Souza 1989 : 502 Machado & Souza 1994 : 259 Almeida et al. 2015b : 5 Diversity of marine bryozoans inhabiting demosponges in northeastern Brazil Almeida, Ana C. S. Souza, Facelucia B. C. Menegola, Carla Vieira, Leandro M. Zootaxa 2017 4290 2 281 323 [151,461,1562,1588] Gymnolaemata Phidoloporidae Rhynchozoon Animalia Cheilostomatida 31 312 Bryozoa species brasiliensis sp. nov.     Rhynchozoon rostratum:  Souza 1989: 502;  Machado & Souza 1994: 259.  Rhynchozoon verruculatum:  Almeida et al.2015b: 5(in part).     Materialexamined.  Holotype:  UFBA1579, Todosos Santos Bay, 13°00’S, 38°32’W,  3–8 m, coll. 2013 (on sponge  Callyspongiasp.).   Paratypes:  UFBA1584, Camamu Bay, 13°53’S, 38°59’W,  18–20 m, coll.   October 2012(on sponge  Haliclona( Soestella) melana);  UFBA1189, Camamu Bay, 13°53’S, 38°59’W,  18–20 m, coll.   October 2012(on sponge  Bubarissp.);  UFBA2340, Camamu Bay, 13°53’S, 38°59’W,  18–20 m, coll. October 2012(on sponge  Bubarissp.).    Typelocality. Todosos Santos Bay, BahiaState, NE Brazil.   Etymology.Alluding to the typelocality in Brazil.   Description.Colony encrusting, uni- to multilaminar. Zooids at the growing edge polygonal, rectangular to hexagonal; primary orifices often with a single prominent proximo-lateral tubercle, and with a rhombic suboral avicularium directing distolaterally, with complete crossbar. In later astogeny the autozooidal frontal shield thickens and the peristome develops 4–6 tubercles, generally two distal and three proximal ones, obscuring the primary orifice and suboral avicularium. Autozooids almost indistinct, limited by slightly raised lateral walls. Frontal shield with tubercular processes, imperforate except by a single row of 10–16 large marginal pores. Primary orifice small relative to zooidal length, the circular distal edge with 12–20 rounded denticles, the proximal edge with a deep and broadly V-shaped sinus; condyles small at proximal corners of the orifice. Nooral spines. Peristome well-developed and frequently obscuring the primary orifice, formed by solid tubercles that become indistinct in later astogeny. Frontal avicularia sometimes absent in young zooids, but numerous and irregularly scattered throughout the colony, placed near zooidal margins; outline rhombic, small, with complete crossbar, rostrum elongate triangular. Ovicells prominent in young zooids, becoming immersed with increasing calcification; ooecia subglobular and frontally flat, endooecium completely calcified, ectooecium frontally uncalcified, with almost circular tabula, completely bordered by endooecium along the proximal margin; ooecia often covered by tubercular secondary calcification of the frontal shields of surrounding zooids along the lateral and distal margins.   Remarks.  Rhynchozoon brasiliensis  n. sp.resembles  Rhynchozoon fistulosum Hayward, 1993,  Rhynchozoon incrassatum( Hincks, 1882)and  Rhynchozoon papuliferum Souto, Kaufmann & Canning-Clode, 2015in having a primary orifice with a distinct sinus, no oral spines and vicarious avicularia, frontal and zooidal avicularia with similar shape and size, and immsersed ovicells (in later astogeny) with exposed ooecial tabula.  Rhynchozoon fistulosumis distinguished in having a shallow sinus (deep in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), a primary orifice that is wider than long (often longer than wide in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), smooth frontal calcification (with wart-like processes in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.) and a single frontal avicularium (numerous in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.).  Rhynchozoon incrassatumis distinct in having a suboral avicularium placed on a well-developed calcified camara (absent in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.) and a single frontal avicularium placed at the center of the frontal shield (numerous and marginal in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.).  Rhynchozoon papuliferumis distinguished from  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.in having many marginal pores (few in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), a primary orifice that is not obscured by the peristome (in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.the peristome embeds the orifice), and the ectooecium is somewhat triangular in shape (almost circular in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.). Although Souza (1989)and Machado & Souza (1994)recognized this species as  Rhynchozoon rostratum( Busk, 1856), we analysed specimens studied by them (uncatalogued specimens deposited at UFBA) and conclude that they truly belong to  R. bransiliensis  n. sp.Differences between  R. rostratumand  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.include the primary orifice (with a distinct rounded sinus in  R. rostratumand almost V-shaped in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), frontal avicularia (distolaterally directed in  R. rostratumand with no defined orientation in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), and a subtriangular to oval ooecial tabula (in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.the tabula is almost circular). Almeida et al.(2015) also misidentified some specimens of  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.as  Rhynchozoon verruculatum( Smitt, 1873), but  R. verruculatumhas a semicircular primary orifice with a shallow broad sinus (orifice circular and sinus almost Vshaped in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.), and large diamond-shaped avicularia below and beside the peristome (absent in  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.). Since Souza (1989)and Machado & Souza (1994)were the only ones to report  R. rostratumfrom Brazil, we conclude that this species does not occur in Brazilian waters, as already suggested by Vieira et al.(2010).     TABLE 10.Measurements (mm) number; SE: standard error. of   Rhynchozoon   brasiliensis   n.  sp.(UFBA 1579). Min: minimum; Max: maximum; N:  Structures N Min Max Mean SE  Zooid length 15 0.280 0.475 0.351 0.052  Zooid width 15 0.250 0.404 0.303 0.049  Orifice length 8 0.095 0.118 0.103 0.007  Orifice width 8 0.079 0.113 0.098 0.012  Suboral avicularia length 10 0.056 0.113 0.093 0.014  Suboral avicularia width 10 0.037 0.062 0.050 0.007  Frontal avicularia length 15 0.081 0.111 0.094 0.008  Frontal avicularia width 15 0.042 0.057 0.048 0.004  Ovicell length 8 0.124 0.210 0.159 0.032  Ovicell width 8 0.175 0.262 0.214 0.033 Species of Rhynchoozoonare commonly found in coral reefs, on shells and other hard substrata (e.g., Marcus 1938, 1939; Osburn 1952; Winston 1986). Large colonies of  R. brasiliensis  n. sp.were found attached to the rugose-textured sponge  Callyspongiasp.   Distribution.Atlantic: Brazil( Bahia). 1572325777 UFBA Santos Bay 6 -13.0 Material 1291 -38.533333 Todos 31 312 UFBA 1579 1 holotype 1572325792 [449,1272,1802,1827] UFBA 19 -13.883333 Camamu Bay 1289 -38.983334 31 312 UFBA 1584 1 paratype 1572325785 2012-10 UFBA 19 -13.883333 Camamu Bay 1289 -38.983334 31 312 UFBA 1189 1 paratype 1572325776 2012-10 UFBA 19 -13.883333 Camamu Bay 1289 -38.983334 31 312 UFBA 2340 1 paratype 1572325797 [199,872,1946,1971] Brazil Todos Santos Bay 31 312 1 Bahia holotype