Simulium bifenestratum Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004: 45 Carcinoma Folicular de Tiroides concomitante con Hiperparatiroidismo Primario. Caso Clínico Hernández, Luis Miguel Shelley, Anthony John Dias, Antonio Paulino Andrade De Luna Maia-Herzog, Marilza Zootaxa 2008 2008-07-30 1834 1 100 8DX7M Hamada & Pepinelli Hamada & Pepinelli [151,878,1410,1436] Insecta Simuliidae Simulium Animalia Diptera 11 12 Arthropoda species bifenestratum Chirostilbia  ( Figs. 1, 16, 31, 32, 73–77, 106, 121, 137, 152, 153, 180, 194, 206, 219, 232, 245) A recently described species from the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Our description is based on the original description and figures of this species in Hamada & Pepinelli (2004)because we were unable to obtain specimens.      Simulium bifenestratum  Hamada & Pepinelli, 2004: 45. HOLOTYPE ♂(reared), BRAZIL: São Paulo State, Bocaina mountain range, São José do Barreiros county, Verdestream, 22º43’S 44º37’W;  16.v.2003, (  Hamada, N.& Pepinelli, M.) (INPA).   Female.General scutum colour dark grey; body length 3.2–3.5 mm(n=2); lateral length of thorax 1.0– 1.25 mm(n=2). Wing length 3.3 mm(n=1), width 1.5 mm(n=1).  Head—eyes dark red. Frons, clypeus and occiput dark brown with silver pruinosity; nudiocular area small, as in Fig.1. Antennal segments with silver pubescence; pedicel, scape and proximal area of first flagellomere brownish yellow, remaining flagellomeres dark brown. Mouthparts dark brown. Cibarium with- out teeth, with sclerotised cornuae ( Fig.16).  Thorax—[ Hamada & Pepinelli (2004)stated that that the number of reared females obtained was low (n=2), and that the emerged females were not well-preserved and so scutal characters were indistinct.] Scutum greyish black with pale golden hairs distributed unevenly, except in median region where groups of hairs form a line; one pair of small indistinct subrectangular silver spots on anterior margin adjacent to median line of hairs ( Figs. 31, 32). Scutellum light brown, with black and golden hairs; postnotum brown. Costaof wing with sparse distribution of spines and hairs. Subcosta with line of setae, but bare towards apex. Radius with row of setae intermixed with spines; basal section of Radius with hairs. Leg coloration and proportions as in Figs. 73–75. Foreleg with coxa, trochanter, femur, and basal three-fourths of tibia light brown, remainder black. Mid leg with coxa dark brown, trochanter, femur and most of tibia light brown; distal end of tibia dark brown; basitarsus light brown with distal third dark brown; other segments dark brown. Hind leg with coxa dark brown; trochanter light brown; femur, basal half of tibia, and basitarsus light brown; with distal articulation of femur, distal half of tibia, basitarsus and remainder of tarsus dark brown. Tarsal claws with basal thumb-like lobe. Femora and tibiae with filiform setae.  Abdomen—sclerites dark brown; membranous areas light brown. Basal fringe with long, thin, golden hairs. Tergite II with silver pruinosity; tergites VI–IX shiny. Eighth sternite weakly sclerotised with numerous setae on posterior margin; gonapophyses subtriangular with posterior apex lobed, membranous with internal margin weakly sclerotised, presence or absence of basal setae not evident from original authors’ photograph ( Fig. 106). Cercus hemispherical; paraproct subrectangular with extension beyond ventral margin of cercus triangular and twice as long as cercus; cercus and paraproct covered by hairs ( Fig. 121). Genital fork with triangular anterior process developed and posterior process undeveloped ( Fig. 137). Spermatheca subspherical, with internal setae, not forming a pattern; spermathecal duct and area of attachment unpigmented.  Male. General body colour black. Body length: 3.4 mm(n=1); lateral thorax length: 1.0 mm (n=1). Wing, length 3.1 mm(n=1), width 1.35 mm(n=1).  Head—holoptic, coloration as in female.  Thorax—scutum, irrespective of light direction, black, with densely distributed golden yellow hairs ( Fig. 152, 153). Scutellum dark brown, postnotum black. Wing veins as in female. Leg coloration as in female.  Abdomen—tergites black; basal fringe with thin, long, black hairs; lateral areas of tergites II, V–VII with silver pruinosity. Gonocoxite and gonostyle black; gonocoxite subrectangular; gonostyle shorter than gonocoxite and trapezoidal with apex curved dorsally [no information in original description about presence or absence of spine], ridge parallel to distal margin ( Fig. 180). Ventral plate subtriangular, covered in setae and with sclerotised basal arms ( Fig. 194). Median sclerite pear-shaped and elongate with apical incision ( Fig. 206). Paramere with spines in apical half; basal arms of paramere developed ( Fig. 219).  Pupa. Body length 3–4.3 mm(mean= 3.7 mm, n=5). Length along dorsal surface of cocoon 3.9–4.5 mm(mean= 4.2 mm, n= 5); ventral surface of cocoon 1.8–2.2 mm(mean=2.0 mm, n=5).  Cocoon—slipper-shaped, very hard and thick, with two lateral, anterior openings ( Fig. 232)  Gills—pale with 10, thicker at base, arranged as rosette initially in vertical plane and then curving over dorsum of cephalothorax ( Figs. 245).  Head—frontoclypeu sprojecting downwards, with two pairs of frontal trichomes, each with 1–2 branches, one pair of facial trichomes with 2–3 branches; large rounded tubercles covered with small protuberances. Marginal area of frontoclypeus elevated, especially lateral region, forming a structure similar to a crown.  Thorax—with large tubercles on anterior to median region, many of which are pointed on dorsal side; middle to posterior region with tubercles of various sizes with or without pointed projections; five pairs of trichomes with 3–9 branches, and one pair of simple, lateral trichomes.  Abdomen—tergite I with one pair of simple or bifurcated setae sublaterally and 2–3 pairs of simple setae on median region; tergite II with three pairs of stout setae and three thinner pairs sublaterally; tergites III and IV each with four anteriorly directed pairs of hooks on posterior margin; one small seta between outermost hooks; tergites I–IV with small, unpigmented, elongated spots, forming an open V-shaped pattern in median region; tergite V with one pair of stout setae laterally and three pairs of small simple trifid submedian setae; tergite VI with two pairs of simple bifid submedian setae; tergites VIII and IX with stronger spines on central, anterior margin; tergite IX with one pair of short terminal spines; tergites VI–IX with comb-like groups of fine, posteriorly directed spine-combs on anterior margins. Sternites III–IX with anterior, median group of spine combs; sternites IV–V with two plates divided by median membranous area; sternite IV with three pairs of submedian to lateral setae and one pair of stout hooks (simple or bifid); sternite V with two pairs of lateral setae and two pairs of stout hooks (bifid or trifid); sternites VI–VII with four plates, each divided by membranous areas; each plate bearing one hook (simple-trifid).  Larva.A description of the larval stage may be found in Hamada & Pepinelli (2004). [417,757,1698,1721] 2003-05-16 INPA Hamada, N. & Pepinelli, M. Brazil Bocaina mountain range -22.716667 Verde 1258 -44.616665 Sao Jose do Barreiros county 11 12 1 1 Sao Paulo holotype