Linckia guildingii Gray, 1840: 285 Hendler et al. , 1995: 76 Benavides-Serrato et al ., 2011: 174 Fernandes et al . 2002: 422 Gondim et al . 2008: 154 Linckia guildingi – Pérez-Ruzafa et al . 1999: 47 Entrambasaguas, 2008: 63 Miranda et al . 2012: 144 Gondim et al . 2014: 32 Asteroidea (Echinodermata) from shallow-waters of the remote oceanic archipelago Trindade and Martin Vaz, southeastern Atlantic, with taxonomic and zoogeographical notes Cunha, Rosana Tavares, Marcos Jr, Joel Braga De Mendonça Zootaxa 2020 2020-02-19 4742 1 31 56  Gondim et al . 2014: 32  6QGCF Gray, 1840 Gray 1840 [151,505,1376,1403] Asteroidea Ophidiasteridae Linckia Animalia Valvatida 7 38 Echinodermata species guildingi   Figure 5      Linckia guildingii Gray, 1840: 285[ typelocality: San Vicente, Caribbean Sea, viz. Clark & Downey, 1992];  Hendler et al., 1995: 76, figs. 20–21;  Benavides-Serrato et al., 2011: 174;  Fernandes et al. 2002: 422;  Gondim et al. 2008: 154.     Linckia guildingi– Pérez-Ruzafa et al. 1999: 47; Williams, 2000;  Entrambasaguas, 2008: 63;   Miranda et al. 2012: 144;  Gondim et al. 2014: 32, figs. 10a–e, 12d.   Trindade and Martin Vaz specimens.  Brazil, Espírito Santo, Trindade Island, Enseada das Orelhas,  20°29’40.2”S, 29°20’32.9”W,  6.vii.2013, 14 m: 1 spm R=83, r=10 ( MZUSP 1591);   18.iv.2014,  12.1 m: 1 spm R=127, r=13 ( MZUSP 1604);   15.vi.2012,  9.7 m: 1 spm R=100, r=12 ( MZUSP 1608).  Praia das Cabritas,  20°29’41”S, 29°19’39”W,  5.xi.2014,  13.7 m: 1 spm R=93, r=11 ( MZUSP 1590). Ponta Noroeste,  20°29’46.4”S, 29°20’35.4”W,  9.vii.2012,  17.7 m: 1 spm R=170, r=13 ( MZUSP 1594).  Praia da Calheta,  20°30’26”S, 29°18’44”W,  24.vi.2012, 4 m: 4 spms, R=93, r=13; R=95, r=10; R=100, r=10; R=110, r=10 ( MZUSP 1593);   14.vii.2013, 4 m: 2 spms, R=70, r=9; R=113, r=12 ( MZUSP 1599);   26.vi.2012,  14.3 m: 1 spm, R=120, r=10 ( MZUSP 1606);   18.vi.2012, 12 m: 1 spm, R=100, r=8 ( MZUSP 1602);   10.iv.2014, 15 m: 1 spm, R=95, r=9 ( MZUSP 1605);   24.iv.2012, 4 m: 2 spms, R=77, r=8; R=97, r=8 ( MZUSP 1610). Parcel das Tartarugas,  20°30’37.6”S, 29°18’28.1”W,  28.vi.2012, 0 m: 1 spm R=90, r=8 ( MZUSP 1592). Enseada dos Portugueses, Farol,  20°30’52”S, 29°19’15”W,  17.iv.2014,  13.3 m: 1 spm R=97, r=9 ( MZUSP 1589);   15.vii.2013, 12 m: 1 spm R=83, r=10 ( MZUSP 1598). Enseada dos Portugueses,  20°30’52.3”S, 29°19’15.6”W,  8.vii.2015,  11.6 m: 1 spm R=43, r=5 ( MZUSP 1585);   31.vii.2015, 0 m: 1 spm R=105, r=11 ( MZUSP 1586);   18.iv.2014,  10.2 m: 3 spms R=47, r=6; R=53, r=11; R=60, r=7 ( MZUSP 1588);   10.vii.2012,  14.6 m: 1 spm R=43, r=4 ( MZUSP 1613). Enseada das Tartarugas,  20°30’56.7”S, 29°18’08.7”W,  5.vii.2013, 0 m: 5 spms, R=27, r=4; R=34, r=6; R=44, r=6; R=47, r=5; R=82, r=9 ( MZUSP 1583);   2.ii.2012,  15.2 m: 1 spm R=108, r=11 ( MZUSP 1595);   3.viii.2013, 12 m: 3 spms R=93, r=12; R=110, r=13; R=120, r=12 ( MZUSP 1597);   17.vii.2013,  9.9 m: 1 spm R=100, r=10 ( MZUSP 1601);   26.vi.2012,  9.5 m: 1 spm R=113, r=11 ( MZUSP 1607).  Praia das Tartarugas,  20°31’03.89”S, 29°18’08.4”W,  12.iv.2014, 0 m: 1 spm R=48, r=6 ( MZUSP 1587). Enseada das Cachoeiras, Farrilhões,  20°31’22”S, 29°19’52”W,  9.vii.2013,  10.4 m: 1 spm R=165, r=13 ( MZUSP 1596).  Enseada do Lixo,  20°31’33.9”S, 29°19’33.6”W,  24.vi.2012,  23.5 m: 3 spms R=170, r=13; R=230, r=15; R=260, r=10 ( MZUSP 1603).  Martin Vaz Island,  20°30’45.7”S, 29°18’21.9”W,  24.vii.2013,  12.3 m: 1 spm R=90, r=14 ( MZUSP 1600).   FIGURE 5.  Linckia guildingi Gray, 1840. A.Specimen from Trindade Island photographed in situ(MZUSP 2015). B–I.MZUSP 1595: B, C.Abactinal and actinal views. D.Abactinal plates and papulae. E.Detail of the madreporite. F.Mouth. G.Ambulacral spines. H.Actinal granules. I.Tip of the arm, abactinal view. J–Q.Scanning electron microscope (MZUSP 1591). J–L.Abactinal plates. M–O.Ambulacral plates. P, Q.Adambulacral plates. Scale bars: B–C, 20 mm; D–I, 1 mm; J–Q, 200 μm.  Comparative material.  Brazil, Alagoas, Barra de Camaragibe, 9°20’19”S, 35°26’10”W,  29.x.2011: 1 spm R=57, r=6 ( MZUSP 1949).  Bahia, Boipeba Island, Praia de Tassimirim, 13°34.882’S, 38°54.821’W,  15.viii.2011: 2 spms R=55, r=7; R=46, r=4 ( MZUSP 1950);  Praia de Bainema, 13°38.274’S, 38°53.546’W,  19.viii.2011: 2 spms R=90, r=8; R=95, r=8 ( MZUSP 1951);  Porto Seguro, Ponta Grande, 16°22.641’S, 39°00.342’W,  16.xi.2010,  0.6 m: 6 spms, R=26, r=5; R=60, r=6; R=60, r=7; R=61, r=7; R=62, r=6; R=63, r=6 ( MZUSP 1952).  Rio de Janeiro, Angrados Reis, Ponta do Bananal, 23°04’23”S, 44°09’49”W,  20.i.2000: 1 spm, R=88, r=11 ( MZUSP 1953);  Ilha Grande, Grumixama, 23°05’16”S, 44°14’14”W,  23.vii.1966: 1 spm, R=62, r=8 ( MZUSP 1954);  Jorge Grego Island, 23°13’06”S, 44°13’65”W,  9.viii.2009: 1 spm, R=110, r=11 ( MZUSP 1955).   Distribution.Circumtropical ( Clark & Downey, 1992; Alvarado & Solis-Marin, 2013; Gondim et al. 2014). Brazil: Paraíba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Bahia, Trindade and Martin Vaz Archipelago, Rio de Janeiroand São Paulo(Verril, 1868; Rathbun, 1879; Verril, 1915; Brito, 1960, 1968; Tommasi, 1970; Clark & Downey, 1992; Ventura et al., 2006; Gondim et al., 2014). Depth range: 0–298 m( Clark & Downey, 1992).  Recognition characters.Small disk in relation to total body size. Five (4–6) long, narrow, cylindrical arms. Abactinal plates tumid, polygonal, tessellate, irregularly arranged in a reticulate pattern. Primary plates on abactinal surface without secondary plates between them. Many large papular areas between abactinal plates, with 18–30 pores per area. Lowermost papular area above inferomarginal plates. Two rows of subambulacral spines, innermost consisting of large, granuliform, more rounded spines; one subambulacral spine for each two ambulacral spines. Pedicellariae absent ( Clark & Rowe, 1971; Clark & Downey, 1992).  Color in life.Strongly variable. Adults have been reported to be reddish-brown, yellowish-brown, brownish or violet, whereas juveniles can be red, brown, violet or with purple spots ( Hendler et al. 1995). Clark & Downey (1992)referred to “usually mottled grey”. The Trindade were blue gray in color with scattered light spots ( Figure 5A). H. L. Clark (1933)suggested that changes in color pattern in this species might be related to habitat, but recently, Entrambasaguas (2008)found no evidence of changes in color pattern induced by habitat in  L. guildingi. Genetic differentiation has been found between blue and orange morphs of  L. laevigataacross the Indian and Pacific oceans ( Magsino et al. 2002). However, Williams (2000)recovered two clades within  L. guildingibased on COI sequences, none of which referable to color or geographic distribution patterns.  Habitats.Commonly encountered on coral reefs ( Williams, 2000), this is the most frequently encountered species in Trindade, where it can be found on corals, algae or rocky bottoms, between the tide zone and 23.5 m( Figure 5A).   Comments.Nine species of  Linckiaare currently accepted, three of which have been recorded from the Atlantic Ocean:  L. bouvieri Perrier, 1875(EA);  L. nodosa Perrier, 1875(WA; also Saint Helena), and  L. guildingi Gray, 1840(CT, including Ascension). The specimens from Trindade and Martin Vaz are confidently assigned to  L. guildingion the basis of it having many large papular areas between the abactinal plates, primary plates on abactinal surface without secondary plates between them, and no large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates ( Fig. 5D), whereas  L. bouvieriand  L. nodosadisplay smaller papular areas, secondary plates between the primary ones, and have large, raised hemispherical abactinal plates. A single specimen, confidently referred to  L. guildingiby Pawson (1978), is known from Ascension. Although Downey (1973)considered  L. nodosa[as  L. bouvieri] (R=134; R=144) the largest western Atlantic Ophidiasteridae, some Trindade specimens of  L. guildingiare actually larger (R=165, MZUSP 1596; R=170, MZUSP 1594; MZUSP 1603; R=230 and R=260, MZUSP 1603). 2566071187 [593,1266,1643,1669] Enseada das Orelhas Brazil Trindade Island 7 38 1 Espirito Santo 2566071183 2013-07-06 MZUSP Brazil -20.494501 1 -29.342472 7 38 MZUSP 1591 1 Espirito Santo 2566071158 2014-04-18 MZUSP Brazil 12 7 38 MZUSP 1604 1 Espirito Santo 2566071214 [236,890,1714,1742] 2012-06-15 MZUSP Brazil 10 7 38 MZUSP 1608 1 Espirito Santo 2566071226 [906,1121,1715,1741] Brazil Praia das Cabritas 7 38 1 Espirito Santo 2566071184 2014-11-05 MZUSP Brazil 14 -20.494722 21 -29.327501 7 38 MZUSP 1590 1 Espirito Santo 2566071146 2012-07-09 MZUSP Brazil 18 -20.496222 1 -29.343166 7 38 MZUSP 1594 1 Espirito Santo 2566071144 [662,848,1787,1813] Brazil Praia da Calheta 7 38 1 Espirito Santo 2566071200 2012-06-24 MZUSP Brazil -20.507223 21 -29.312222 7 38 MZUSP 1593 1 Espirito Santo 2566071159 2013-07-14 MZUSP Brazil 7 38 MZUSP 1599 1 Espirito Santo 2566071147 [403,1047,1859,1886] 2012-06-26 MZUSP Brazil 14 7 38 MZUSP 1606 1 Espirito Santo 2566071175 2012-06-18 MZUSP Brazil 7 38 MZUSP 1602 1 Espirito Santo 2566071185 [394,1000,1894,1922] 2014-04-10 MZUSP Brazil 7 38 MZUSP 1605 1 Espirito Santo 2566071217 2012-04-24 MZUSP Brazil 7 38 MZUSP 1610 1 Espirito Santo 2566071163 2012-06-28 MZUSP Brazil -20.510445 1 -29.307804 7 38 MZUSP 1592 1 Espirito Santo 2566071180 2014-04-17 MZUSP Brazil 13 -20.514444 21 -29.320835 7 38 MZUSP 1589 1 Espirito Santo 2566071227 [344,961,2002,2030] 2013-07-15 MZUSP Brazil 7 38 MZUSP 1598 1 Espirito Santo 2566071188 2015-07-08 MZUSP Brazil 12 8 39 -20.514528 1 -29.321001 7 38 MZUSP 1585 1 Espirito Santo 2566071201 2015-07-31 MZUSP Brazil 8 39 MZUSP 1586 1 Espirito Santo 2566071213 [232,1120,188,215] 2014-04-18 MZUSP Brazil 10 8 39 MZUSP 1588 1 Espirito Santo 2566071198 2012-07-10 MZUSP Brazil 15 8 39 MZUSP 1613 1 Espirito Santo 2566071165 2013-07-05 MZUSP Brazil -20.51575 1 -29.302416 8 39 MZUSP 1583 1 Espirito Santo 2566071153 2012-02-02 MZUSP Brazil 15 8 39 MZUSP 1595 1 Espirito Santo 2566071209 [235,1200,296,323] 2013-08-03 MZUSP Brazil 8 39 MZUSP 1597 1 Espirito Santo 2566071195 2013-07-17 MZUSP Brazil 10 8 39 MZUSP 1601 1 Espirito Santo 2566071186 [589,1220,332,360] 2012-06-26 MZUSP Brazil 10 8 39 MZUSP 1607 1 Espirito Santo 2566071151 Brazil Praia das Tartarugas 8 39 1 Espirito Santo 2566071220 [204,1144,368,395] 2014-04-12 MZUSP Brazil -20.517748 1 -29.302332 8 39 MZUSP 1587 1 Espirito Santo 2566071228 [281,1224,404,431] 2013-07-09 MZUSP Brazil 10 -20.522778 21 -29.331112 8 39 MZUSP 1596 1 Espirito Santo 2566071157 [1237,1432,405,431] Brazil Enseada do Lixo 8 39 1 Espirito Santo 2566071164 [151,1432,440,468] 2012-06-24 MZUSP Brazil 24 -20.526083 1 -29.326 8 39 MZUSP 1603 1 Espirito Santo 2566071193 [151,354,477,503] Brazil Martin Vaz Island 8 39 1 Espirito Santo 2566071154 [365,1331,476,504] 2013-07-24 MZUSP Brazil 12 -20.512695 1 -29.306082 8 39 MZUSP 1600 1 Espirito Santo 2566071172 2011-10-29 MZUSP Brazil -9.338611 Barra de Camaragibe 21 -35.43611 8 39 MZUSP 1949 1 Alagoas 2566071196 2011-08-15 MZUSP Brazil -13.581367 Praia de Tassimirim 1 -38.913685 Boipeba Island 8 39 MZUSP 1950 1 Bahia 2566071162 2011-08-19 MZUSP Brazil -13.6379 Praia de Bainema 1 -38.892433 8 39 MZUSP 1951 1 2566071176 2010-11-16 MZUSP Brazil 6 -16.37735 Ponta Grande 1 -39.0057 Porto Seguro 8 39 MZUSP 1952 1 2566071208 2000-01-20 MZUSP Brazil Rio de Janeiro -23.073057 Reis 21 -44.163612 Angra 8 39 MZUSP 1953 1 2566071178 1966-07-23 MZUSP Iceland -23.087778 Grumixama 21 -44.23722 Grande 8 39 MZUSP 1954 1 2566071161 2009-08-09 MZUSP Ilha -23.218334 Jorge Grego Island 8 39 MZUSP 1955 1