Akamboja gen. nov., a new genus of railroad-worm beetle endemic to the Atlantic Rainforest, with five new species (Coleoptera: Phengodidae, Mastinocerinae) Roza, André Silva Quintino, Hingrid Yara Souza Mermudes, José Ricardo Miras Silveira, Luiz Felipe Lima Da Zootaxa 2017 4306 4 501 523 Roza & Quintino & Mermudes & Silveira, 2017 Roza & Quintino & Mermudes & Silveira 2017 [151,399,692,718] Insecta Phengodidae Akamboja Animalia Coleoptera 4 505 Arthropoda species minimum sp. nov.   Etymology.  minimumis an adjective, and means small in Latin. It is a reference to the small size of the species compared to the others of the genus. Name in apposition.   Diagnosis.Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view ( Fig. 4). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical ( Fig. 4). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view ( Fig. 5). Elytron reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment ( Fig. 1).   Description, male.  Measurements(n=31): Total length: 3.3–3.8 mm(aver. 3.6 mm). Head length: 0.5–0.6 mm(aver. 0.5 mm). Head width: 0.5–0.7 mm(aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum length: 0.4–0.6 mm(aver. 0.5 mm). Pronotum maximum length: 0.4–0.6 (aver. 0.5 mm). Elytron length: 1.1–1.3 mm(aver. 1.2 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.3–0.4 mm(aver. 0.3 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.2 mm.  Morphology: Eyes occupying two thirds of head width, in lateral view ( Fig. 4). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view ( Fig. 5). Apical maxillary palpomere 3.5x longer than subapical ( Fig. 4). Head wider than long. Elytron 3.5 to 4xlonger than wide ( Fig. 1), reaching the anterior margin of the third abdominal segment, apical spot occupying the apical sixth of the elytron ( Fig. 1).  Coloration.Body overall light brown. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown.  Immatures and females.Unknown   Biology and distribution.  Akamboja minimun  sp. nov.seems to occur only during spring and summer. It inhabits low altitudinal areas of Teresópolis, on the Serra dos Órgãos, in the Serra do Mar mountain range, from 250 to 860 m. It is found on lower montane forest and partially the montane forest.   Remarks.This species resembles  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov., but can be distinguished by its shorter size and elytron (the elytron of  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov.reaches the anterior margin of the second abdominal segment, while in  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov.it reaches the posterior margin of the third), bigger vertex (smaller in  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov.)and its occurrence in low altitude (high altitude occurrence in  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov.).  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov.occurs in lower montane forest (below 800 m) and partially on the montane forest (beginning in 600 m), while  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov.occurs only in montane forest (from 1280 mto 1442 m).     Typematerial. Holotype(male): BRAZIL.  Rio de Janeiro.  Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos.PVE Pt.4A, 22° 28’ 36.1” S, 42° 59’ 31.3” W,  563m,  XII.2014, R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ)  Paratypes(all males): BRAZIL.  Rio de Janeiro. Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PVE Pt. 2A, 22° 31’ 0” S, 43° 0’ 23.6” W, 252m, 3 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 2B, 22° 30’ 2.1” S, 43° 0’ 22.2” W, 248m, 4 males, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 3A, 22° 29’ 40.8” S, 42° 59’ 53.9” W, 360m, 1 male, XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt. 4A, 22° 28’ 36.1” S, 42° 59’ 31.3” W, 563m, 10 males, XII.2014, R.   FIGURES 1–6.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov.1habitus, dorsal. 2habitus, lateral. 3antenna, lateral. 4head and pronotum, lateral. 5head and pronotum, dorsal. 6head, ventral.   FIGURES 7–8.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 7head, frontal. 8clypeus and mandibles, frontal.   FIGURES 9–10.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 9maxillary palpi, last palpomere. 10antenna, two last segments.   FIGURES 11–12.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 11head, ventral. 12tentorial pit, close.   FIGURES 13–16.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov.13meso and metathorax, lateral. 14meso and metathorax, ventral. 15elytron, dorsal. 16hind wing, dorsal.   FIGURES 17–18.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 17protarsus, first tarsomere, comb, ventral. 18protarsus, first tarsomere, comb, ventral, close.   FIGURES 19–20.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 19protarsus, claw, ventral. 20tooth of claw, close. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males, III.2015, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt.4B, 22° 28’ 35.1” S, 42° 59’ 29” W,  544m, 1 male,  III.2015, R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ); PVE Pt.5A, 22° 28’ 38.3” S, 42° 59’ 45.6” W,  699m, 2 males,  XII. 2014, R. Monteirocol. ( MZSP); PVE Pt.5B, 22° 28’ 37.6” S, 42° 59’ 45.5” W,  691m, 5 males,  XII.2014, R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ); idem, 2 males (MZSP); PVE Pt.6B, 22° 28’ 11” S, 43° 0’ 5.3” W,  868m, 1 male,  XII.2014, R. Monteirocol. (dissected) ( DZRJ).  Rio de Janeiro. Parque Nacional da Tijuca, Malaise 2, 22°57.269’S, 43°17.923’W,  814m, 3 males, Silveira, Mermudes& Clarcksoncol ( DZRJ).    Akamboja cleidae sp. nov.Roza, Quintino, Mermudes & Silveira ( Figs 23–26and 42)   Etymology.The name is in honor of the biologist Cleide Costa, a great researcher who largely contributed to the knowledge of bioluminescent beetles, including phengodids. Singular genitive, feminine.   Diagnosis.Eyes occupying half head width, in lateral view ( Fig. 25). Last maxillary palpomere 4.5x longer than the previous one ( Fig. 25).   Description, male.  Measurements(n=23): Total length: 4.2–4.8 mm(aver. 4.5 mm). Head length: 0.6–0.7 mm(aver. 0.65 mm). Head width: 0.6–0.7 mm(aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum length: 0.5–0.6 mm(aver. 0.6 mm). Pronotum maximum length: 0.5–0.6 (aver. 0.6 mm). Elytron length: 1.5–1.9 mm(aver. 1.7 mm). Elytron maximum width: 0.3–0.4 mm(aver. 0.4 mm). Elytral spot length: 0.2–0.3 mm(aver. 0.25 mm).  Morphology:Eyes occupying half head width, in lateral view ( Fig. 25). Vertex occupying? of head in dorsal view ( Fig. 26). Last maxillary palpomere 4.5x longer than the previous one ( Fig. 25). Elytron 4– 5xlonger than wide, reaching the second or third abdominal segment, elytral apical spot occupying the sixth to seventh part of the elytron ( Fig. 23).   FIGURES 21–22.  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov., Scanning electron micrographs. 21aedeagus, frontal. 22aedeagus, tip, dorsolateral.  Coloration.Body overall light brown. Pronotum dark to light brown. Elytron almost black to light brown, apex pale yellow, sometimes light brown. Wing venation black to light brown.  Immatures and females.Unknown   Biology and distribution.  Akamboja cleidae  sp. nov.seems to occur only during spring and summer, except for one specimen collected during autumn. It inhabits high altitudinal areas of Teresópolis, on the Serra dos Órgãos, São José do Barreiro, on the Serra da Bocaina, Paranapiacaba, on the Serra de Paranapiacaba (all part of the Serra do Mar mountain range) and Itatiaia, on the Itatiaia massif on Serra da Mantiqueira mountain range, from 950 to 1850 m. It is found on montane forest, high montane forest and ombrophilous dense forest.   Remarks.This species occurs on both the Serra do Mar and the Serra da Mantiqueira mountain ranges, always on higher altitudes than both  Akamboja minimum  sp. nov.and  Akamboja monteirorum  sp. nov.(species that resemble  Akamboja cleidae  sp. nov.), on montane and high montane forest. It presents significant differences between the specimens in each region. The specimens of Itatiaia and Bocainahave larger body and longer elytron, about 1.2x the size of specimens from the Teresópolis’ sampling. In Teresópolis the species seems to occur from 900mto 1400mof altitude. At Itatiaia and Bocainait occurs on higher altitudes, beginning from 1400 and reaching almost 1900m. In addition, the populations have a disjunct distribution, isolated by an unsuitable environmental matrix consisting of lowland forests, whereas the populations herein recognized occur in montane forests. Wiens and Graham (2005)suggested that such distribution should be taken as an evidence of allopatric speciation and phylogenetic niche conservatism of climatic ranges. However, evidence was not enough to recognize populations as two or three different species. Future studies should address the question of species identity and delimitation. It is also noteworthy that one specimen of  Akamboja cleidae  sp. nov.has the branches of the antennomere IX of the left antenna separated, while the right one is fused. We interpret this as an atavic malformation.     Typematerial. Holotype(male): BRAZIL.   Rio de Janeiro.Teresópolis. Parque Nacional da Serrados Órgãos.PVE Pt.10B, 22° 26’ 51” S, 43° 0’ 46.4” W,  1444 m, 1 male,  XII.2014,  R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ).  Paratypes(all males): BRAZIL.  Rio de Janeiro.Teresópolis.  Parque Nacional da Serra dos Órgãos. PENSA  RIOPt.2, 22° 25’ 59,6” S, 44° 37’ 39,7” W,  1280 m, 2 males,  29.V.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 1 male, 26.X.2013,  R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ); PENSA  RIOPt.3, 22° 26’ 55,6” S, 43° 0’ 44,3” W,  1250m, 1 male,  31.VIII.2013,  R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ); PVE Pt.7A, 22° 27’ 29.1” S, 42° 59’ 11.4” W,  957m, 1 male,  XII.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); PVE Pt.9B, 22° 26’ 57.8” S, 43° 0’ 13.7” W,  1236 m, 2 males,  XII.2014, R. Monteirocol. ( MZSP);  Itatiaia. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. PENSA  RIOPt. 3, 22°25’42.6’’ S, 44°37’42,2’’ W, 1442 m, 2 males, 7.VII.2013, Monteiro e Macedo col. (MZSP); idem, 1 male, 16.I.2014, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ);  PENSA  RIOPt.5, 22° 25’ 01,0” S, 44° 38’ 32,9” W, 1846 m, 6 males, 9.VIII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 1 male, 12.X.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males, 26.XII.2013, R. Monteiro col. (DZRJ); idem, 2 males,  12. II.2015, R. Monteirocol. ( DZRJ);   São Paulo.São José do Barreiro. Parque Nacional da Serrada Bocaina.  Cachoeira do Lajeado, 22° 42’ 48,9” S, 44° 37’ 17,6” W,  1557 m, 1 male,  10–13.XII.2011, J. Nessimian& A. Oliveiracol. ( DZRJ);  Paranapiacaba. Rebio Alto da Serra Paranapiacaba. 23°46’38,4’’S, 46°18’45,3’’W, Malaise, 1 male,  13VIII–19.IX.2009, Lamas, Nihei e Eq.col ( DZRJ); Idem, 1 male (MZSP). 1586208317 [199,913,1772,1797] Brazil Rio de Janeiro 4 505 2 Rio de Janeiro holotype 1586208302 2014-12 DZRJ Teresopolis. Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgaos. & Pt. & R. Monteiro Brazil 563 -22.476694 Rio de Janeiro 1 -42.992027 4 505 1 Rio de Janeiro paratype 1586208299 2015-03 DZRJ R. Monteiro 544 -22.476418 Pt. 14 -42.99139 11 512 1 1 1586208300 2014-12 MZSP R. Monteiro 699 -22.477306 Pt. 1 -42.996 11 512 2 2 1586208308 2014-12 DZRJ R. Monteiro 691 -22.477112 Pt. 1 -42.99597 11 512 5 5 1586208320 2014-12 DZRJ R. Monteiro 868 -22.469723 Pt. 15 -43.001472 11 512 1 1 1586208315 DZRJ Silveira & Mermudes & Clarckson 814 -22.954483 Rio de Janeiro 1 -43.298717 11 512 3 3 Rio de Janeiro 1586208316 2014-12 Brazil Rio de Janeiro. Teresopolis. Parque Nacional da Serra 1444 -22.447498 Pt. 15 -43.01289 Orgaos. 13 514 1 1 Rio de Janeiro holotype 1586208310 DZRJ R. Monteiro Brazil Rio de Janeiro 13 514 1 Rio de Janeiro paratype 1586208321 2013-05-29 PENSA, RIO Parque Nacional da Serra dos Orgaos. Brazil 1280 -22.433222 RIO Pt. 1 -44.627693 13 514 2 2 Rio de Janeiro paratype 1586208309 2013-08-31 DZRJ, PENSA, RIO R. Monteiro Brazil 1250 -22.448776 RIO Pt. 1 -43.012306 13 514 1 1 Rio de Janeiro paratype 1586208305 [311,1436,2009,2034] 2014-12 DZRJ R. Monteiro Brazil 957 -22.458084 Pt. 1 -42.9865 13 514 1 1 Rio de Janeiro paratype 1586208313 2014-12 MZSP R. Monteiro 1236 -22.449389 Pt. 1 -43.003807 14 515 2 2 1586208304 [257,843,188,213] PENSA, RIO Itatiaia. Parque Nacional de Itatiaia. RIO Pt 14 515 1 1586208307 [1235,1414,223,248] PENSA, RIO RIO Pt 14 515 1 1586208303 2015-02-12 DZRJ R. Monteiro Sao Paulo. Sao Jose do Barreiro. Parque Nacional da Serra 14 515 2 2 Sao Paulo 1586208323 2011-12-10 2011-12-13 2011-12-10 DZRJ J. Nessimian & A. Oliveira 1557 -22.713585 Cachoeira do Lajeado 1 -44.621555 14 515 1 1 Sao Paulo 1586208319 2009-08-13 2009-09-19 2009-08-13 DZRJ Malaise & Eq. -23.777332 Paranapiacaba. Rebio Alto da Serra Paranapiacaba. 1 -46.312584 14 515 1 1 Sao Paulo