Galaxias olidus
G. olidus Günther, 1866
Koehn, 1987: 3
Galaxias sp. 2
Davies et al. , 2008: 338
Gilligan et al. , 2010: 7
Galaxias sp. 3
Kuiter, 2013: 44
Fifteen from one: a revision of the Galaxias olidus Günther, 1866 complex (Teleostei, Galaxiidae) in south-eastern Australia recognises three previously described taxa and describes 12 new species
Raadik, Tarmo A.
Zootaxa
2014
2014-12-18
3898
1
1
198
Raadik, 2014
Raadik
2014
[151,363,1869,1895]
Actinopterygii
Galaxiidae
Galaxias
Animalia
Osmeriformes
36
37
Chordata
species
arcanus
sp. nov.
Tables 4to 9, 12 to 14; Figs. 8to 11
Galaxias olidus(non G. olidus Günther, 1866)— Koehn, 1987: 3; Morison & Anderson, 1991( partim); Lintermans, 1998: sites 36 and 47 ( partim) and 57; Raadik et al., 2001: 115, 116–117 ( partim), 122 ( partim), 123, 124 ( partim), 125, 126 ( partim); Koehn, 2002( partim); Pollino et al., 2004( partim); Lintermans, 2007: 44( partim).
Galaxias sp.nov.–Raadik, 2001: 785, top image p. 786.
Galaxiassp. 2— Sowersby, 2007; Davies et al., 2008: 338; Gilligan et al., 2010: 7, Lieschke et al.,2013a,b. Galaxiassp. 3— Kuiter, 2013: 44. Conforms to the allozymically defined and morphologically diagnosed taxon ‘RF’ of Adams et al.(2014), and ‘riffle’ of Raadik (2011).
Material Examined. Holotype.NMV A.30568-3, 86.3 mmLCF ( 74.9 mmSL), female, Wheelers Creek, just upstream of bridge on Wheelers CreekLogging Roadand junction with Zulu Creek, upstream of O’Hagens Campsite, south of Staceys Bridge, Victoria, 36° 32' 23”S 147° 49' 44”E, T.A. Raadikand J. Lyon, 1 April 2008. Paratypes. NSW:AMS I.32711-002 (4), 50.3–71.2 mmLCF ( 44.7–62.6 mmSL), Murray River, off Murray RiverRoad, just upstream from junction with Corryong Creek, upstream from Tintaldra, 36° 05' 23”S 147° 59' 00”E, M. Lintermans, 12 March 1992; NMV A.30464-1 (1) 81.7 mmLCF ( 74.5 mmSL), Murray River, 50 mupstream from The Poplarscampsite at end of Limestone CreekTrack, Alpine National Park, 36° 46' 42”S 148° 06' 25”E, T.A. Raadikand V. Caracher, 22 March 2005. VIC:AMS I.44935-001 (3), 60.3–63.4 mmLCF ( 52.1–55.5 mmSL), NMV A.30393-5 (12), 56.3–77.3 mmLCF (50.0– 68.2 mmSL), Corryong Creek, at bridge on Briggs Gap Road, north-west of Corryong, 36° 10' 28”S 147° 51' 52”E, T.A. Raadik, 18 March 2002; NMV A.30420-1 (18), 55.3–77.7 mmLCF ( 48.3–67.7 mmSL), Corryong Creek, same location as NMV A.30393-5, T.A. Raadik, 11 September 2002; NMV A.30463-2 (3), 54.2–85.0 mm LCF ( 47.4–75.3 mmSL), Snowy Creek, behind hotel, Mitta Mitta township, 36° 32' 09”S 147° 22' 40”E, T.A. Raadik, 19 March 2002; AMS I.44923-001 (2), 62.3–66.3 mmLCF ( 54.2–58.4 mmSL) and NMV A.30568-1 (5), 60.3–79.8 mmLCF (52.5–70.0 mm SL), collected with holotype; AMS I.44933-001 (2), 69.7–71.9 mmLCF ( 61.6–62.8 mmSL), NMV A.30453-2 (6), 67.8–72.5 mmLCF (59.0– 63.8 mmSL) and SAMA F.12142 (2), 64.8–67.5 mmLCF ( 56.7–59.7 mmSL), Kiewa River, east branch, at bridge on East Kiewa Road, north of Mount Beauty, 36° 43' 29”S 147° 10' 46”E, T.A. Raadik, 20 March 2002; AMS I.44934-001 (3), 58.5–63.8 mmLCF ( 51.1–55.4 mmSL), and NMV A.30462-2 (12), 57.1–65.4 mmLCF (50.0– 57.6 mmSL), Ovens River, off end of track in Braithwaite Plantation, downstream of Porepunkah, 36° 40' 54”S 146° 52' 46”E, T.A. Raadik, 21 March 2002; NMV A.30456-2 (5), 58.3–64.6 mmLCF ( 50.4–56.3 mmSL), Ovens River, at Nimmo Bridge on Buffalo River Road, Myrtleford, 36° 34' 09”S 146° 42' 57”E, T.A. Raadik, 26 June 2002; NMV A.30457-2 (4), 59.9–80.3 mmLCF ( 51.6–71.3 mmSL), Acheron River, at bridge on Glendale Lane, between Taggertyand Buxton, 37° 21' 10”S 145° 42' 25”E, T.A. Raadikand B. Cant, 22 May 2001; NMV A.30466-2 (5), 58.9–70.8 mmLCF (51.0– 61.7 mmSL), Little River, off Maroondah Highwayat Taggerty, 37° 19' 26”S 145° 42' 46”E, T.A. Raadikand B. Cant, 25 May 2001; NMV A.30467-2 (4), 59.4–74.6 mmLCF ( 51.7–66.6 mmSL), Little River, at bridge on Cathedral Lane, south-east of Taggerty, 37° 20' 05”S 145° 44' 28”E, T.A. Raadikand B. Cant, 23 May 2001. Non-type material. NSW:AMS I.32711-006 (6), 41.0– 45.3 mmLCF ( 36.1–39.8 mmSL), Murray River, collected with AMS I.32711-002; NMV A.30440-1 (4), 46.6–71.6 mmLCF ( 41.2–63.7 mmSL), Murray River, Clarke Lagoon Reserve, downstream from Tintaldra, 36° 01' 29”S 147° 54' 49”E, TAR, 18 March 2002. VIC:NMNZ P.045755 (3), 55.8–59.0 mm LCF ( 49.6–52.1 mmSL), NMV A.30393-4 (37), 36.7–56.3 mmLCF ( 32.1–48.6 mmSL) and SAMA F.12143 (3), 54.3–56.4 mmLCF (48.0– 49.9 mmSL), Corryong Creek, collected with NMV A.30393-5; NMV A.30420-3 (4), 53.2–57.0 mm LCF ( 45.9–50.1 mmSL) and TMAG D.3833 to 5 (3), 57.2–59.5 mmLCF ( 49.2–52.3 mmSL), Corryong Creek, same location as NMV A.30393-5, TAR, 11 September 2002; NMV A.30430-1 (10), 49.5–67.3 mmLCF ( 43.2–58.7 mmSL), Mitta Mitta River, caravan park of Omeo Highway, Mitta Mitta, 36° 32' 12”S 147° 22' 08”E, TAR, 21 June 1992; NMV A.30474-1 (4), 54.5–71.3 mmLCF (48.5–62.0 mm SL), Nariel Creek, Stacey Bridge on Benambra/ Corryong Road, A.F. Baxterand S. Vallis, 7 March 1978; NMV A.30439-1 (4), 67.2–83.3 mmLCF ( 58.7–73.7 mmSL), Simpsons Creek, Grapolite Gully Track, east of Carmody’s Road, 36° 23' 48”S 147° 47' 04”E, J. Lieschke, 30 March 2005; NMV A.30463-1 (7), 40.5–53.4 mmLCF (35.5–46.0 mm SL), Snowy Creekcollected with NMV A.30463-2; NMV A.30446-1 (3), 50.2–63.9 mmLCF ( 44.2–55.6 mmSL), Snowy Creek, off Omeo Highway, 6.6 kmupstream from junction with Mitta Mitta River, south-east of Mitta Mitta, 36° 33' 52”S 147° 24' 30”E, D.J. Harrington, 19 May 1992; NMV A.30422-1 (1), 67.7 mmLCF (59.0 mm SL), Snowy Creek, Lightning Creektrack, south-east of Mitta Mitta, 36° 40' 55”S 147° 26' 38”E, TAR, 20 October 1997; NMV A.30458-1 (5), 50.6–63.8 mmLCF ( 43.9–55.5 mmSL), Snowy Creek, same location as NMV A.30422-1, TAR, 19 March 2002; NMV A.30529-1 (1), 56.3 mmLCF (49.0 mm SL), Snowy Creek, west branch, West Branch Track, south-west of Granite Flat, 36° 36' 42”S 147° 22' 38”E, D. Stoessel, 12 March 2008; NMV A.30568-2 (13), 40.2–59.3 mmLCF (35.0– 51.6 mmSL), Wheelers Creek, collected with holotype; NMV A.30426-1 (2), 52.4–78.7 mmSL (46.1–67.0 mm SL), Zulu Creek, Zulu CreekTrack, 36° 32' 25”S 147° 49' 44”E, JPO, 21 May 1997; NMV A.30451-1 (3), 60.9–62.4 mmLCF ( 53.6–54.6 mmSL), Kiewa River, east branch, East Kiewa( Damm's) Road, north of Mount Beauty, 36° 43' 28”S 147° 10' 46”E, JPO, 24 February 1998; NMV A.30450-1 (3), 48.2–60.8 mmLCF ( 42.3–53.2 mmSL), Kiewa River, Ang’stobacco farm, off Damm’s Road, north of Mount Beauty, 36° 42' 52”S 147° 09' 29”E, JPO, 25 February 1998; NMV unregistered (4), 63.7–74.4 mmLCF (56.0– 66.2 mmSL), Kiewa River, same location as NMV A.30450-1, P.S. Fairbrotherand W. Koster, 6 March 2007; NMV A.30453-1 (30), 39.9–59.2 mmLCF ( 34.8–51.6 mmSL), Kiewa Rivereast branch, collected with NMV A.30453-2; NMV A.8933 (5), 70.9–78.8 mmLCF ( 63.7–69.8 mmSL), Buckland River, east branch, off Buckland RiverRoad, 36° 52' 31”S 146° 52' 19”E, A.F. Baxterand S. Vallis, 27 March 1990; NMV A.30537-1 (6), 37.8–68.5 mmLCF ( 33.6–60.3 mmSL), Buckland River, track off Buckland RiverRoad, upstream from Buckland, 36° 50' 23”S 146° 51' 09”E, R.J. Strongman, 16 January 1996; NMV A.30425-1 (2), 55.0–59.0 mm LCF ( 48.5–52.2 mmSL), Buffalo River, at junction with Dandongadale River, 36° 47' 42”S 146° 39' 53”E, D.J. Harrington, 31 March 1992; NMV A.30434-1 (7), 56.4–75.5 mmLCF ( 49.7–67.5 mmSL), German Creek, off Tawonga Gap Road, east from Germantown, 36° 43' 47”S 147° 02' 56”E, A.F. Baxterand S. Vallis, 8 February 1994; NMV A.30449-1 (1), 51.0 mm LCF ( 43.5 mmSL), King River, Burnt Track, Pineapple Flat, north-east from Mt. Stirling, 37° 03' 58”S 146° 29' 54”E, JPO, 18 April 1997; NMV A.30421-1 (2), 70.3–77.9 mmLCF ( 61.4–68.1 mmSL), King River, Speculation Road, west of Mt. Speculation, Alpine National Park, 37° 06' 12”S 146° 34' 23”E, P. Tinkler, 22 February 2007; NMV A.30469-1 (11), 45.2–63.0 mm LCF (39.6–55.0 mm SL), King River, at old bridge, Cheshunt, 36° 47' 51”S 146° 25' 33”E, TAR, 17 May 2001; NMV A.30462-1 (15), 33.9–56.3 mmLCF ( 29.5–48.9 mmSL), Ovens River, collected with NMV A.30462-2; NMV A.30456-1 (10), 44.8–56.2 mmLCF (38.2–49.0 mm SL), Ovens River, collected with NMV A.30456-2; NMV A.30423-1 (7), 46.5–64.0 mm LCF (40.3–56.0 mm SL), Ovens River, same location as NMV A.30462-2, B. Zampatti, 23 February 2000; NMV A.30454-1 (10), 51.9–70.5 mmLCF ( 45.6–61.3 mmSL), Ovens River, same location as NMV A.30462-2, B. Zampatti, 4 March 2002; NMV A.30424-1 (4), 49.9–70.9 mmLCF (44.0– 62.1 mmSL), Rose River, off Rose RiverRoad upstream of junction with Dandongadale River, 36° 48' 20”S 146° 37' 43”E, D.J. Harrington, 19 March 1992; NMV A.30457-1 (10), 36.6–54.1 mmLCF ( 31.5–47.5 mmSL), Acheron River, collected with NMV A.30457-2; NMV A.8197 (1), 64.8 mmLCF ( 56.9 mmSL), Acheron River, Taggerty, 37° 19' 15”S 145° 42' 41”E, P.S. Lake, April 1985; NMV A.9246 (1), 52.2 mmLCF ( 45.1 mmSL), and NMV A.8136 (1), 49.8 mmLCF (43.0 mm SL), Acheron River, 4 kmnorth of Taggertyoff Keenes Road, 37° 17' 08”S 145° 43' 04”E, P.S. Lake, November 1985; NMV A.1040 (2), 64.9–72.7 mmLCF ( 56.6–63.6 mmSL), Acheron River, T.J. Doeg, 17 October 1988; NMV A.30480-1 (15), 62.0– 90.8 mmLCF ( 55.3–80.1 mmSL), Big River, Reefton Logging Road, 37° 31' 16”S 146° 04' 42”E, D.J. Harrington, 28 February 1990; NMV A.30444-1 (3), 55.8–63.2 mmLCF ( 48.9–55.9 mmSL), Black River, River Track, 37° 31' 13”S 146° 18' 38”E, JPO, 9 December 1997; NMV A.30447-2 (3), 73.8–80.2 mmLCF (66.0– 71.5 mmSL), Goulburn River, east of Acheron, 37° 14' 28”S 145° 44' 59”E, R.J. Strongman, 7 May 1996; NMV A.30478-1 (2), 71.3–74.2 mmLCF ( 62.3–65.5 mmSL), and NMV A.30471-1 (4), 50.3–55.5 mmLCF ( 43.9–48.6 mmSL), Howqua River, off Howqua Road, upstream from Howqua, 37° 13' 38”S 146° 12' 35”E, A.F. Baxterand S. Vallis, 18 April 1978; NMV A.30526-1 (6), 70.1–86.9 mmLCF ( 62.6–77.7 mmSL), Howqua River, Tunnel Bend, upstream from Sheepyard Flat, 37° 11' 16”S 146° 22' 12”E, R.J. Strongman, 31 January 1996; NMV A.30433-1 (6), 70.1–86.9 mmLCF ( 62.2–77.7 mmSL), Howqua River, Tobacco Flat, 37° 13' 04”S 146° 18' 24”E, R.J. Strongman, 31 January 1996; NMV A.30532-1 (12), Howqua River, same location as NMV A.30433-1, R.J. Strongman, 16 January 2001; NMV A.14018 (1), 75.8 mmLCF ( 66.9 mmSL), Jamieson River, upstream from Jamieson, 37° 17' 31”S 146° 10' 31”E, R. Gibb, 18 April 1978; NMV A.30535-1 (1), 55.9 mmLCF ( 49.1 mmSL), Jamieson River, south branch, off Silvermine Spur Road, 37° 20' 36”S 146° 22' 21”E, JPO, 16 April 1997; NMV A.30466-1 (5), 35.1–35.4 mmLCF ( 31.1–48.7 mmSL), Little River, collected with NMV A.30466-2; NMV A.30467-1 (3), 32.1–44.6 mmLCF ( 27.9–39.5 mmSL), Little River, collected with NMV A.30467-2; NMV A.30452-1 (1), 59.1 mmLCF ( 51.4 mmSL), Little River, same location as NMV A.30467-2, J. Lieschke, 2 March 1999; NMV A.30648-2 (5), 41.5–53.6 mmLCF ( 36.3–47.2 mmSL), Little River, in reserve, upstream of Maroondah Highway, Taggerty, 37° 19' 27”S 145° 42' 48”E, TAR, 18 December 2001; NMV A.30472-1 (2), 89.2–98.1 mmLCF ( 78.6–87.2 mmSL), Rubicon River, access track, Rubicon, 37° 17' 23”S 145° 49' 34”E, J. Lieschke, 1 March 2000; NMV A.30477-1 (3), 53.9–80.9 mmLCF ( 47.3–71.2 mmSL), Rubicon River, same location as NMV A.30472-1, P. Closeand G. Aland, March 2001; NMV A.30432-1 (3), 46.7–56.8 mmLCF ( 39.9–48.2 mmSL), Rubicon River, same location as NMV A.30472-1, TAR, 24 May 2001; NMV A.30470-1 (13), 57.9–72.9 mmLCF (51.0–65.0 mm SL), Rubicon River, ‘ Tumbling Waters’picnic area, south of Thornton, 37° 16' 47”S 145° 47' 58”E, R.J. Strongman, 22 February 2002; NMV A.30431-1 (2), 68.0– 89.9 mmLCF ( 60.4–80.4 mmSL), Snobs Creek, Snobs CreekHatchery, 37° 15' 49”S 145° 52' 24”E, J. Douglas, 17 March 1995; NMV A.30539-1 (1), 53.1 mmLCF ( 45.4 mmSL), Snobs Creek, Goulburn Valley Highway, 37° 15' 32”S 145° 52' 24”E, TAR, 29 March 2001; NMV A.30455-1 (2), 44.5–73.3 mmLCF ( 38.5–64.5 mmSL), Steavenson River, downstream from Buxton/ Marysville Road, north of Marysville, 37° 27' 53”S 145° 44' 01”E, TAR, 22 May 2001; NMV A.30436-1 (2), 68.8–79.9 mmLCF ( 60.7–70.9 mmSL), Steavenson River, upstream of Buxton/ Marysville Road, north of Marysville, 37° 28' 56”S 145° 45' 05”E, TAR, 22 May 2001; NMV A.30438-1 (1), 72.0 mm LCF ( 63.9 mmSL), Steavenson River, at Buxton/ Marysville Road, north of Marysville, 37° 27' 55”S 145° 44' 08”E, J. Lieschke, 2 October 2002. Additional material examined (not measured):see Appendix 5.
Diagnosis. Galaxias arcanus sp. nov.is one of the most morphologically distinctive species in the Galaxias oliduscomplex and differs from all others by a combination of the following characters: shallow body with a straight ventral profile; long and shallow caudal peduncle, the peduncle length greater than the caudal fin length; caudal peduncle flanges poorly developed; a distinctive snout which extends anteriorly from the thick and fleshy upper jaw as a fleshy protrubence, bulbous in lateral profile; nostrils of moderate length, usually not visible from ventral view; subterminal mouth and lower jaw 81.5 (72.9–99.4) % of length of upper jaw; most anterior tip of snout level with about lower 0.3 of eye diameter; head wide and shallow; short PrePel, PecPel and PoHL dimensions; large, ventrally oriented pectoral and pelvic fins (12.1–16.7 and 9.2–13.0 % SL respectively); low mean vertebral count of 51, though range broad (47–55); 0–1 pyloric caecae, short (1.0 % SL) and wide when present; gill rakers of moderate length, thin and sharply pointed; anal fin origin usually under 0.4 distance posteriorly along dorsal fin base; distinctive cryptic colouration; and, lack of black bars along lateral line.
Description.As for the genus and members of the Galaxias oliduscomplex, except as indicated below, based on 92 specimens, 44.7–75.3 mmSL, and 250 additional, non-type specimens for meristics. See Tables 4to 9 for frequencies of meristic values and Table 13for a summary of meristic variation. Segmented dorsal fin rays 9 (8–10), of these 7 (6–8) branched and 2 (1–3*) unbranched; segmented anal fin rays 11 (10–12), of these 9 (7–9; [8*]) branched and 2 (2–3*) unbranched; caudal fin rays 16 (15–16); segmented pectoral fin rays 14 (13–15*), of these 12 (11–13*) branched and 2 (1–2) unbranched; pelvic fin rays 7, of these 6 branched and one unbranched; gill raker total count (lower limb and upper limb) 13 (11–16), lower arch with 9 (8–11) and 3 (3–5; [4*]) on upper, variation on first gill arch 6+3 (1), 7+3 (2), 8+2 (2), 8+3 (37), 8+4 (11), 8+5 (1), 9+2 (6), 9+3 (81), 9+4 (63*), 9+5 (5), 10+2 (4), 10+3 (34), 10+4 (53), 10+5 (7), 11+3 (4), 11+4 (8), 11+5 (2), 11+6 (1); vertebrae 51 (50–53; holotype52); 0–1* pyloric caecae on stomach. See Table 14for comparative value ranges of morphometric characters. Body slender and elongate, body depth through pectoral fin base 8.1 (6.8–9.7) in SL, slightly laterally compressed and dorsal midline sometimes flattened anteriorly between pelvic and pectoral fin bases, depth through pectoral base 1.1 (1.0–1.2) that through vent, dorsal profile evenly arched from snout to dorsal fin, ventral profile straight from snout to anal fin, generally flat anterior to pelvic fins; belly only slightly deepened in maturing individuals, body tapering back to a long, 6.2 (5.3–12.8) in SL, and shallow, 14.1 (8.6–16.7) in SL, caudal peduncle, the peduncle depth about 2.3 inits length; accessory lateral line present. Head of moderate length, 4.6 (4.2–5.0) in SL, and shorter (0.9) than the PelAn distance, shallow and wide, 2.8 (2.3–3.5) and 1.6 (1.4–1.8) in HL respectively, distinctly wider than deep (depth 1.7 (1.6–1.9) in HW), upper profile of head curved, slightly depressed, ventral straight, lateral profile wedge-shaped; eyes moderate, 5.5 (4.8–6.9) in HL and 2.0– 2.1 inHD, situated high on head at or slightly protruding above dorsal head profile, interorbital flat, of moderate width, 2.6 (2.4–3.0) in HL and 2.1 (2.0–2.3) times ED; cheeks expanded below eyes, eye profiles usually visible laterally from ventral view, less so in larger individuals; snout of moderate length, 3.4 (3.0–4.1) in HL and 1.6 (1.2–2.1) times ED, extending anteriorly from jaw as a fleshy protrubence and distinctly narrow anteriorly from in front of eyes in dorsal view, lateral profile dorsally bulbous and anteriorly rounded to bluntly pointed; post-orbital head length short, 1.9 (1.7–2.2) in HL; nostrils moderately long, not visible anterio-laterally from ventral view; mouth subterminal, moderately long, 2.6 (2.3–3.0) in HL, posterior extent reaching back to under about 0.5 ED and 0.6 (0.4–1.0) ED below ventral margin of eye, appears subterminal due to extended snout, cleft slightly oblique, most anterior tip of upper lip level with about 0.3 of ED above ventral margin of eye, gape of moderate width, 2.6 (2.2–3.1) in HL, width about equal to length of upper jaw and 1.6 (1.5–1.7) in HW. Jaws distinctly subequal, lower 0.8 (0.7–0.9) of UJL, upper jaw strongly expanded into a thick, fleshy lip ( Figs. 8c,d, and 9a,b), thickening extending laterally from premaxilla onto maxilla and broader than snout in anterior view, lower also fleshy but less so, and distinctly wider than deep. Fleshy anterior extension of upper lip increasing anterior extension of snout forward of jaw, no distinct fold separating extent of upper jaw from snout. Pyloric caecae short, usually 1.0 % SL (0.4–2.6 %), wide; gill rakers of moderate length, thin and sharply pointed. TABLE 13.Summary of meristic variation in Galaxias arcanus sp. nov.(T—total; B—branched; L—lower limb; S—single; U—upper limb). Range in 90 % and 100 % of specimens. Character Mode Mean SD SE Range Range N 90 % 100 % Dorsal Rays (T) 9 9.1 0.66 0.04 8–10 8–11 322 Dorsal Rays (B) 7 7.2 0.64 0.04 6–8 5–9 322 Dorsal Rays (S) 2 1.9 0.40 0.02 1–2 1–3 322 Anal Rays (T) 11 10.6 0.62 0.03 10–12 8–12 323 Anal Rays (B) 9 8.5 0.65 0.04 7–9 7–10 323 Anal Rays (S) 2 2.1 0.40 0.02 2–3 1–3 323 Caudal Rays 16 15.9 0.30 0.02 15–16 13–17 323 Pectoral Rays (T) 14 14.1 0.81 0.05 13–15 12–16 323 Pectoral Rays (B) 12 12.1 0.86 0.05 11–13 10–13 323 Pectoral Rays (S) 2 2.0 0.28 0.02 1–2 1–3 323 Pelvic Rays (T) 7 7.0 0.14 0.01 7 6–8 323 Pelvic Rays (B) 6 6.0 0.14 0.01 6 5–7 323 Pelvic Rays (S) 1 1.0 0 0 1 1 323 Gill Rakers (T) 13 12.7 1.18 0.07 11–16 8–17 342 Gill Rakers (L) 9 9.2 0.81 0.05 8–11 6–11 342 Gill Rakers (U) 3 3.5 0.66 0.04 3–5 2–6 342 Vertebrae 51 51.2 1.08 0.07 50–53 47–54 245 TABLE 14.Morphometric variation in Galaxias arcanus sp. nov.(values are percentages of denominators in ratios, except for LCF and SL). Holo- Paratypes (N = 88) Character type Mean Min. Max. S.D. LCF (mm) 86.3 64.9 50.5 85.0 6.96 SL (mm) 74.9 57.0 44.7 75.3 6.31 SL / LCF 86.8 87.7 86.2 89.5 0.70 BDV / SL 12.6 10.9 9.2 12.9 0.74 BDPec / SL 14.8 12.3 10.3 14.6 0.82 BDPec / BDV 118.3 113.8 102.9 123.4 4.96 LCP / SL 16.4 16.3 12.9 18.9 1.00 DCP / SL 8.4 7.0 6.0 8.0 0.46 DCP / LCP 51.1 43.2 33.9 55.5 4.07 CFFL / SL 15.2 14.0 11.7 16.0 0.91 LCP/CFFL 107.7 116.9 93.6 138.6 10.19 ...... continued on the next page TABLE 14.(Continued) Holo- Paratypes (N = 88) Character type Mean Min. Max. S.D. PreD / SL 69.8 68.7 65.5 71.7 1.22 PreA / SL 73.2 72.0 69.5 75.1 1.25 PreD / PreA 95.3 95.4 91.7 98.6 1.41 DF–AF / LDB 48.0 43.4 18.3 65.6 9.92 LDB / SL 7.9 8.8 7.0 11.1 0.77 LAB / SL 10.1 10.9 9.5 12.4 0.73 LDB / LAB 77.4 80.5 68.1 96.5 6.05 DL / LDB 166.3 164.4 119.3 204.8 15.34 AL / LAB 151.1 142.4 118.9 160.3 9.67 DL / SL 13.1 14.4 12.5 16.6 0.91 AL / SL 15.3 15.5 13.1 17.6 0.91 DL / AL 85.2 92.7 78.9 107.3 5.32 PecL / SL 14.2 14.4 12.1 16.7 0.94 PelL / SL 10.9 11.8 9.2 13.0 0.67 PelL / PecL 76.4 82.0 66.4 92.5 5.15 PrePel / SL 48.4 47.9 44.3 52.4 1.30 PecPel / SL 27.8 27.2 24.4 32.7 1.27 PelAn / SL 24.8 23.8 21.1 27.3 1.27 PecL / PecPel 51.2 53.0 37.0 63.8 4.54 PelL / PelAn 43.8 49.5 34.6 60.4 4.23 HL / SL 21.8 21.7 20.0 23.7 0.80 HL / PelAn 87.8 91.3 76.9 110.4 7.01 HW / HL 68.5 60.7 54.7 68.9 2.82 HD / HL 40.6 35.5 28.5 43.3 2.85 HW / HD 168.8 171.6 145.4 203.2 10.89 SnL / HL 31.2 29.0 23.9 33.1 2.01 SnL / ED 171.1 161.3 121.7 210.8 19.15 ED / HL 18.2 18.1 14.5 20.9 1.40 ED / HD 44.9 51.3 39.4 66.0 5.39 PoHL / HL 53.6 51.4 45.6 58.2 2.01 IOW / HL 39.0 37.6 32.9 41.7 1.91 ED / IOW 46.8 48.3 37.8 61.5 4.49 UJL / HL 38.1 38.2 26.5 43.8 2.22 LJL / HL 31.1 31.5 26.4 36.2 1.93 GW /HL 42.2 38.6 32.6 45.4 2.83 LJL / UJL 81.5 82.5 72.9 99.4 4.90 LJL / GW 73.6 82.0 66.4 100.0 7.20 GW / HW 61.7 63.5 56.5 74.0 3.74 SnL/UJL 81.9 76.0 61.6 90.2 5.49 Median fins relatively thin and slightly fleshy at bases, paired fins less so, with thickening extending distally over 0.2–0.3 of fin area, extending farther between fin rays, dorsal and anal fin bases of moderate length, dorsal base usually 0.9 inlength of anal base, fins of moderate length, anal fin slightly longer, 2nd or 3rd branched ray usually longest, distal tip rounded but posterior margin of fin distinctively straight or slightly convex; anal fin origin usually under 0.43 (0.18–0.66) distance posteriorly along dorsal fin base. Pelvic fins relatively long, 8.5 (7.7–10.8) in SL, paddle-shaped, usually 0.8 (0.7–1.0) of pectoral fin length inserted at about mid-point of standard length and extending about 0.5 distance to anal fin base; pectoral fin large, long and rounded to paddle-shaped, 6.9 (6.0–8.3) in SL, usually extending just over 0.5 distance to pelvic fin base, low on body with dorsal end of fin base level with posterior extent of mouth, lamina of paired fins oriented ventrally, raised lamellae usually present on ventral surface of rays, usually weakly to moderately developed though occasionally strong. Caudal fin of moderate length, 7.1 (6.2–8.5) in SL, emarginate, distinctly shorter 1.2 (0.9–1.4) than caudal peduncle, vertical width of expanded rays usually greater than body depth through pectoral fin base, flanges low and moderately developed, short, usually extending about 0.6–0.9 distance along caudal peduncle to distal margin of rays of adpressed anal fin, occasionally reaching rays. Size.Recorded to 98 mmLCF and 6 g; commonly to 60–75 mmLCF. FIGURE 8. Galaxias arcanus sp. nov.holotype, NMV A.30568-3, 86.3 mm LCF, Wheelers Creek, Wheelers Creek Logging Road, south of Stacey’s Bridge, Victoria: A) line drawing; B) image of preserved specimen (T.A. Raadik); and detail of ventral surface of C) head (T.A. Raadik), and D) jaws (R. Plant). Scale bar = 5 mm. Colour in life.Body overall olive-brown to beige, becoming silvery white on belly, overlain by dark grey, dark brown or almost black, irregularly shaped blotches forming patches or usually coalescing to form irregular shaped bands or marbling, often overlain with shading formed by minute, closely spaced, dark grey spots. Pattern extends over dorsal and lateral surfaces of trunk, caudal peduncle and head, extending onto fin bases and sometimes onto the underside of the head. Head usually darker, with snout and lips often quite dark grey. Trunk with broad, relatively diffuse mid-lateral horizontal band of copper and gold flecks extending from above pectoral fin base onto caudal peduncle; snout and upper lip sometimes with copper and gold flecks, also diffusely scattered over head; sometimes a thin double band of gold flecks mid dorsally, extending from nape to base of dorsal fin and often onto caudal peduncle. Gill cover olive-brown with a small gold patch; fins translucent, yellowish brown, sometimes greyish; iris coppery gold. When stressed, adults can become almost uniformly dark grey to black (see upper image on page 786 inRaadik 2001); occasionally adults may lack dark body pattern. Juvenile colouration distinct from that of adults ( Fig. 9c), with paler and less profuse dark patterning over body and head, little body shading, larger gold patch on gill cover, and trunk pattern absent from latero-ventral region. See below for more detailed comments on body pattern. FIGURE 9.A–B: Anterior view of the unique snout of Galaxias arcanus sp. nov., A) jaws closed and B) jaws open, showing fleshy upper lip; C) juvenile colour pattern and propping; and, D) adult propping on a rock. (T.A. Raadik). Colour of preserved material.Base colour of head and body pale lemon-yellow, tan or creamy yellow. Dorsal surface of head and trunk usually overall dark brown, dark grey or black, darkest mid-dorsally, on body fading down sides and occasionally on ventro-lateral surface as light duskiness, belly light cream to creamy yellow, lacking duskiness. Bold cryptic patterning of large, irregularly shaped joined blotches interspersed by contrasting light pale cream spots or thin, separated or connected, irregularly-shaped narrow bands, darker on top and fading down sides, extending over entire dorsal and lateral surface of head and body, absent from ventral surface. Dorsal portion of nape, head, snout, and anterior-dorsal portion of upper jaw with dark grey colouration, becoming paler laterally and extending onto lower jaw, below eyes, cheeks and gill covers, ventral surface of head sometimes also dusky and with patches of fine black spots. Duskiness produced by profuse, very fine pale black spotting. Often minute black spotting also inside operculum and on base of gill filaments. FIGURE 10.A) Galaxias arcanus sp. nov., adult, collected from type locality, ~ 85 mm LCF March 2008; B) Wheeler Creek, at type locality, 1 April 2008. Zulu Creek inflow on right; C) typical habitat of Galaxias arcanus, amongst cobbles in a fastflowing riffle, Steavenson River downstream from Marysville, 22 May 2001. (T.A. Raadik). Colour pattern of juveniles creamy yellow to light tan base colour with dorsal surface and top of head covered with relatively large irregular, discrete or connected dark brown blotches composed of dense fine spots, extending down sides to near ventral surface and onto gill covers and snout, snout cheeks and upper and lower lips with dusky hue. Eye black, pupil translucent pale orange-yellow or brownish yellow. Teeth translucent yellow to pale orange–yellow, tips orange to orange–red; gill rakers creamy white to pale yellow. Fins generally dusky pale yellow, becoming more translucent on posterior margins, fleshy bases of pelvic and pectoral fins cream. Fin rays translucent, external edges of rays highlighted with very fine black lines, first few rays generally darker; duskiness and patches of fine black spots on dorsal, anal and pectoral fin bases. Base of caudal fin usually with narrow, vertical, diffuse and dark to relatively pale grey band.
Etymology.From the Latin arcanus, meaning cryptic, secret, mysterious, in reference to the cryptic habitat occupied by this species (amongst boulder and cobbles on the stream bed), and its cryptic colouration. Commonly referred to as the ‘Riffle Galaxias’. Genetics.Allozyme and mtDNA analysis of this species can be found in Adams et al.(2014; taxon code RF). Diagnostic allozyme loci (6–13) between this taxon and the other species in the Galaxias oliduscomplex are provided in Table 12. Two genetically distinct subpopulations were identified, with fish in the Goulburn River basin differing by one diagnostic allozyme locus from those in the Upper Murray to the Ovens River basins ( Raadik 2011). Morphological variation between these subpopulations was not investigated.
Distribution.See Fig. 11. Restricted to a thin band on the north of the Great Dividing Range in north-eastern Victoria, including the upper Murray River from near its headwaters and extending westward to the Goulburn River system, at an elevation of between 150–880 masl. Not known as yet from the Broken River system but may be present, but restricted in range, to the cooler and faster-flowing upland reaches. Currently not recorded from the Murray River downstream from about Albury, or from tributaries of the upper Murray River in NSW. May be restricted in range to steeper-gradient streams in foothill to upland reaches by specific habitat requirements, such as diverse substrates and fast-flows. Sympatry.Found with other members of the Galaxias oliduscomplex, primarily with G. olidusand Galaxias. oliros sp. nov, and considered to have been sympatric with Galaxias fuscusin the Goulburn River system, before alien trout substantially altered distributional patterns. Also found with Galaxias rostratusat the lower elevations within its range, and with Galaxias brevipinniswhich has colonised the upper Murray and tributaries. Habitat.Recorded from cold to relatively cool, clear water in flowing creeks to large rivers (1.0–20.0 m average width), usually in shallow ( 0.1–0.4 maverage depth), fast-flowing and high energy riffles and runs ( Fig. 10c), though juveniles have been recorded moving upstream through slow water along the shallow edges of pools. Substrate in riffles and runs consists predominantly of a complex of abundant cobbles and pebbles, with smaller amounts of bedrock, boulder, gravel and coarse sand. Fish are typically found within the diverse substrate, either amongst or under rocks on the stream bed, or deeper in the interstitial spaces of the substratum. Usually not associated with aquatic vegetation, but have been found amongst small and large timber debris. General Biology.Confined to freshwater. Collected at a density ranging from <0.01–0.80 fish/m 2though, as individuals are usually hidden amongst or within the substrate in fast-flowing areas ( Fig. 10c) which are difficult to sample, these values are considered a gross underestimate of relative abundance. Usually collected with the native species Two-spined Blackfish ( Gadopsis bispinosus), Galaxias olidus s.s., Murray Spiny Crayfish ( Euastacus armatus), Alpine Spiny Crayfish ( Euastacus crassus) and shrimp ( Atyidae) and including the alien species Brown Trout and Rainbow Trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss), and less often with the native species Obscure Galaxias( Galaxias oliros sp. nov.) and Broadfinned Galaxias. Spawning period is probably spring to summer (October–December and possibly extending into January): adult fish collected from Corryong Creek in the Upper Murray system in early November, and from the Acheron and Little rivers (Goulburn River system) in mid- October to mid-November, were ripe to running ripe, whilst all fish collected post mid-December were at earlier stages of development and usually with their body cavity full of fat deposits through January to March; juvenile 0+ age fish < 38 mmLCF have been recorded in all months from December to May; and, the smallest 0+ age individuals recorded have been 16.7 mmLCF in early February (Ovens River system) and 27.9 mmLCF in late May (Goulburn River system). Males mature earlier, with a ripe individual recorded from the Goulburn River in early May (late autumn) and a running ripe male from the Ovens River in late June 2002. Confusingly, some females have been recorded as running ripe in late June 1992in the upper Murray catchment, and almost ripe in the Goulburn River system in May 2001. The smallest fish which could be reliably sexed were a female at 49.5 mmLCF (Corryong Creek, Upper Murray) and a male at 41.5 mmLCF (Little River, Goulburn River system). Adults usually solitary; juveniles and younger adults observed in loose shoals of 50+ individuals, moving upstream during the day in shallow, slow-flowing water along the edge of pools, between riffle habitats: fish 38–66 mmLCF recorded moving upstream in the Acheron River and individuals < 50 mmLCF observed along the edge in the Steavenson River (Goulburn system) in late May 2001; and, individuals 49–67 mmLCF collected moving upstream along the edge of a long pool in the Mitta Mitta River (upper Murray system) in late June 2002. This suggests active upstream dispersal by younger age-classes of fish. Individuals from the Steavenson River, downstream from Marysville, found with cysts, possibly trematode metacercariae, embedded in the skin of the trunk and fins. Also see Sowersby (2007).
Variation.As noted above, the species is extremely variable in colour pattern, differing between juveniles and adults ( cf. Figs. 9cand 10a). Colour and pattern changes are also evident between populations, and between individuals within populations, and can also rapidly change from the usual strongly patterned colouration to a plain light grey or almost black, depending on the stress level of individual fish. Also exhibits a relatively high amount of variation in meristic characters across its range, particularly in dorsal, anal and pectoral fin ray number, and number of gill rakers and vertebrae.
Remarks.First recognized as an unidentified species in 1986 when a specimen, collected from a riffle in the Acheron River during an aquatic macroinvertebrate ‘kick’ sample, was received by the author. No additional specimens were found in museum collections, except in the unregistered wet specimen collection at the Arthur Rylah Institute in Victoria, which were subsequently deposited at the Museum Victoria(NMV A.10017, NMV A.30474-1). These represented the first recorded collections of the species, in early March 1978. The high-energy habitat usually occupied by Galaxias arcanus, and its crypto-benthic nature, may explain its late discovery. The unique morphology of Galaxias arcanus, which includes a straight ventral profile, long, low caudal peduncle, a downturned, subterminal mouth and a bulbous nose, suggests an adaptation to a benthic existence within a diverse substrate in a high energy environment. In particular, the subterminal mouth and straight ventral profile may be an advantage for feeding off the substrate or rocks, the bulbous extension to the snout may play a sensory role in prey detection within the substrate, and the overall low body profile may enable easier movement amongst the substrate and in keeping in the quieter water on the stream bed just below the level of fast or turbulent flow. Galaxias arcanusoften lie in a characteristic manner when motionless on the substrate, with the body slightly curved in the horizontal plane when viewed from above. They are also often found propped on the substrate (gravel, rock or timber), with the pectoral and pelvic fins expanded ventrally, supporting and raising the head and front of the body higher than the tail ( Fig. 9c,d), or propping on the pelvic, pectoral and anal fins. In this position the head can be moved slightly laterally or tilted to some extent downwards, presumably to look for prey. Often found in streams with high densities of alien trout ( Salmo truttaand Oncorhynchus mykiss), they are presumably able to avoid predation by occupying high energy riffle habitats which may be marginal for trout, and also by their disruptive colouration and remaining hidden amongst habitat on or within the stream bed. Flow regulation, whereby riffle areas can be dewatered or, alternatively, submerged for longer periods than during natural floods, may be a key threat to this species by reducing habitat availability and allowing predators to gain access when riffles are drowned out. The use of interstitial spaces within the substrate of the streambed may also act as refugia during times of low flow ( sensu Dunn & O’Brien 2006) and also provides usable habitat in areas with very low flow. Galaxias arcanuswere found within a bank of pebbles ( 30–50 mmin diameter), in Corryong Creek, which was covered by only 10 mmof water and they could not be depleted from a 2 m 2area following 60 minutes of electrofishing: individuals kept emerging from amongst the pebbles on each successive pass.
2008-04-01
T. A. Raadik & J. Lyon
Wheelers Creek
-36.539722
Wheelers Creek
19
147.82889
Wheelers Creek Logging Road
37
38
1
Victoria
holotype
1992-03-12
M. Lintermans
Tintaldra
-36.08972
Murray River
19
147.98334
Corryong Creek
37
38
1
paratype
2005-03-22
T. A. Raadik & V. Caracher
Alpine National Park
50
-36.77833
Murray River
19
148.10695
Limestone Creek
37
38
1
paratype
2002-03-18
T. A. Raadik
Corryong
-36.174446
Corryong Creek
19
147.86446
Briggs Gap Road
37
38
1
paratype
2002-09-11
T. A. Raadik
Corryong
-36.174446
Corryong Creek
19
147.86446
Briggs Gap Road
37
38
1
paratype
2002-03-19
T. A. Raadik
-36.53583
Snowy Creek
19
147.37778
Mitta Mitta township
37
38
1
paratype
2002-03-20
T. A. Raadik
Mount Beauty
-36.724724
Kiewa River
19
147.17944
East Kiewa Road
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2002-03-21
T. A. Raadik
Porepunkah
-36.681667
Ovens River
19
146.87944
Braithwaite Plantation
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2002-06-26
T. A. Raadik
Myrtleford
-36.569164
Ovens River
19
146.71584
Nimmo Bridge on Buffalo River Road
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2001-05-22
T. A. Raadik & B. Cant
Buxton
-37.352776
Acheron River
19
145.70694
Taggerty
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2001-05-25
T. A. Raadik & B. Cant
Taggerty
-37.323887
Little River
19
145.71277
Maroondah Highway
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2001-05-23
T. A. Raadik & B. Cant
Taggerty
-37.33472
Little River
19
145.74112
Cathedral Lane
37
38
1
Victoria
paratype
2002-03-18
TAR
Tintaldra
-36.024723
Murray River
19
147.9136
Clarke Lagoon Reserve
37
38
1
2002-09-11
TAR
Tintaldra
-36.024723
Corryong Creek
19
147.9136
Corryong Creek
37
38
1
1992-06-21
TAR
Mitta Mitta
-36.536667
Mitta Mitta River
19
147.3689
Omeo Highway
37
38
1
1978-03-07
Corryong Road, A. F & Baxter & S. Vallis
Nariel Creek
Stacey Bridge on Benambra
37
38
1
2005-03-30
J. Lieschke
Carmody's Road
-36.396667
Simpsons Creek
19
147.78445
Grapolite Gully Track
37
38
1
1992-05-19
D. J. Harrington
Mitta Mitta
-36.564445
Snowy Creek
19
147.40833
Mitta Mitta River
37
38
1
1997-10-20
TAR
Mitta Mitta
38
39
-36.681946
Snowy Creek
19
147.4439
Lightning Creek
37
38
1
2002-03-19
TAR
Mitta Mitta
-36.681946
Snowy Creek
19
147.4439
Lightning Creek
38
39
1
2008-03-12
D. Stoessel
Granite Flat
-36.611664
Snowy Creek
19
147.37723
West Branch Track
38
39
1
1997-05-21
JPO
T. A. Raadik & J. Lyon
Zulu Creek
-36.540276
Wheelers Creek
19
147.82889
Zulu Creek
38
39
1
Victoria
1998-02-24
JPO
Mount Beauty
-36.724445
Kiewa River
19
147.17944
Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1998-02-25
JPO
Mount Beauty
-36.714447
Kiewa River
19
147.15805
Damm's Road
38
39
1
Victoria
2007-03-06
JPO
P. S. Fairbrother & W. Koster
Mount Beauty
-36.714447
Kiewa River
19
147.15805
Damm's Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1990-03-27
A. F. Baxter & S. Vallis
Buckland River
-36.875275
Kiewa River
19
146.87195
Buckland River
38
39
1
Victoria
1996-01-16
R. J. Strongman
Buckland
-36.83972
Buckland River
19
146.85251
Buckland River
38
39
1
Victoria
1992-03-31
D. J. Harrington
-36.795
Buffalo River
19
146.66472
Dandongadale River
38
39
1
Victoria
1994-02-08
A. F. Baxter & S. Vallis
Germantown
-36.72972
German Creek
19
147.04889
Tawonga Gap Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1997-04-18
JPO
Mt. Stirling
-37.06611
King River
19
146.49834
Pineapple Flat
38
39
1
Victoria
2007-02-22
P. Tinkler
Alpine National Park
-37.103333
King River
19
146.57306
Mt. Speculation
38
39
1
Victoria
2001-05-17
TAR
-36.7975
King River
19
146.42584
Cheshunt
38
39
1
Victoria
2000-02-23
TAR
B. Zampatti
Ovens River
-36.7975
Ovens River
19
146.42584
Ovens River
38
39
1
Victoria
2002-03-04
TAR
B. Zampatti
Ovens River
-36.7975
Ovens River
19
146.42584
Ovens River
38
39
1
Victoria
1992-03-19
D. J. Harrington
Dandongadale River
-36.805553
Rose River
19
146.62862
Rose River
38
39
1
Victoria
1985-04
P. S. Lake
Taggerty
-37.32083
Acheron River
19
145.71138
Acheron River
38
39
1
Victoria
1985-11
P. S. Lake
Keenes Road
-37.285557
Acheron River
19
145.71777
Taggerty
38
39
1
Victoria
1988-10-17
T. J. Doeg
Acheron River
38
39
1
Victoria
1990-02-28
D. J. Harrington
-37.52111
Big River
19
146.07834
Reefton Logging Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1997-12-09
JPO
-37.52028
Black River
19
146.31056
River Track
38
39
1
Victoria
1996-05-07
R. J. Strongman
-37.24111
Goulburn River
19
145.74973
Acheron
38
39
1
Victoria
1978-04-18
A. F. Baxter & S. Vallis
Howqua
-37.227222
Howqua River
19
146.20972
Howqua Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1996-01-31
R. J. Strongman
Sheepyard Flat
-37.18778
Howqua River
19
146.37
Tunnel Bend
38
39
1
Victoria
1996-01-31
R. J. Strongman
-37.217777
Howqua River
19
146.30667
Tobacco Flat
38
39
1
Victoria
2001-01-16
R. J. Strongman
-37.217777
Howqua River
19
146.30667
Tobacco Flat
38
39
1
Victoria
1978-04-18
R. Gibb
-37.291943
Jamieson River
19
146.17528
Jamieson
38
39
1
Victoria
1997-04-16
JPO
-37.34333
Jamieson River
19
146.3725
Silvermine Spur Road
38
39
1
Victoria
1999-03-02
JPO
J. Lieschke
Little River
-37.34333
Little River
19
146.3725
Little River
38
39
1
Victoria
2001-12-18
TAR
Taggerty
39
40
-37.324165
Little River
19
145.71333
Maroondah Highway
38
39
1
Victoria
2000-03-01
J. Lieschke
-37.289722
Rubicon River
19
145.82611
Rubicon
39
40
1
Victoria
2001-03
P. Close
Aland Islands
-37.289722
Rubicon River
19
145.82611
Rubicon
39
40
1
Victoria
2001-05-24
TAR
P. Close
Aland Islands
-37.289722
Rubicon River
19
145.82611
Rubicon
39
40
1
Victoria
2002-02-22
R. J. Strongman
Aland Islands
Thornton
-37.27972
Rubicon River
19
145.79945
Tumbling Waters'
39
40
1
Victoria
1995-03-17
J. Douglas
Aland Islands
-37.26361
Snobs Creek
19
145.87334
Snobs Creek
39
40
1
Victoria
2001-03-29
TAR
Aland Islands
-37.25889
Snobs Creek
19
145.87334
Valley Highway
39
40
1
Victoria
2001-05-22
TAR
Aland Islands
Marysville
-37.46472
Steavenson River
19
145.73361
Marysville Road
39
40
1
Victoria
2001-05-22
TAR
Aland Islands
Marysville
-37.482224
Steavenson River
19
145.75139
Marysville Road
39
40
1
Victoria
2002-10-02
J. Lieschke
Aland Islands
Marysville
-37.46528
Steavenson River
19
145.73557
Marysville Road
39
40
1
Victoria