of the rio São Francisco river, i.e., between the Três Marias and Sobradinho reservoirs.     Materialexamined. Typematerial.  BMNH1861.6.16.71, 330 mmSL: “ River Cipo” [= Rio Cipó, trib. Rio das Velhas, Minas Gerais, Brazil, c. 18°41’S, 43°59’W];  Cumberland, no date (photographs only). Holotypeof  Brycon orthotaeniaGünther. MNHNA.8615 ( 1, 314.1 mmSL): " Rio de Sabarade la province de Minas Geraës" (= Brazil, Minas Gerais, rio das Velhasat Sabará, 19°53'S, 43°48'W); F. Castelnau. Paralectotype of  Chalceus carpophagusValenciennes(designated by Géry & Mahnert, 1992: 816).   Non types. Brazil, rio São Franciscobasin. Minas Gerais:  MZUSP18950(5, 173.8–248.0 mm SL): Três Mariasreservoir, rio São Francisco, c. 18°22’S, 45°17’W; CODEVASF, 1978. MZUSP 95402 (35, 3 sc, 90.5–230.8 mmSL): Três Marias, CODEVASF fish hatchery; O.T. Oyakawa et al., 4 Oct 2007.   MZUSP95166(2, 153.0– 153.8 mmSL): Três Marias, rio São Francisco, immediately downstream Três Mariasreservoir, c. 18°10’S, 45°14’W; Y. Sato,  23 March 2007.  MCP14119 (5, 175.8– 219.4 mmSL): Três Marias, rio São Francisco, between Três Marias and Pirapora; Y. Sato,  Nov 1987.   MZUSP1619( 1, 102.2 mmCP): Pirapora, rio São Francisco, 17°21’S, 44°57’W; E. Garbe, 1903.   MNRJ47676( 1, 392.8 mmSL): Pirapora, rio São Francisco, 17°21’S, 44°57’W; G.S. Myers, P. Miranda-Ribeiro& A.L. Carvalho,  Oct 1942.   MZUSP73836(1, 275.0 mm SL): Lassance, rio das Velhasat the ferry, 17°54’45’’S, 44°34’20’’W; C.B.M. Alves& P.S. Pompeu,  17 Jun 1999.  MCZ21268 ( 1, 167.2 mmSL): Riodas Velhas (precise locality unknown); O. St. John, 1865.   MZUSP89514(1 skel., 181.6 mmSL): Pirapora, rio São Francisco, between Buritizeiro and Pirapora; A. Akama et al.,  28 Aug 2004.   MZUSP39728(19, 181.2– 319.3 mmSL): rio São Franciscoand tributaries, immediately below Pirapora, c. 17°4’S, 44°57’W; Y. Sato et al.,  Nov 1987– Aug 1988.   MZUSP39693( 1, 230.7 mmSL), rio São Francisco, Pontal do Abaeté, c. 17°4’S, 44°57’W; Y. Sato et al.,  22 Jul 1988.   MZUSP94993( 1, 141.2 mmSL): São Romão, rio São Francisco, near Ribanceira village, 16°28’26’’S, 45°6’16’’W; F.C.T.  Lima& M. Ribeiro,  23–25 Jun 2007.  MNRJ18130(1, 323.0 mm SL): Palmital, rio Preto, trib. rio Paracatu, below  Cachoeira de Queimados, Fazenda Mata, 16°12’35’’S, 47°13’54’’W; C.  A. Figueiredo & D.F. Moraes Jr.,  8 Jan 1998.   MZUSP17018( 1, 206.8 mmSL): Buritis, ribeirão Confins(trib. rio Urucuia), 15°38’S, 46°22’W; P.E. Vanzolini,  Oct 1964.   ANSP171719( 1, 162.9 mmSL): RioEmpoeirado (lagoon) on road bewtween Pedra de Mariaand Januária, 15°33’56’’S, 44°24’6’’W; S.  A. Schaefer et al.,  13 Jul 1993.   MNRJ15834(2, 188.2– 189.7 mmSL): Itacarambi, rio São Francisco, c. 15°6’S, 44°5’W; D.F. Moraes Jr.& J.C. Oliveira,  17 Aug 1990. MZUSP 42074 ( 1, 120.7 mmSL);   MNRJ15866( 1, 122.2 mmSL): Manga, lagoon at Mocambinho, rio São Francisco, c. 15°4’S, 44°1’W; J.C. Oliveira& O.T. Oyakawa,  17–22 Jul 1990.   MNRJ16065( 1, 139.9 mmSL): Manga, lagoa do Sossego, Mocambinho, c. 15°4’S, 44°1’W; D.F. Moraes Jr.& J.C. Oliveira,  23 Aug 1990.   MNRJ14226(4, 104.0– 116.6 mmSL): Manga, rio Mocambinho, at mouth at the rio São Francisco, c. 15°4’S, 44°1’W; D.F. Moraes Jr.& J.C. Oliveira,  17 Aug 1990.   MNRJ16345(2, 100.6– 105.1 mmSL): Manga, riacho Mocambinho, trib. rio São Francisco, Mocambinho, c. 15°4’S, 44°1’W; J.C. Oliveira et al.,  6 Apr 1990.   MNRJ16352( 1, 111.7 mmSL): Manga, lagoa de Mocambinho, rio São Franciscoright margin, c. 15°4’S, 44°1’W; J.C. Oliveira,  6 March 1990.   MNRJ15856( 1, 138.5 mmSL), Manga, rio São Franciscoat ilha do Caju, below Mocambinho, c. 15°2’S, 44°0’W; D.F. Moraes Jr.& J.C. Oliveira,  21 Aug 1990.   MNRJ15870( 1, 156.1 mmSL): Manga, lagoa do Cajueiro( rio São Francisco, right margin), below Mocambinho, c. 15°2’S, 44°0’W; D.F. Moraes Jr.& L.C. Alvarenga,  Sept 1990.   MNRJ16191( 1, 160.6 mmSL): Manga, lagoa do Caju, rio São Franciscoright margin, 4 kmbelow Mocambinho, c. 15°2’S, 44°0’W; D.F. Moraes& J.C. Oliveira,  23 Aug 1990. LISDEBE uncat. (1, 210.0 mm SL): Manga, rio Verde, trib. rio São Francisco, 5 kmfrom Gado Bravo, c. 14°44’S, 43°49’W; G.B. Santos,  7 April 1986.   MNRJ16193(2, 127.7– 134.1 mmSL): rio Verde Grande, 5 kmfrom its mouth at the rio São Francisco, Minas Gerais/ Bahiaborder, c. 14°36’S, 43°52’W; D.F. Moraes& J.C. Oliveira,  23 Aug 1990.     Bahia:  ZUEC9189(1, 168.0 mm SL): Carinhanha, rio Carinhanha(marginal lagoon), 14° 20’46’’S, 43°47’26’’W; G.N. Salvador& E. Estevam,  6 Oct 2014.  MCP16676 ( 1, 157.1 mmSL):  Bom Jesus da Lapa, riacho Santana, 31 kmS from  Bom Jesus da Lapa, road to Malhada, 13°31’13’’S, 43°21’28’’W;  R.E. Reis et al.,  18 Jul 1993.  UFPB2956(3 of 8, 1 cs, 89.0– 108.4 mmSL): riacho Pedra Branca, trib. rio Corrente, 31 kmE from  Santa Maria da Vitória, c. 13°18’S, 43°51’W;  G. G. Filho& R.S. Rosa,  6 April 1994.  MZUSP94656( 1, 151.5 mmSL):  Santa Maria da Vitória, rio Correnteat  Santa Maria da Vitória, 13°24’S, 44°11’W;  O.T. Oyakawa et al.,  6 May 2007.  MZUSP28796( 1, 154.1 mmSL): rio das Fêmeas, near Barreiras, c. 12°28’S, 45°13’W; M. A. Cestarolli & J. Camargo,  2–6 May 1985.  MZUSP28771( 1, 140.8 mmSL): rio Desidério, São Desidério, 12°21’S, 44°58’W; M. A. Cestarolli & J. Camargo,  2–6 May 1985.   MZUSP70220(4, 1 skel., 252.8–320.0 mm SL): Bahia, Barra, fish market, c. 11°6' S, 43°9’ W; O.T. Oyakawa et al.,  10 April 2001.   MZUSP98750(1, 92.2 mmSL): Barra, rio Grande, praia  Cabeça de Touro, 11°6’8’’S, 43°9’26’’W; O.T. Oyakawa et al.,  10 Apr 2001.  NMW62941 (2, 248.0– 249.0 mm SL): rio São Francisco, Barra, 11°5’S, 43°8’W;  F. Steindachner et al.(Austrian Expedition),  March 1903.  UMMZ216373( 1, 106.7 mmSL): Barra, rio São Francisco, 11°5’S, 43°8’W;  J.R. Bailey,  8 Apr 1942.  MZUSP18558( 1, 192.4 mmSL): Marcos, Remanso, Sobradinhoreservoir, c. 9°38’S, 42°4’W;  S. F. Santos,  20 Jul 1975.  MZUSP18666(2, 303.3– 324.8 mmSL): rio São Francisco, downstream Sobradinhoreservoir, c. 9°26’S, 40°47’W; J. Dias, 27 Sept 1976. MZUSP 2007 (13, 1 cs, 132.3–225.0 mm SL);  CAS11822 (1, 243.0 mm SL): rio São Francisco, between Juazeiro and Barra; E. Garbe, 1908.   FMNH56814(2, 182.0–212.0 mm SL): Juazeiro, rio São Francisco, 9°24’S, 40°30’W; J.D. Haseman,  28 Nov 1907.   UMMZ216349(1, 85.3 mmSL): Juazeiro, small oxbow ponds on E (downstream edge of town), c. 9°24’S, 40°30’W; J.R. Bailey& J.M. de Oliveira,  18 Apr 1942.    Pernambuco:  UMMZ147396(2, 142.1– 148.7 mmSL):  Santa Maria da Boa Vista, “ Lake Aripos”, c. 8°48’S, 39°49’W;  R.S. Menezes, c. 1945.  MZUSP3797(3, 83.5–135.1 mmSL): rio São Francisco(precise locality unknow); A. P. Marques, 1941.    Localityuncertain (see Distribution): Piauí: MCZ21268 (2, 152.3– 167.2 mmSL): “ rio Puty, Therezina” ( rio Poti, tributary of rio Parnaíbaat Teresina, 5°5’S, 42°49’W); O. St. John,  Dec 1865. 1425222284 BMNH Material & Rio das Velhas Brazil -18.683332 River Cipo 1274 -43.983334 Rio Cipo 87 88 BMNH 1861.6 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222286 MNHN Rio de Sabara & de Minas Geraes & das Velhas Brazil -19.883333 Cumberland 1270 -43.8 Sabara 87 88 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222281 MZUSP Brazil rio Sao Francisco -18.366667 rio Sao Francisco 1275 -45.283333 Tres Marias 87 88 MZUSP 18950 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222298 2007-03-23 MZUSP Y. Sato Brazil Tres Marias 88 89 -18.166666 Tres Marias 1276 -45.233334 rio Sao Francisco 87 88 MZUSP 95166 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222313 1987-11 MCP Tres Marias & Y. Sato Brazil rio Sao Francisco 88 89 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222310 MZUSP E. Garbe Brazil -17.35 rio Sao Francisco 1279 -44.95 Pirapora 88 89 MZUSP 1619 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222302 1942-10 MNRJ G. S. Myers & P. Miranda-Ribeiro Brazil -17.35 rio Sao Francisco 1279 -44.95 Pirapora 88 89 MNRJ 47676 1 A holotype 1425222311 1999-06-17 MZUSP das Velhas & C. B. M. Alves & P. S. Pompeu Brazil -17.9125 Lassance 21 -44.57222 88 89 MZUSP 73836 1 A holotype 1425222306 MCZ O. St. John Brazil St. John 88 89 1 Rio holotype 1425222291 2004-08-28 MZUSP Pirapora Brazil rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MZUSP 89514 1 A holotype 1425222317 1987-11 MZUSP Y. Sato Brazil -17.066668 Pirapora 1279 -44.95 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MZUSP 39728 1 A holotype 1425222301 1988-07-22 MZUSP Y. Sato Brazil -17.066668 Pontal do Abaete 1279 -44.95 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MZUSP 39693 1 A holotype 1425222320 MZUSP F. L. Castelnau Brazil Sao Romao -16.47389 Ribanceira village 21 -45.104443 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MZUSP 94993 1 A holotype 1425222299 2007-06-23 2007-06-25 2007-06-23 MNRJ M. Ribeiro & Cachoeira de Queimados Brazil Palmital -16.209723 rio Paracatu 21 -47.231667 rio Preto 88 89 MNRJ 18130 1 Lima holotype 1425222318 [494,1021,583,608] 1998-01-08 D. F. Moraes Jr. Brazil A 88 89 1 A holotype 1425222309 1964-10 MZUSP P. E. Vanzolini Brazil Buritis -15.633333 rio Urucuia 1284 -46.366665 Confins 88 89 MZUSP 17018 1 A holotype 1425222314 ANSP Pedra de Maria Brazil -15.565556 Rio 21 -44.40167 88 89 ANSP 171719 1 Rio holotype 1425222322 1993-07-13 Brazil A 88 89 1 A holotype 1425222312 1990-08-17 MNRJ D. F. Moraes Jr. & J. C. Oliveira Brazil -15.1 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.083332 Itacarambi 88 89 MNRJ 15834 1 A holotype 1425222321 1990-07-17 1990-07-22 1990-07-17 MNRJ J. C. Oliveira & O. T. Oyakawa Brazil Manga -15.066667 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.016666 Mocambinho 88 89 MNRJ 15866 1 A holotype 1425222303 1990-08-23 MNRJ D. F. Moraes Jr. & J. C. Oliveira Brazil Manga -15.066667 Mocambinho 1286 -44.016666 Sossego 88 89 MNRJ 16065 1 A holotype 1425222300 1990-08-17 MNRJ D. F. Moraes Jr. & J. C. Oliveira Brazil Manga -15.066667 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.016666 rio Mocambinho 88 89 MNRJ 14226 1 A holotype 1425222307 1990-04-06 MNRJ J. C. Oliveira Brazil Manga -15.066667 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.016666 Mocambinho 88 89 MNRJ 16345 1 A holotype 1425222315 1990-03-06 MNRJ de Mocambinho & J. C. Oliveira Brazil -15.066667 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.016666 Manga 88 89 MNRJ 16352 1 A holotype 1425222319 1990-08-21 MNRJ D. F. Moraes Jr. & J. C. Oliveira Brazil Manga -15.033334 ilha do Caju 1286 -44.0 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MNRJ 15856 1 A holotype 1425222308 1990-09 MNRJ D. F. Moraes Jr. & L. C. Alvarenga Brazil Manga -15.033334 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.0 Cajueiro 88 89 MNRJ 15870 1 A holotype 1425222304 1990-08-23 MNRJ D. F. Moraes & J. C. Oliveira Brazil Manga -15.033334 rio Sao Francisco 1286 -44.0 Caju 88 89 MNRJ 16191 1 A holotype 1425222305 1986-04-07 G. B. Santos Brazil Manga -14.733334 rio Sao Francisco 1287 -43.816666 rio Verde 88 89 1 A holotype 1425222324 1990-08-23 MNRJ D. F. Moraes & J. C. Oliveira Brazil -14.6 rio Sao Francisco 1287 -43.866665 rio Verde Grande 88 89 MNRJ 16193 1 Minas Gerais holotype 1425222338 2014-10-06 ZUEC E. Estevam El Salvador -14.34611 rio Carinhanha 21 -43.790554 Carinhanha 88 89 ZUEC 9189 1 Bahia 1425222335 MCP Bom Jesus da Lapa El Salvador Bom Jesus da Lapa -13.520278 Bom Jesus da Lapa 21 -43.357777 Santana 88 89 1 Bahia 1425222328 1993-07-18 UFPB R. E. Reis & Santa Maria da Vitoria El Salvador Pedra Branca -13.3 Santa Maria da Vitoria 1291 -43.85 rio Corrente 88 89 UFPB 2956 1 Bahia 1425222334 1994-04-06 MZUSP G. G. Filho & R. S. Rosa & Santa Maria da Vitoria El Salvador Santa Maria da Vitoria -13.4 Santa Maria da Vitoria 1291 -44.183334 rio Corrente 88 89 MZUSP 94656 1 Bahia 1425222327 2007-05-06 MZUSP O. T. Oyakawa & das Femeas El Salvador -12.466666 Barreiras 1293 -45.216667 88 89 MZUSP 28796 1 Bahia 1425222316 1985-05-02 1985-05-06 1985-05-02 MZUSP J. Camargo El Salvador -12.35 Sao Desiderio 1293 -44.966667 rio Desiderio 88 89 MZUSP 28771 1 A 1425222346 [151,670,1591,1616] 1985-05-02 1985-05-06 1985-05-02 J. Camargo El Salvador A 88 89 1 A 1425222326 2001-04-10 MZUSP O. T. Oyakawa El Salvador -11.1 Barra 1296 -43.15 88 89 MZUSP 70220 1 Bahia 1425222343 2001-04-10 MZUSP Cabeca de Touro & O. T. Oyakawa El Salvador -11.102222 Cabeca de Touro 21 -43.157223 Barra 88 89 MZUSP 98750 1 rio Grande 1425222323 NMW El Salvador -11.083333 Barra 1296 -43.133335 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 1 rio Grande 1425222342 1903-03 UMMZ F. Steindachner El Salvador -11.083333 rio Sao Francisco 1296 -43.133335 Barra 88 89 UMMZ 216373 1 rio Grande 1425222336 1942-04-08 MZUSP J. R. Bailey El Salvador Marcos -9.633333 Sobradinho 1299 -42.066666 Remanso 88 89 MZUSP 18558 1 rio Grande 1425222339 1975-07-20 MZUSP S. F. Santos El Salvador -9.433333 Sobradinho 1299 -40.783333 rio Sao Francisco 88 89 MZUSP 18666 1 rio Grande 1425222345 CAS E. Garbe El Salvador rio Sao Francisco 88 89 1 rio Grande 1425222337 1907-11-28 FMNH J. D. Haseman El Salvador -9.4 rio Sao Francisco 1300 -40.5 Juazeiro 88 89 FMNH 56814 1 rio Grande 1425222347 1942-04-18 UMMZ J. R. Bailey & J. M. de Oliveira El Salvador -9.4 Juazeiro 1300 -40.5 88 89 UMMZ 216349 1 rio Grande 1425222329 UMMZ Santa Maria da Boa Vista 89 90 -8.8 Lake Aripos 1300 -39.816666 Santa Maria da Boa Vista 88 89 UMMZ 147396 1 Pernambuco 1425222325 MZUSP R. S. Menezes rio Sao Francisco 89 90 MZUSP 3797 1 A 1425222333 1865-12 MCZ O. St. John Locality -5.0833335 rio Puty 1305 -42.816666 Distribution 89 90 1 Piaui