Revision of the polytypic electric fish Gymnotus carapo (Gymnotiformes, Teleostei), with descriptions of seven subspecies Albert, James S. Zootaxa 2017 2017-08-08 4318 3 401 438 Albert, 2017 Albert 2017 [151,517,1196,1222] Actinopterygii Gymnotidae Gymnotus Animalia Gymnotiformes 27 428 Chordata subSpecies carapo subsp. nov. madeirensis     Holotype: MUSM 12949, 227mm, Peru, Puno, Sandia, Río Candamo( 13°31’S, 069°41’W).    Paratypes: MUSM 12949(2), 101–121 mm, Peru, Puno, Sandia, Río Candamo( 13°31’S, 069°41’W).     Non-Types: MUSM 12949b (4), 101–227mm, Peru, Puno, Sandia, Río Candamo, ( 13°25’S, 070°01’W). UF 82191 (1), 187 mm, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Río Guaporé, Río San Pablo, Río San Diablo, Velasco, 71 km N. San José de Chiquitos( 17°18’S, 060°35’W). UF 82211 (2), 196–205 mm, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Río Guaporé, Río San Pablo, Chiquitos, Comunidad La Esperanza, ca. 40 km N. San José de Chiquitos( 17°25’S, 060°47’W). UF 82345 (3) 111– 360 mm, Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Río Jorge, W. Warnes, Río Piray( 17°34’12.0”S, 063°12’36.0”W). UF 82470 (2), 170–218 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Mamoré, Río Ibaré, Cercado, Arroyo San Javier ( 14°38’S, 064°53’W). UF 82485 (1), 360 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Mamoré, Río Ibaré, Cercado,  20 kmN San Javier( 14°28’S, 064°56’W).  UMSS0 6969 (1), 302 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.30”W). UF 82510 (1), 241 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Mamoré, Río Ibaré, Cercado,  25 kmN San Javier( 14°24’S, 064°56’W).  UMMZ 66433(2), 215–331 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Beni, Lago Rogoagua( 13°57’S, 066°58’W).  UMSS0 6962 (1), 108 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6963 (1), 121 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6964 (1), 174 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6964 (1), 177 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.30”W).  UMSS0 6965 (1), 145 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6966 (1), 179 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6970 (1), 119 mm, Bolivia, Beni, Río Madeira, Arroyo Tres Cuchillas( 10°49’23.016”N, 066°04’50.3”W).  UMSS0 6977 (1), 202 mm, Brazil, Amazonas, Río Beniaff. Río Madeira( 11°01’41.2”S, 066°05’58.801”W).  Description:Specimens of  G. carapofrom the Río Madeira basin overlap substantially in morphometric and meristic PC-space with specimens from other localities ( Figures 4, 5, and 12).  Gymnotus carapo madeirensisis characterized by the following combination of statistically significant (p <0.01) traits when compared to the rest of the species as a whole (see Principal Components Analyses and t-tests): short head (HL 10.4%–13.7% TL, mean 11.7% vs. 10.2%–15.5%, mean 12.7% in all other subspecies), wide interorbital distance (IO 37.7%–44.8% HL, mean 41.0% vs. 31.9%–43.6%, mean 37% in all other subspecies), deep body (BD 85.9%–106.6% HL, mean 95.8% vs. 42.7%–98.8%, mean 83.5% in all other subspecies), deep head (HD 57.1%–72.4% HL, mean 63.6% vs. 44.0%–67.2%, mean 57.9% in all other subspecies) and wide head (HW 59.3%–67.7% HL, mean 63.2% vs. 49.1%–66.8%, mean 59.2% in all other subspecies).   Distribution:Known from the Río Madre de Diosin the Madre de DiosDepartment of Peru, the Río Candamo in Sandia province Peru, and the Río Guaporé in the  Santa Cruzdepartmentand the Río Mamoré and Río Madeira and Río Beniin the Beni departmentof Bolivia( Figure 2B).   Etymology:Subspecific epithet derived from the Río Madeira. 1632856907 [151,1197,1302,1327] MUSM Peru -13.516666 Rio Candamo 1290 -69.683334 Sandia 27 428 MUSM 12949, 227 1 Puno holotype 1632856908 [199,1351,1338,1363] MUSM Peru -13.516666 Rio Candamo 1290 -69.683334 Sandia 27 428 MUSM 12949 1 Puno paratype 1632856888 [199,1387,1374,1399] MUSM Peru Non-Types -13.416667 Rio Candamo 1291 -70.01667 Sandia 27 428 MUSM 12949 1 Puno 1632856903 N. San Jose de Chiquitos Bolivia Rio Guapore -17.3 Rio San Diablo 1279 -60.583332 Rio San Pablo 27 428 1 Santa Cruz 1632856894 N. San Jose de Chiquitos Bolivia Rio Guapore -17.416666 Comunidad La Esperanza 1279 -60.783333 Rio San Pablo 27 428 1 Santa Cruz 1632856909 Bolivia -17.570002 Rio Piray 1 -63.21 Rio Jorge 27 428 1 Santa Cruz 1632856898 Bolivia -14.633333 Rio Ibare 1287 -64.88333 Rio Mamore 27 428 1 Beni 1632856896 Bolivia -14.466666 Rio Ibare 1288 -64.933334 Rio Mamore 27 428 1 Beni 1632856889 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856905 Bolivia -14.4 Rio Ibare 1288 -64.933334 Rio Mamore 27 428 1 Beni 1632856904 [151,1267,1698,1723] UMMZ Bolivia -13.95 Lago Rogoagua 1289 -66.96667 Rio Beni 27 428 UMMZ 66433 1 Beni 1632856887 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856899 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856906 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856902 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856895 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856891 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856901 UMSS Bolivia 10.82306 Arroyo Tres Cuchillas 1 -66.080635 Rio Madeira 27 428 1 Beni 1632856890 UMSS Brazil -11.0281105 Rio Madeira 1 -66.09967 Rio Beni 27 428 1 Amazonas